043+IBM内部培训+国际业务管理.ppt

InternationalBusinessManagement IIBD0105Dr Tang CourseStructure ModuleI Globalization InformationEconomyModuleII CountryEvaluationModuleIII Strategy EntryModeModuleIV Control HRMModuleV ForeignExchange MultinationalFinancialManagementModuleVI InternationalMarketing Operation ModuleI Globalization InformationEconomy IIBD0105Dr Tang Agenda GlobalizationConcept MeasurementDrivingForceTrade InvestmentBarriersLiberalizationwithWTO RegionalGroupsResponseInformationEconomyInformationGoodsInformationEconomy Globalization GlobalizationofProduct irrelevanceofnationalproductMarketworldwideorinternationalmobilecustomersConvergingtasteMergerofnationalmarketCompetitionglobalscaleefficiencyMulti marketcrosssubsidizingAsaresultofinternationalexchangeofgoods service capital humanresources GlobalizationofProduct ProductLifeCycleModel IrrelevanceoftheModelTruncatedLifeCycleGlobalizationofProductR DAdvancedComponentsStandardComponentsAssembly Measurement Trade FDIasa ofGDPPriceconvergenceAsaresultofarbitrage InternationalTrade FDI ExportAsPercentageofGDP DrivingForce Transportation telecommunicationtechnologyLiberalizationmovementtobreakdowntrade investmentbarriers AverageTariffRate Tariff Advalorem ofvalueSpecific fixedsumperunitCompound AdValorem Specific CanProtectionProtect EffectiveprotectionPriceelasticityofdemand supply EffectiveProtection t tariffratew weightofimportedcomponentsk thefinalgoods i intermediategoodsCountryACountryBTV10 20 TVcomponents10 40 EffectiveProtection T 10 5 2 10 20 20 2 0 PriceElasticity DemandSupplyElastic P D P S Inelastic P DnochangeP SnochangePricebeforetariffTariffPriceaftertariff100010 110090910 1000 Non TariffBarrier Quota VER voluntaryexportrestraint LicenseCustomsvaluation classification procedureTechnicalstandardGovernmentprocurementAntidumpingdutyCountervailingduty againstsubsidy InvestmentBarrier Entrybarriers e g finance transportation OwnershiplimitPerformancerequirement e g localcontent Non nationaltreatment e g factorprice WTO FreertradeNodiscrimination MFN NationalTreatment GATT generalagreementontariffs trade GATS generalagreementontradeinservices TRIPS traderelatedaspectsofintellectualpropertyrights Quota MFAphasedout Subsidy prohibited actionable Safeguard temporaryprotection RegionalIntegration StagesFTA FreeTradeArea lowtariffformembers CustomUnion sametariffonnonmembers CommonMarket factormobility EconomicUnionPoliticalUnion RegionalIntegration WhatisComparativeAdvantage AbsoluteAdvantage efficiencyExportagoodifyoucanproducemoreefficientlyComparativeAdvantage costExportagoodifyoucanproducecheaperEfficientbutnotcheap Becauseyouhavehigheropportunitycost RCA RevealedComparativeAdvantage Xexport M import i country W world k productComparisonbetween products countries Periods ResponsetoGlobalization JournalofInternationalMarketing 5 1 pp9 30 StrategyDrift StrategicManagementJournal9pp75 91 INFORMATIONECONOMY INFORMATIONINFORMATIONGOODSINFORMATIONECONOMY Information Anythingwithvaluethatcanbedigitalized InformationGoods Informationembeddedintext number graph audio videomaterialsValuationPhysicalNature TheNatureofInformationGoods Valuation HeterogeneityExperiencegoodsExclusivityvs PopularityValueaddedinsearching TheValuationofInformationGoods demandcurve heterogeneousValueCustomersWhatshouldwedo Customization PriceDiscrimination ValuePCustomers TheValuationofInformationGoods ExperienceGoodsValuationafterConsumption e g afilm MBA Whatshouldwedo ExperienceGoods BrandNameFreeSamples TheValuationofInformationGoods ExclusivityhighervaluewhenitisscarcePopularity NetworkExternality