2013年职称英语考试理工类教材新增内容.doc

2013年职称英语考试理工类教材新增内容：完形填空(2) 第八篇 Why India Needs Its Dying VulturesThe vultures in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp _1_ in three species of Indias vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental _2_ The dramatic decline in vulture numbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the same areas as the _3_ . It is also causing serious public health problems _4_ the Indian sub-continent.While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians，vultures have_5_played a very important role in keeping towns and villages all over India clean. It is_6_they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are _7_ left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.The disappearance of the vultures has _8_ an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals. There are fears that rabies may _9_ as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately affect humans in the region, since wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species, causing an even greater problem in the _10_.The need for action is _11_, so an emergency project has been launched to _12_ a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to identify the disease causing the birds，deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.Large-scale vulture _13_ were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A population survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined _14_ over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as “critically endangered”. As most vultures lay only single eggs and _15_ about five years to reach maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and difficult exercise.词汇：vulture n.秃鹰ultimately adv.最终地species n.物种，种类endanger v.危及，濒危disruption n.破坏，毁坏maturity n.成熟期rabies n.狂犬症注释：1. The vulture in question: 讨论中的秀鹰（问题)。in question意为“讨论中的，考虑中的”。2. rather than：而不是。例:Your proposal is positive rather than negative. (你的提议是积极的，而不是消极的。）3. the Indian sub-continent: 印度次大陆4. while: 虽然。例:While he has published many papers, he is modest. (虽然他发表了多篇论文，他还是很谦虚。）5. thousands upon thousands:成千上万的6. in the open:在户外，在野外7. as a result:结果8. listed as “critically endangered”：被列为极度濒危动物练习：1. A. decline B. rise C. teeth D. eyes2. A. benefit B. debate C. problem D. solution3. A. plants B. birds C. humans D. cows4. A. over B. with C. through D. across5. A. sometimes B. long C. suddenly D. hardly6. A. who B. when C. because D. where7. A. traditionally B. occasionally C. possibly D. finally8. A. came from B. adjusted to C. resulted from D. led to9. A. drop B. increase C. disappear D. change10. A. future B. past C. villages D. mountains11. A. recent B. urgent C. frequent D. rare12. A. neglect B. use C. remove D. find13. A. cures B. arrivals C. deaths D. journeys14. A. along B. on C. in D. by15. A. take B. adopt C. consume D. waste答案与题解：1. A通篇文章都在叙述秃鹰濒临灭种对印度环境的负面影响，而且文章的标题中的“dying vultures”也提供了线索。decline符合上下文的意思，是答案。rise与上下文的意思相反。sharp teeth和sharp eyes是秃鹰的特点，但文章并未提及。2. C秃鹰濒临灭亡，给环境带来问题。上一句的“alarm rather than celebration”提供了解题的线索，秃鹰瀕临灭亡对我们是一种警告，而不是一件值得庆贺的事。选problem是合适的。至于debate和solution，文章并未涉及。3. B秃鹰数量的减少对当地居民是一种灾难。此外，对谁也是一种灾难呢？as引出的对象是谁呢? 这个对象不会是humans, plants或cows。答案是birds。4. D作者原来的用词一定是across the Indian sub-continent(整个印度次大陆），不可能是 over the Indian sub-continent(在印度次大陆上空)，with the Indian sub-continent(与印度次大陆一起)或 through the Indian sub-continent(穿越印度次大陆）。5. B本段前面的句子描述了秃鹰在保护该地区的环境上作用很大，所以秃鹰不会是时有时无(sometimes)地起作用，或突然地(suddenly)起作用，或几乎不（hardly)起作用。只有选long(长期以来一直)起作用才合乎上下文的意思。6. C为什么秃鹰会起保护环境的作用呢？本段的下半段说出了其中的原因。牛在印度被视为神物，死后露尸户外，任其腐烂。秃鹰以食牛的尸体为生，同时也清除了污染源，保护了城镇和乡村的环境。这些句子讲的是原因，所以选择because是对的。7. A文章说每年有成千上万头牛死亡并露尸城镇和乡村。既然是这样，就不会是偶尔(occasionally)或可能(possibly)或最终(finally)露尸在城镇和乡村。露尸户外是印度的传统，所以traditionally是答案。8. D 本段第一句表达的是因果关系。The disappearance of the vultures 是因，an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the remains of these dead animals 是果。