按顺序准备I提纲.doc

51. Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.教育只有被专门设计来满足每一个学生个人需求和兴趣的时候才是真正有效率的。少数和多数提纲：现实与理想 因果型TS教育是应该满足学生的需要，但恐怕难以满足每一个的学生的需要，教育是满足大多数人需要的一段：教育应该被专门设计来满足学生个人需求和兴趣。理由：兴趣激发学生求知欲；教育应被设计来满足学生兴趣二段：让步：但是教育却很难满足每一个学生的个体需要。理由：人力物力财力三段：教育虽然无法满足每一个学生需要，但教育却可以满足大多数学生的需要，这才是教育的真正意义。理由：a无论学生对什么感兴趣，他都需要学习一些基础学科。举例：达芬奇/伽利略。基础学科是学习的基础。B只有大多数学生水平提高，才是整个教育水平的提高，而个别天才的诞生并不代表全部的教育水平，所以不能为了一个天才，放弃其他所有。因此教育只能为大多数学生而设计，而不能为单个学生设计。144. It is the artist, not the critic,* who gives society something of lasting value. *a person who evaluates works of art, such as novels, films, music, paintings, etc.提纲：统一与分歧，比较型TS 艺术家和评论家都能够影响到社会价值，但艺术家的影响更为深远一段：艺术家给社会带来的价值持久的东西。举例：文艺复兴时期的拉非尔，莎士比亚。直到今天仍旧有价值，而且成为艺术史的不朽作品(不够，论证艺术再来一段)二段：艺术作品代表社会价值。艺术可以是衡量一个社会的文化、时尚，甚至是道德的重要标准三段：评论家有一定作用，但不能反应持久的社会价值：a有时候会歪曲社会价值，举例：凡高b不同年代社会的评论家观念不同，评论家引起的社会价值变化是暂时的。举例：四段：让步：完全没有评论家也不行，评论家可以对艺术进行去伪存真，也可以作为我们欣赏作品的重要作品结尾：尽管评论家是这些价值的衡量参考，但艺术家却是真正给社会带来持久价值的。没有艺术家，就，因此我们要重视艺术家的作用精彩语言：Sth. is counterproductive to.起反作用Might nevertheless 却可能Reflect on 反思Questionable 值得怀疑None of . are of much value 没一个有用的the contemporaries and future generations 同代人和后代 more often than not 插入语：通常 48. The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten. 少数和多数，精英和大众提纲：TS 2+individual groups of people 一段：individual在历史事件里起着关键作用二段：Simply put, without individuals，做不成三段：individual 实际上也是来自the masses，是masses的代表，集中反映了大众的性质四段：Nevertheless, there is no denying that大众的作用，即使领导者策划，没有人参与也做不成精彩语言：The masses 大/ invariably 总是/ Admittedly-让步/ Emphasize sth./ rather than=instead of/ 前者后者the former the latter/aspect方面/ root in 来源于Play a pivotal role 是重要角色/ key historical figures重要历史人物Not to but rather to 不是而是A is just one example of a history pattern in which. Profoundare nearly all attributable to.-for example, B,C,D,E, and of course A. 举例语言，可引出其他例子Seminal sociopolitical events= sweeping social changes and political reformsWhen it comes, the speakers claim finds even less support from the historical record. 批驳用语，可其后加例子The speaker might also point out that.Again, however, 帮作者列论据，再反驳改论据With few historical exceptions 除少数特例情况Yet, today it behooves us to continue doing , and to continue doing 然而如今我们应该继续36. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries. 一个人是否伟大是由后人评定的而非他同时代的人。提纲：+the contemporaries 有时候会错误判断，而后人却给出了正确评价 +simply put, without +后代站在人类历史进程的宏观舞台上去做判断，准确 -不能否认同时代人：Mark Twain如今被后代歌颂学习，其实当时在他的时代已经是名作家，受人尊敬了。精彩语言：By contrast 相反/In any event 无论如何/Ultimate significant 最重要/So-called 所谓的/In some cases 在某些情况下/ /in retrospect回顾/in some areas=in the realm of在某些领域/the speaker unfairly generalized作者有失公允/recognize=identify认识/the evolution of human civilization人类历史进程/effect on= impact on影响undertake an objective survey in judging 客观评价Must be tested over time before it can be confirmed=Only time will tell whether只有时间能检验It is difficult to identify without the benefit of historical perspective 没有历史观察的帮助下很难History is replete with examples of. / no one can deny every phase in the history possess / This is particularly manifest in the political realm/might eventually become historical relics 历史遗迹-举例用语出名：be broadly recognized as great even during their own time+后代 some of the behaviors and measures have far-reaching impacts on the progress of human civilization and the complete commons should be made after considering the future effects.+后代 cannot be judged only by their contemporaries-only by who follow them+ 后代might eventually become historical relics, yet his greatness is already secured.+ 后代commons of contemporary people towards the celebrities have always made by their own experience. could not have predicted the impact his innovations would have on the American economy and on the modern world. people live after the great persons have the opportunity to attain the more objective and complete views on the basis of all the efforts made by their forefathers. 