Highervaluewhenitispopularwhatshouldwedo NetworkExternality ValuevirtuouscircleviciouscircleUsers Exclusivity Popularity VersioningFreeDistributionforaCriticalMass ValueAddedinSearching InternetPortal LinksArchive TheNatureofInformationGoods PhysicalNatureIndestructiblevs PerishableNon Depletable ReproducibleTransmutable Non Fixation ThePhysicalNatureofInformationGoods IndestructibleLackofnormalwear tearShrinkingmarketduetoresalePerishableTimedependableWhatshouldwedo Indestructiblevs Perishable PlannedObsolescenceCustomizationRealtimeapplication ThePhysicalNatureofInformationGoods Non DepletableCanbesharedReproducibleNearzeromarginalcostWhatshouldwedo ThePhysicalNatureofInformationGoods TransmutableCanbeeasilyalteredProblemofauthenticity integrityNon FixationAlwaysgrowing nofinalcutWhatshouldwedo Reproducible Non Fixation ContinuousUpdatingSellingtheconnectioninsteadoftheinformation InformationEconomy AnEconomywithsuperconnectivity communicationwithnearzerocost whereinformationgoodsbecomethecenterofeconomicactivities e Commerce UseofInternettoenhancecommunications transactionswithanorganization sstakeholders peoplewhodetermineitsfuture e Business AnewbusinessapproachbasedonthepossibilitiesprovidedbytheinteractivenatureoftheInternet TheNatureofInformationEconomy BusinessMode MassCustomizationImmediate UbiquitousBusinessStructure HollywoodEffect Immediate Ubiquitous HollywoodEffect OutSourcing Transactioncostvs EconomyofscaleTransactioncost costofinformationforsearch negotiate enforceacontractEconomyofscaleInternalizevs ExternalizeHightransactioncost internalizeHigheconomyofscale externalize ModuleIICountryEvaluation IIBD0105Dr Tang Agenda UnderstandSystemIdentifyOpportunityMarketResourcesIdentifyRiskEconomicRiskPoliticalRiskLegalRiskCountrySelectionPorter sDiamond EclecticTheoryOpportunityRiskGrid BERIAttractiveness CompetenceProfile UnderstandSystem Economic wealth voluntarytrade Ownership Movement CreationofResourcesPolitical power coercion Articulate AggregateofIndividualInterestMake Implement AdjudicatePublicDecisionLegal Reorganization EnforcementofRulesCultural Sharedbelief practiceinagroup EconomicSystem Plannedeconomyvs MarketEconomyOwnership State SOE vs Private Privatization Allocation Commandvs PriceRationaleMarketfailure monopoly friction incomedistributionGovernmentfailure information incentiveAlienationvs DependenceMixedeconomy PoliticalSystem ConstitutionaldemocracyConstitution FreeElection FreedomofspeechLegislature Executive JudiciaryAuthoritarianBlindsubmissiontoauthorityTotalitarianSubordinateallaspectsofindividuallife PoliticalSystem Critique PublicChoice PoliticianasavotemaximizerShorttermvs longterminterestCaptiveTheoryafewgainalotattheexpenseofmanyloosingalittleasindividualPersonalstakevs information organizationcost DealingWithGovernment AuthorityBargainingStrengthAvailableChoicePossibleResponse5CofNegotiationConflictedInterestCommonInterestCriteria objective Convincing impossibletogiveaway Compromising LegalSystem CommonLawBritain formercoloniesTradition precedent customDetailedcontactCivilLaw CodifiedRomanLaw ContinentalEurope Japanetc DetailedcodesShortercontractReligiousLawBureaucraticLawConsistency predictability appealprocedure LegalSystem Publiclaw Constitution AdministrativelawCommercialcode UniformedCommercialCode BusinessformationAgent Corporate Non corporateBusinessConductContract Sales Negotiableinstrument SecuredtransactionRegulationsTaxationAccountingStandardDisputeSettlement Regulations ProtectionofconsumerAdvertising inspection certification labeling safety warranties consumercreditProtectionofproperty Possess