四个选项中只有led to (导致)能表达这种因果关系，所以led to是答案。9. B野狗是狂犬病菌的主要携带者，野狗大量的出现当然会增加狂犬病扩散的危险性，而不是相反。所以选increase是正确的，而drop是increase的反义词，不会是答案。change或disappear都脱离了上下文的意思，所以不是答案。10. A狂犬病从野狗传到人身上已经非常可怕，如果再传到其他动物身上问题就更严重了。 四个选项中，选future构成词组in the future(在未来)符合上下文的意思。11. B从后面的“an emergency project has been launched(启动了应急项目）”可以推断出要选的形容词是urgent(紧迫的）。12. D启动应急项目是为了找到一个解决的办法。neglect a solution, use a solution或remove a solution显然不符合上下文的意思。find是答案。13. C本段说秃鹰的数量急剧减少，已被列为濒危物种。本题的选项cures(治疗法）、 arrivals(到达）或 journeys(旅程）与本段后面一句 “All three species are now listed as critically endangered”所表达的意思接不上。选deaths, 全段的意思就连贯了。因此， deaths是答案。14. D在四个选项中，along, on，in明显不合适。by有“到（某事物）的程度”的意思。“.the three species of vultures had declined by over 90 per cent” 的意思是“三种秀鹰的数量减少了90%以上。15. A “花费或用多少时间”英语的常用的表达法是“take. days/months, etc. ”。选take是正确的。其他三个选项都不合适。 参考译文第八篇 印度为什么需要濒临灭亡的秃鹰人们谈论的秃鹰可能看起来既丑又危险，但是印度三种秃鹰濒临灭亡对我们是一种警告，而不是一件值得庆贺的事。它向世人明示了一个新的环境问题。秃鹰数量的急剧减少不仅是这些鸟类的灾难对当地居民同样也是如此，它同时给整个印度次大陆带来了公共卫生问题。虽然秃鹰的名声不好，许多印度人也讨厌其长相，但是长久以来，秃鹰在维护全印度的城镇和乡村的清洁方面扮演了非常重要的角色。因为秃鹰是以死牛为生。在印度，每年都有成千上万的牛死去，而牛是神圣的动物，死后露尸户外，任其腐烂。秃鹰的消失使得以牛尸为生的野狗数量暴增，因此，人们担心罹患狂犬病的病人会增加。由于野狗是狂犬病的主要携带者，这种可怕的疾病最终会影响当地的居民。狂犬病也可能传播到其他生物，未来会导致更大的问题。采取行动刻不容缓。所以，一个危机处理项目已经启动，目的是找到解决秃鹰问题的方法。科学家们正试图确认导致秃鹰死亡的疾病，如果可能的话，找到治愈该病的方法。在印度，人们注意到秃鹰的大批死亡最早是在20世纪80年代。根据当时的物种调查显示，三种秃鹰的数量减少了90%以上。目前，这三种秃鹰都被列为“极度濒危动物 由于大部分秃鹰每次只产一只蛋，幼鹰需要大约5年的时间才能成熟，因此，若想遏制住秃鹰数量的下降会是一项长期的、艰巨的任务。2013年职称英语考试理工类教材新增内容：阅读理解(3)第四十八篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright Most of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seemingly simple activities that the majority of us dont question. But an international team of researchers, including Dr. Richmond from GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences，have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as an adaptation to carrying scarce, high- quality resources. The team of researchers from the U. S., England, Japan and Portugal investigated the behavior of modern-day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources，in an effort to understand what ecological settings would lead a large ape one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees to walk on two legs. “These chimpanzees provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs, ，said Dr. Richmond. The research findings suggest that chimpanzees switch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two legs allows them to carry much more at one time because it frees up their hands. Over time，intense bursts of bipedal activity may have led to anatomical changes that in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong. Two studies were conducted by the team in Guinea. The first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto Universitys “ outdoor laboratory ” in a natural clearing in Bossou Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut the oil palm nut，which is naturally widely available, and the coula nut, which is not. The chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations:(a) when only oil palm nuts were available,(b)when a small number of coula nuts were available，and(c) when coula nuts were the majority available resource. When the rare coula nuts were available only in small numbers, the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether. The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely. In such high-competition settings，the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move as much as they could in one go by using everything available 一 even their mouths. The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University, was a 14-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable Resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity involved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time. 词汇： scarce adj.缺乏的，不足的;稀有的 chimpanzee n.黑猩猩 ape n.无尾猿; 类人猿 bipedal adj. 二足的 anatomical adj.