万能例子： Mark Twain as one of the most famous writers has already been the best selling author and household name of his time, most of his works have left a strong impression on people who live at that era, and even today present individuals are also likely to cited the commons made by critics of that time in order to convince their praise about Mark Twains books.Many accomplished artists and innovative inventors have been regarded as pagans and get nothing but ridicule at that time, but some of the works and inventions proved to be priceless and have profound effects on the human culture and technology.130. How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society. 现在孩子的社会化程度决定了社会的命运。可惜的是，我们还没有学会教孩子怎么样去建设一个更好的社会。1 社会化有利于建立更好社会：合作，人人平等，无种族歧视2 without3 好社会需要其它方面：道德教育，知识技能。现代教育应该尽力在孩子进入社会前就做好这些教育工作4尽管教育一直在努力，目前教育的漏洞：校园暴力，色情毒品等精彩语言：While appealing in some respects, is an over-statement at best. 批判用语The claim that is poorly supported by empirical evidence. 批判用语Consider certain prominent who have contributed profoundly to 举例万能例子An even more remarkable modern example was Theodore Roosevelt, whose social and physical development were both stunted by life-threatening physical infirmities during his childhood. In spite of the isolation, odd manner and aloofness throughout his early life, Roosevelt ascended to the president of United States by means of his will to overcome physical infirmities, his voracious appetite for knowledge, and his raw intellect. 41. Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science. 一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及通灵和超自然探索在社会中扮演着很重要的角色，它们满足了那些主流科学满足不了的人类需求。TS 同反反：1非主流有好处 2 非主流缺点 3 现代科学技术能满足人类需要一段：非主流科学带给人类精神寄托和精神安慰。在古代，科学技术不够发达，人们对黑夜、对死亡等自然现象恐惧，各种神话寓言抚慰了这样的恐惧。EG人有来生，人死后依然有灵魂。在现代，人们工作生活的压力很大，有时候会对未来产生担忧甚至绝望，此时许多人求助astrology，fortune-telling等，通过占卜“预知”自己的未来，使自己有了精神寄托二段：尽管非主流科学有其积极的方面，但我们不可否认一些异端的邪说却无限扩大了非主流科学的荒谬性，麻痹了人们的思想。例如所谓的世界末日论，让人们相信世界即将毁灭，导致集体自杀案例，违背了人性和道德三段：by contrast, 现在技术有好处。个人层面；社会层面精彩语言：The contemporary era 现代/ appeal to求助于A far reaching impact on 有深远影响Far out weighs 远超过involve 涉及understandably 可以理解similarly 相同地insofar as 在方面而言承接式转折语言: While the sorts of might be “vital” insofar as , query whether theseare otherwise useful to any individual or society. 185. Scandalswhether in politics, academia, or other areascan be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. 丑闻，不管是政治、学术还是其他领域，都能发挥有利的作用。它们让我们以不同的角度去看待问题，而这些是演讲者和改革家不能带给我们的。提纲：同反反1 丑闻的作用：scandals can sometimes serve to call our attention to pervasive social or political problems that we would otherwise neglect. Watergate scandal加强安全防护；President Clinton引起领导人职责与隐私保护的争论2 丑闻的坏处：distract us from more important pressing problems or societal issues，破坏领导人形象，让公民失去信任。3 Even on an art level, scandals can serve chiefly to distract us from more important artists and their works. Michael Jackson4丑闻的好坏两点都需要被考虑精彩语言：Indisputably 无可辩驳/ and so forth 等等/ pressing problems or issues in the society社会问题bring deleterious effects to the society. 有害作用in many cases 用法例：I agree that in many cases 举例用语：先古后今：Perhaps the paradigmatic example is More recently.Our society would be the clear beneficiary of such reform 改革用利于国家Thereby working a significant and lasting benefit to our society 同上It sparked a debate about 引起争论50. In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 2750. 为了提高大学的教学质量，（学校）应该要求所有的教员花一定时间到（学校）这个学术世界之外，在与他们教授的课程相关的职位工作。同反反1 好处：对老师：提高专业技能；对学生：课堂有有趣味2 有些学科不适合。纯学术学科3 艺术设计学科精彩语言：Depends primarily on It is worthwhile for sb to doUp-to-date information Not only did A benefit from38. In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books. 