transfer Protectionofpublicinvestor informationdisclosure insidetrading Protectionoflabor compensation leave safety socialsecurity discrimination laborrelation Protectionofcompetition antitrustProtectionofenvironment DifferencesinLegalSystems VulnerabilityofdefectiveproductsUSAvs Britain caselawdifferencePublicscrutinyUSAvs Britain StatutorylawdifferenceLegalexpenses plaintiffordefendant USAvs Britain lawadministrationdifference Taxation Directtax income CorporatePersonalIndirecttaxVATorBusinesstaxExcisetaxPropertytaxStampdutyTariff InternationalTaxation Taxjurisdiction residentialvs territorial Withholdingtax dividend royaltyinterest Doubletaxation taxcredit 35 10 25 TransferPricing vs arm slength norelationship Branchvs Subsidiary taxtohomecountry ForeignTaxCredit AccountingStandard IASvs GAAP Revenuerecognition Criticalpath Accrualmethod Frontendloading prematurerecognition InventoryvaluationFIFO LIFO HIFOAmortization depreciationStraightlinevs Doubledeclinebalance LengthofestimatedlifeAssetcapitalization Rearendloading underestimateofcurrentperiodexpense WorldCom Assetimpairment revaluationOff balancesheetdebtUnconsolidateddebtofsubsidiaries Enron AccountingStandard Buckley A 2000 MultinationalFinance PrenticeHall p49 DisputeSettlement Whichcountry slawappliesInwhichcountrytheissueberesolvedWhichtechnique litigation arbitration Howwillthesettlementbeenforced CulturalSystem Value NormBeliefofbeinggood rightReflectedin re enforcedbyBehavior patternofresponse Ritual formal repetitive Information mediaofinformationArtifacts objects Institute stratification mobility Value Norm VirtueTrue honest Kind goldenrule Beautiful rightproportion 4Cardinalvirtue仁 ren 义 yi 礼 li 智 zhi 信 xin DifferencesinCulturalSystems Hofstede5orientationsPowerorientation distance UncertaintyorientationSocialorientation individualism Goalorientation materialpossession Timeorientation shorttermgain Easternvs WesternPatienceVs ActionHarmonyVs FreedomHierarchyVs Equality MarketPotential GDPp c TheproblemsofCommercializationofeconomicactivitiesIncomedistributionMarketexchangerate MarketPotential TradeStatistics UNTradeStatisticsYearBook MarketIndex CrossBorderMonitor ProxyComparableSegment UNtradeStatistics MarketIndex CrossBorderMonitor BusinessInternational EIU 40indicatorsPop population upop urbanpopulation pc privateconsumptionKWH electricity stl steelconsumptioncem cementproductionTele telephoneinusecarsinuseTVinuse Proxy Tirepurchase 1 6xCarregistrationSatellitedish importedcarinstreetforotherluxurygoodsRefrigerators 0 2marriage 0 3divorce 0 1housestart ComparableIncomeSegment PPPExchangerateBigMacIndex1S 25BahtS 5000 125 000Baht1bigMac 1bigMac5S 50Baht1S 10BahtS 5000 50 000Baht BigMacIndex PPPExchangeRate Resources Availability Cost ReliabilityInfrastructure Human Capital RawMaterials IntermediateGoods Machinery Equipment Geographicproximity EconomicRisk InternalBalanceRecessionorinflationDemandmisalignmentorstructuralproblemExternalBalanceBOPBalance trade capital Exchangerate EconomicRisk ForeigndebtdefaultMoratoriumdebtserviceratio interest principaldue exportsForeignexchangeriskInterestrateriskInflationrisk Internal ExternalBalance Internal ExternalBalance PoliticalRisk ChangeinleaderorpoliciesCivildisorderAnimositybetweenhost othercountriesSanction restraintagainstcommerce technology tariff loanetc Embargo comprehensivesanction OwnershipriskOperationriskTransferrisk PoliticalRiskPerception OwnershipRisk In1960 sto1980 s AnalysisOfPoliticalRisk ManagingPoliticalRisk IntegralpartofthehostcountryIntensiveuseoflocalresourceContributionJointventureInsurancecoverage