解剖的 coula nuts( coula也可写作cola或kola)可乐果 注释： 1. GWs Columbian College of Arts and Sciences:乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学 院。乔治华盛顿大学(George Washington University)的英文简称为GW，是美国顶尖的私立大学之一，于1821年建校，位于美国首都华盛顿。 2. ecological settings: 生态环境 3. bipedal activity：双足活动 4. anatomical chaiige: 解剖学上的变化 5. Kyoto University:京都大学，是继东京大学之后成立的日本第二所国立大学，于I897年建校。京都大学主要校区位于日本历史名城京都市。 6. Bossou: 博苏,几内亚的一个地名。博苏森林生活着黑猩猩群落。 7. oil palm nut: 油棕榈坚果 8. increased by a factor of four:增加了四倍 9. in one go: 口气 10. Oxford Brookes University: 牛津布鲁克斯大学，创立于1865年，是英国最具特色的综合性大学之一。牛津布鲁克斯大学位于世界学术名城牛津。这里学风浓郁、精英荟萃，历来为求学圣地。 练习： 1. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items. B Chimpanzees behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs. C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources. D Our ancestors ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees. 2. Dr. Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding A when humans began walking on two legs. B what made our ancestors walk upright. C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors. D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources. 3. Kyoto, Universitys study discovered that chimpanzees. A regarded both types of nut as priced resources. B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts. C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts. D ignored both types of nut altogether. 4. Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto Universitys experiment? A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun. B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them. C Because they wanted to get to die nut-rich forest faster by walking that way. D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs. 5. What can we infer from the reading passage? A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were. B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors. C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages. D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival. 答案与题解： 1. A第一段第一句和第二句说明，大多数人对人类直立行走习以为常,并不质疑这种习惯。而A的内容正好与此相反，所以是答案。其他选项所述内容均可从第一段和第二段推断出 2. B 文章报道，科学家通过实验证实黑猩猩直立行走是为了解放前肢，让前肢搬运对其生命至关重要的资源，从而推断出人类祖先也经历了从四足到二足的进化过程。科学家想通过对黑猩猩的实验解释人类直立行走的成因。所以B是答案，A、C、D选项不是科学家进行研究的目的。 3. C第五段明白无误地描述了黑猩猩全然不顾油棕榈坚果(ignored the oil palm nuts altogether),集中精力抢运可乐果。所以C是答案，B、C、D的内容不符合文章原意。 4. D黑猩猩用后肢直立行走，搬运资源的效率提高了四倍。选项D符合原意，是答案。选项 A、B、C的内容文章中没有提到，所以不是答案。 5. D 了解了通篇文章的意思，就会选择选项D。人类直立行走是受生态环境所迫，是人类生存的一种手段，直立行走是自然选择的结果。选项A和C的内容文章中没有涉及。文章中有选项B的内容，但它不是文章的主旨。 参考译文： 第四十八篇 研究人员发现人类开始直立行走的原因 我们大多数人每天都走路而且手里搬着东西。这样的活动看似太简单，大多数人没有疑问。但是一个国际研究者(包括乔治华盛顿大学哥伦比亚艺术与科学学院的Richmond博士)团队已经发现了人类直立行走可能源于数百万年以前适应搬运稀有的、高质量的资源。这些来自美国、英国、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了当代黑猩猩争抢食物时的行为特征，试图对什么样的生态环境竟然导致大猿(一种我们与现存的黑猩猩一样的600万年前的祖先)直立行走作出解释。 “这些黑猩猩居住的生态环境和我们最早的祖先开始直立行走时是相同的，” Richmond博士说。研究结果显示，当黑猩猩需要独占一种资源时，它们就从四肢行走转换为直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它们的双手，这使得它们能搬更多的东西。久而久之，双足活动的强烈爆发可能导致了解剖学上的变化，因此这种变化也就成为自然选择的主题，在那种情况下，对食物或其他 资源的争夺是十分激烈的。 有两项研究是在几内亚完成的。第一项研究是在京都大学博苏森林的一块天然空地“室外实验室”进行的。研究者们允许森林里的黑猩猩能得到两种不同的坚果，一种叫油棕榈坚果，自然界随处可见，一种叫可乐果，自然环境中不常见。人们监控黑猩猩在下列三种情形下的行为：(a)只有油棕榈坚果;(b)只有少量的可乐果，大多数是油棕榈坚果;(c)大多数是可乐果，少数是油棕榈坚果。 当稀有的可乐果数量很少时，黑猩猩一次就会拿得多。同样，当大部分是可乐果时，黑猩猩对油棕榈坚果根本视而不见。黑猩猩认为可乐果才是珍贵的资源，并为得到可乐果激烈竞争。 处于这种激烈竞争的环境中，黑猩猩直立行走的频率增加了四倍。很显然，双足行走可以使它们拿走更多的稀有资源，而且，为了尽可能地一口气多拿，它们积极利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。 第二项研究是在牛津布鲁克斯大学的Kimberley Hockings进行的。该研究历时14个月，主题是博苏的黑猩猩抢劫粮食，场景是它们不得不为稀有和不可预知的资源竞争。在这项研究中，黑猩猩35%的活动是直立行走。而这一次研究再一次证实了黑猩猩的直立行走与它们试图一次搬走尽可能多的东西有关。 2013年职称英语考试理工类教材新增内容：阅读理解(1)第十一篇 When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach Our senses arent just delivering strict view of whats going on in the world; theyre affected by whats going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people whove just eaten. Psychologists have known for decades that whats going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis，France，wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brains high-level thinking processes get involved. Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten. For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words theyd seen a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it. Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception ,not in thinking processes, Radel says. “This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs,” Radel says. 词汇： threshold n.起点，开端;门槛 disposal n.处理,处置;配置 neutral adj.中性的;中立的 motive n.动机，目的 strive v.努力，力求;斗争 注释： 1. Our senses aren t just delivering a strict view of . in our heads:这个句子的大概意思是:我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界;五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响。 2. University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis:法国尼斯索菲亚安提波利斯大学，简称尼斯大学，1965年经法国政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大学在尼斯市设有7处主校园，另外，还在索菲亚 安提波利斯市(Sophia Antipolis)、戛纳市(Cannes)和芒东市(Menton)设有校区。索菲亚 安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南侧的科技园区，是许多髙等学府的所在地。 3. body mass index:身体质量指数 4. at the threshold of:当快要开始时 5. in perception：感知 6. at the disposal of:受到的控制 练习： 1. What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find? A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people. B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words. C Hungry people are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people. D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process. 2. Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment? A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach. B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees, hungry and non-hungry. C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment. D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index. 3. What does the writer want to tell us? A Human9s senses arent just delivering a strict view of whats going on in the world. B Whats perceived by our senses affects our way of thinking. C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs. D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses. 4. What did the results of the experiment indicate? A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive. B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words. C People who had just eaten were better at identifying food-related words. D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or what they strived for. 5. What can we infer from the passage? A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation. B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable. C Our thinking processes are independent of our senses. D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes. 答案与题解： 1. C第一段第二句是本题答案的依据。饥肠辘辘的人只是看food-related words比较清楚，选项C的句意与上述句子的意思完全一致，是答案。选项A说的是every word, 所以不是答案。选项B和D文章中没有提到。 2. B答案的根据可在第三段找到。Radel为了保证42名学生到达实验室时是空腹，所以要求他们中午到达。然后告诉一部分学生实验时间推迟了，请他们10分钟后再来。他又请另外一部分学生用午餐。Radel用推迟实验的方法造就了两组实验者，即饥饿组与饱食组。选项 B是答案。 3. C 虽然A、B、D选项均可在文中找到对应部分，但只属于细节，而非主旨，因此不能选。本文最后一句给出了直接的答案。 4. A第四段第三行中consciously与A项中的intentionally是同义词。B项neutral意思为“中性的”，在本文中的意思是与food-related相对的，即“与食物不相关的”，因此是错误选择; C 项不符合课文原意; D项barely意为“仅仅，勉强，几乎没有”，因此也不符合句意。 5. D选项A所说的实验样本的大小与本题主旨无关，不是答案，而是干扰项;B、C内容也不能直接从短文中推断出来。选项D是答案。最后一段第二句的“Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for” 为选择 D 项提供了依据。 第十一篇 我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口 我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界;还受大脑活动的影响。一项新研究发现：比起那些刚刚用过餐的人，饥饿的人能更清晰地看到与食品有关的词。 数十年以来，心理学家已经知道我们的心理活动直接影响到我们的视觉。例如，贫穷的孩子看到的硬币比实际的要大;饥饿的人看到的食物图片更明亮。法国的尼斯索菲亚安提波利斯大学试图调查这一现象：发生这种情况的时间是在大脑从眼睛接收到视觉信号的即时还是稍后些，这时高级思维活动已经介入了。 雷戴尔招募了健康指数正常的42位学生作为被试者。在测试的当天，每个学生被告知在中午到达实验室，这时距上一次的用餐时间有3?4个小时。等他们到达实验室时，他们被告知实验时间有延迟。一半学生被告知十分钟后再回来;其余的给1个小时的时间先吃午饭。所以一半学生饿着肚子，另一半学生饱腹参加了此次实验。 实验的步骤如下：要求被试者看电脑屏幕。屏幕