同反反1 电视优点： a传播知识的方式，discovery，有声音图像；b纪录历史事件具有真实性authenticity2书优点：a首先，目前主要的知识仍旧是以书籍的形式存在的，比如在学校里的书本几乎全部都是书籍。教育的初期，都是使用阅读书籍作为主要的获取知识的方式，这很大程度上决定了人们更自然的习惯于阅读书籍作为学习的主要途径。b书能让读者快速有效率的查阅资料，而电视有很强主观性不好查3 c就体积和便携性而言，书籍要比电视方便许多。书籍的小巧和容易携带的优点使大部分人选择在等候公共汽车的时候阅读书籍而不是收看电视。d书不会损坏e电视有辐射。读书更健康电视和书籍也开始互相补充，比如，报纸能够克服电视的缺点而成为人们获取新闻的重要手段，而许多媒体也开始制作用于教学的视频节目，帮助人们更清晰和生动的认识复杂的科学知识。总之，电视和书籍都在人们的说活中扮演着重要角色。电视帮助人们休闲并获得时时地信息，而书籍成为多数人获取知识的手段。精彩语言：In few respects in most respects, however, A holds certain advantages over B forThus, the authors claim has some merit when it comes to Modern and current events 现代事件However, the author underrates several respects in which Sth are inherently superior to 103.The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives. 只有当历史和我们的生活相关时，对它的研究才有扩展性和价值同反反1 研究历史应为现代生活服务2a错误失败的历史给现代启示 比如环境问题b历史总是惊人的相似。历史总是不知不觉地重现。所以研究历史可以对为将来可能发生的事有所准备。讲2件历史上重复发生的事。比如world war I 和 world war II， 学习 这能防止world war III）3正确对待历史的态度应当是有选择的吸收，换句话说就是吸取其中有用的，把没用过时的去掉精彩语言：密切相关be bound up with /be closely related to83. Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people. 政府应该保留国家领土中公共拥有的荒凉地区，即使这些地区往往人迹罕至。17. There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws. 10同：遵守法律有必要。对个人，对国家。反：把法律定义为公正不公正太简单，法律会随着社会的发展而变化。 公正：安乐死，不公正：电脑黑客反： 法律是否公正还取决于个人利益，国家利益。个人：堕胎，国家：税收精彩语言：the statement above is oversimplify the influence of 法律并不像人们想象的那样是一成不变的The laws should not keep constant, as many people think, on the contrary, they should be challenged and mended in the progress of social developmentWhile, it is precisely the same when it comes toin some sense 在某种意义上it wrongly categorizes any law as either just or unjust is rarely a straightforward issueThis is especially true when it comes to The controversial issue of 有争议的话题Has the opposite affect of what was intended or hoped for.Most anyone would argue, for instance, that Returning to example mentioned above.In any event 208. The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a societys ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people. 208. 人们的眼神、穿着和动作都反映出他们的态度和兴趣。你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外表和行为来获知该社会的很多理念和价值观。 同123同：能够反映出一些社会的理念和价值观反：大多情况下，不能真实反映反：要对一个社会的价值观和理念有全面了解，光凭借衣服等appearance是不够的。还要看一个社会的其他方面：法制，社会是否安定等精彩语言：Certain aspects of the outward appearance of a cultures people do inform us of their ideas, attitudes and values. Is not.but rather.While the statement has merit, it amounts to an unfair generalization.43. To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. 2243. 一位政府官员要想成为一位有效力的领导者，就必须保持最高的伦理和道德修养。同：对自己，提高自身素质，对国家和人民：为人民考虑，国家安定反：所谓伦理和道德修养的评判标准是什么，很复杂。Hitler被一些人追捧，在某种程度上也是有效力的领导者，但是他的伦理道德修养正确吗？反：要想成为有效力领导者，它因素：个人魅力，交际能力，处理问题能力等147. Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them. 62147. 传统和现代化是不相容的。人们必须在二者之间做出选择。参26同：交通。现在需要快捷，不可能骑马步行carriage vs SUBWAY反：相容，文学，语言反：相容：艺术领域精彩语言：mutually exclusive=incompatibleperhaps even more striking marriage of modernization and tradition is *7. The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records. 4*7. 摄像机可以如此精确有力地记录当代人们的生活，因此它已经成为比纸笔记录更重要的记录方式。 BEGIN: Though, the application of video camera as the means of recording can provide more accurate and convincing of contemporary life, it is still too gratuitous to conclude that the video documentation will take the place of written records in a foreseeable future. Besides, close scrutiny shows that each of these two recording methods has its advantages and foibles, only through the collaboration can give the next generation a perfect record of the human history.1、 数码相机好。(The video documentation, as the result of advanced digital technology, introduces many new innovations in the recording of contemporary society and peoples lives.)