LegalRisk Uncertaintyoflaw lawenforcementExtraterritoriality outsideboarders BurmasanctionFCBAIncomparablelegalrequirementPropertyrightprotectionProductsafety liabilityEnvironment workplacestandardCorruption ForeignCorruptBusinessAct Porter sDiamond ManagementIdeologyIndustrialStructure SupportingIndustry component tool DemandCondition size sophistication FactorCondition natural advanced Government Chance EclecticTheoryofEntryMode OwnershipAdvantageCompetitiveadvantageovertherivalsLocationAdvantageWhyhostcountryInternalizationAdvantageInsourceoroutsource LocationAdvantage LowinputcostMarketR DfacilitiesLogisticAdministrationEconomic political legal culturalsystem OpportunityRiskGrid CountryVariablesWeightABCDAcceptable UnacceptableAllow100 ownershipUAAAOpportunity H preferable Sizeofinvestmentneeded0 5 433Directcost0 3 312Taxrate0 2 212Marketsize now 0 4 324Marketsize3 10years0 2 212Risk H Preferable Lossmaking0 4 421Exchangerate0 3 023Politicalunrest0 3 312Total211319 BERI BusinessEnvironmentRiskIndex CriteriaweightMultiply0 4OVERALLPoliticalstability3Economicgrowth2 5Currencyconvertibility2 5Laborcost productivity2Short termcredit2Long termcredit2Attitudetowardsforeigninvestment1 5Nationalization1 5Monetaryinflation1 5BOP1 5Enforceabilityofcontract1 5Bureaucraticdelays1Communications1LocalManagement1ProvisionalService Contractors0 5TOTAL25Max 100 1 poor 2 average3 aboveaverage4 superior 80 favorable70 79 notsofavorable55 69 immaturewithpotential40 54 highrisk 40 veryhighrisk CountryAttractiveness CompetitiveStrength Unilever sGlobalProfile product brand region country ModuleIII Strategy EntryMode IIBDDr Tang Agenda PreliminaryGlobalizationImperativeSTEPEnvironmentTaskEnvironmentCompetenceProfileStrategicManagementModelAnatomyofstrategyBusinessModel BusinessPlanStrategicchoicesEntryMode PracticeExportvs LocalProductionWholeOwnershipvs AllianceGreenFieldvs M AEntryTacticsTake over Antitake overTacticsAllianceTactics GlobalizationImperatives GrowthimperativeFirstmoveradvantageEfficiencyimperativeScale costKnowledgeimperativeLeadingedgecustomer innovativecompetitor supplier R DGlobalizationofcustomers international mobileGlobalizationofproduct irrelevanceofnationalproductGlobalizationofcompetition multimarketcrosssubsidizing FiveForceModel FiveSourceModel JournalofGeneralManagement 21 1pp1 23 CompetitiveAdvantage MarketValue Capital ResourceAnalysis SimplifiedValueChain augmentation CompetitiveTriangle CompetitiveBenchmarking CompetenceProfile StrategicManagementModel EnvironmentScanningExternalSocietalTaskInternalStructureCultureResource StrategyFormulationMissionreasonforexistenceObjectivesresultstoaccomplishStrategiesplan StrategyImplementationProgramsactivitiesBudgetsresourceallocationProceduressequenceofstepsPoliciesguideline Evaluation ControlMonitor correctiveaction BalancedScorecardforPlanning BalancedScorecardforPlanning DuPont sMission Tobetheworld smostsuccessfulenergy chemistrybasedcompany dedicatedtocreatinghighquality innovativematerialsthatmakepeople slivesbetter easier Objectives MeasurableresultsSalesMarketshareProfitabilityTurnover StrategyFormationProcedure StrategyFormationProcedure StrategyFormationProcedure AnatomyofStrategies ActionplantoreachobjectivesCorporateFocus geographicregion product process BusinessMethodofCompetition price quality image speed FunctionalMarketingOperationFinancingHRMR D WinningBusinessIdea ExceptionalUtilityIrresistiblePriceDeliverwithTidyProfit BusinessModelSupportedbyStakeHolder AdoptionHurdle BusinessModel StructureofABusinessPlan ExecutivesummarySituationAnalysisTheTargetmarketProductTeam allianceCompetitiveAdvantage USP MarketingstrategyOperationstrategy businessprocess Financialprojection fundingrequirementImplementationscheduleExitstrategyAppendices Financialstatement StrategicChoice ChoiceofProduct entireportfoliovs subset ChoiceofMarket StrategicChoice DuPontModel ReturnonAssets ProfitMarginxAssetTurnovercapacityconstraintnetincome saleROA netincome assetscompetitionconstraintsales assets StrategicChoice GlobalIntegration ChoiceofEntryMode Exportvs LocalProduction100 exportfinishedgoodsLocalAssembly100 localproductionWholeOwnershipvs Alliance0 franchise licenseContactallianceJointVenture100 ownershipGreenFieldvs M AStartfrom0Usingexistingcapacity ProgressofEntry Exportvs LocalProduction SizeoflocalmarketfortheminimumefficientscaleShipping tariffcostNeedforlocalcustomizationLocalcontentrequirementLocalresource supportingindustry WholeOwnershipvs AllianceBased Physical linguistic culturaldistanceOperationalintegrationrequirementRiskofasymmetriclearningAdequacyofcapitalLocalequityparticipationrequirement TransactionCostAnalysis Hollensen S 2002GlobalMarketing PrenticeHallp55 Internalizationvs Externalization Hollensen S 2002GlobalMarketing PrenticeHallp57 Export Alliance FullInternalization GreenFieldvs M A UniquenessofCorporateCultureManagementpractice operationmodeSpeedtotheMarketIntensityoflocalcompetitionNewcapacityaddition Export Agentorbroker commissionDealerorDistributor inventoryDirectsales enduserCase8 1 Licensing RightstousetheintangiblepropertyPatentKnow hownotsubjectedtopatentTechnicalormarketingadviceandassistanceTrademarkRoyaltyCriticalcomponentsCrosslicensingDVDmachine PC NintendogamesCase7 2 Franchising SpecialformoflicensingProduct trademarkfranchising cola Businessformatfranchising conveniencesstoresandfastfoods Morecontrol operationalassistanceStore layoutinformation promotion training supplies centralpurchasing qualityassuranceCase7 3 DifferencebetweenFranchising Licensing LesNouvelles22 4pp155 8 ContractAlliance ManufacturingContract Outsourcethemanufacturing Nike MegatoyManagementContract ManagingabusinessforafeeHiltonHotel logo management globalbooking DisneyLandTurnkeyOperations Design construct equipa readytousefacilityNuclearpowerplant airport oilrefineryBOTAllianceinMarketing Financing R D Mattel barbie Bandai Powerranger Staralliance20thCenturyFox Paramount Titanic Intel Samsung Siemens DRAMchips JointVenture Partnershiporco ownedcorporationwithanewlegalentityandsharedequitytoachievecommonobjectivesCase8 2 M A MergerCompaniesjointogether throughexchangeofshares AcquisitionThebuyerpurchasestheassetsorstockoftheseller EntryModesCompared Samsung sAlliance EnteringAsiaPacific LongRangePlanning29 1pp13 30 Take overTactics NegotiationOpenmarketpurchaseTenderofferContingentonthetenderofafixednumberofsharesProxyfightControlincorporatevotingLeveragedbuyoutDebtfinancingWiththeassetofthetargetcompanyascollateral AntiTake overTactics PoisonpillPoisonShares morevotingpowerwhenactivated Poisonputs debtsecuritiescallablewhenactivated Whiteknight acquirer Whitesquire shareholder Selftender replacingequitywithdebt Charteramendment e g Supermajority Goldenparachute specialcompensation PoisonPill Shareholder srightactivatedAtKick inthresholdToincreasetake overcostMoresharesoutstanding flipin buyownstocksatahigherprice Todilutetheacquirer sownershippositionConvertibleinthecaseof100 takeover flipover convertibletoacquirer sstockatalowerprice ChoiceofAlliancePartner ChoiceofIntermediary JointVentureFormation InternationalMarketEntry Development PrenticeHall Stage DocumentforM A AllianceTactics Wallingoff Modularization