首先，后代可以更清楚地了解以前的事情 (First of all, the video camera makes it possible for descendants to learn the events more vivid and directed. People can see what happened by themselves rather than to read the story written by their ancestor and postulate the spectacle of the events.)此外，数码媒体占地更小 。这些对于文字来说都是不可能的(All this is impossible for written records, people have to use their writing skills to record what he saw, and in most of the cases, each person has different descriptions about the same evens, not only because the various literary style of the authors but also for the different standpoint for these writer to memories.)2、 文字媒体好 (However, the shortcomings of video media also make it impossible to use in every circumstance of recording. On the one hand, the video document can only applied in the recording of the real events, such as some accidents. It is hardly to give people a general summary and more detail descriptions of certain issue in a relatively short period.)3、 最后，两者各有所长，还能取长补短：需要再现场景（scene）用照片；需要记录相关事实，挖掘内在含义，用文字；很多情况下，照片和文字结合使用，图文并茂（the picture and its accompanying essay are both excellent）才能完整的描述一件事情。END: In sum, the video documents have provided people with an innovative approach of recording and also give the descendants the opportunity to retrospect to the past events in a more vivid way. But without the written records, it is impossible for people to gain the general spectrum about history. So these two media should compensate with each other, only in this way can we preserve the contemporary society and peoples lives in a complete way for our next generation.47. Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellectthat is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills. 2447. 社会没有给予思维能力，即推理和其他的认知技能，足够的重视。1、 现代社会许多人的确不重视认知能力Should emphasis on强调认知能力重要：especially in art realm2、 过分强调推理和认知能力不好：instincts like hate greed lust3、 认知能力不是唯一, 其他也很重要精彩语言：Undue不适当的In many other respects, however, emphasizing can carry negative, even dangerous, consequences for any society. would have a chilling effect on is a marriage between 11. All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the worlds most persistent social problems. 7*11. 所有的国家应共同支持建立一所全球性大学，让学生们参与到解决世界上最持久、难以解决的社会问题的过程中。1世界各国尽管具体情况不同，但是存在很多共同的问题，共同探讨很有价值：很多问题有相同的根源；比较研究；不同角度看问题找办法。A global university could help to solve mutual problems that different country faced and help to find a common ground or reach a consensus in the human world. e.g. pollution, the depletion of atmospheric ozone.2其他问题，种族冲突，财政问题3即使建立大学了，也未必能解决最持久最难以解决的社会问题154. Both parents and communities must be involved in the local schools. Education is too important to leave solely to a group of professional educators.154. 家长和社区都必须参与到当地的学校中来。教育是如此重要，因此不能只依靠专业的教育者。1、 让家长和社区参与到当地学校中来是有必要的。首先，家长们要比学者更了解他们的孩子，比如性格以及最喜欢的玩具等特征，让家长参与到教学中来不光能够帮助教育工作者了解这些孩子各自不同的特点，并采取不同的教学方法。其次，孩子们如果有什么意见或者想法一般来说更愿意与父母交流，因此将孩子们真实的想法和教育学者们沟通能够有利于孩子们的成长。2、 最后，孩子们有相当的时间不再学校，而是和父母在一起，因此，让家长参与到教育中来能够更好的为孩子的成长提供条件3、 但是，毫无疑问让家长和社区参与到学校中来也会造成一些问题：首先，家长们总是更乐于从有利于自己的孩子的角度出发，没有大局观；其次，家长们缺乏专业的培训，难以了解专业教学法的作用，有时候甚至阻碍方法的实施。. No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study. 2*4. 在任何一个学术研究领域，除非有领域之外的人带来他们的知识和经验，否则该领域就不能取得长足的进步。BEGIN: In todays complex and rapidly changing society, cooperation between various fields of study has become more and more important. Compared with the old form of research that engaged by scientists of single field, the interdisciplinary research not only bring the new methods and ideas into some old disciplines but also caused the emergence of some new mixed subjects, such as geophysics, into this world.1、 借鉴和利用别的学科的成果为本学科服务能够拓展传统学科的研究领域，地质学和最先进的航天科技相结合，将领域扩展到研究宇宙中各个行星的构造以及矿物成分，地层结构。新兴学科的产生：地球物理学：用物理学的观点方法研究地球。 (Throu