外文译文范例.doc

南昌大学科学技术学院学士学位论文 外文资料 Rural Labor Movements in Egypt and Their Impact on the State, 1961-1992Looney, Robert James Toths highly informative study of Egypt develops the idea that the tarahil or migrant farm workers in Egypt unexpectedly contributed to the making of Egypts recent history and in shaping the countrys national development. His arguments are developed by first examining the struggles taking place inside the rural regime of accumulation and the methods of control each side employed to regulate conflicts over pay and working conditions. This involves not only describing the workers way of life, standard of living, and the labor processes in both village agriculture and migrant labor, but also identifying the asymmetric relationships and negotiations involved in mutually defining the effort price formula. Toth demonstrates how initially these institutional relations remained local since direct state intervention was relatively limited before the 1960s. Once the state did step in, however, local conflicts diminished while the struggles between workers and their government acquired greater importance. State policies formulated since 1960 repeatedly altered the equation between labor and capital. Toth then shows that the struggle between the government and those who opposed its regulation then became an important motor force in creating Egypts recent history. Following a carefully laid out introduction, Chapter 2 describes a composite migrant labor trip to work sites on the perimeter of Egypts northern Delta region where the author conducted field-work in 1980-82. Here the emphasis is placed on introducing the migrant farm workers, describing the variety of social and economic relationships that keep these laborers at the bottom of Egypts social pyramid. Chapter 3 examines why poor village farm laborers in Egypt repeatedly take up migrant work. In this section the author demonstrates that rural workers in Egypt are channeled into this occupation by the limitations imposed by seasonal unemployment, debt, gender stereotypes, and the countrys economic underdevelopment. Chapter 4 develops the methods by which migrant workers exercise some control over valorization by using weapons of the weak and other stealth techniques, which enable them to overcome their hardship and poverty. In general, these early chapters discuss the rural regime of accumulation and the local mode of regulation found in the countryside, bridging both village agriculture and migrant labor camp activities. Toth finds these conditions replicated throughout the Egyptian countryside, both north and south. This general picture provides insights into the myriad of tactics and techniques that regulated the valorization process at home and afar and that conditioned village lives and camp experiences. Yet despite the double-sided nature of these controls they remained insufficient to prevent first a wholesale flight of farm workers escaping the unsatisfactory conditions of village agriculture, and then later a widespread exodus that rejected the drudgery of both farm and migrant employment and seized upon new urban job opportunities that rural workers believed could improve their lives. The next sections focus on the period after 1960 when the conflicts between labor and capital ceased to have merely local consequences and began to acquire a broader, more national dimension. Chapters 5 through 8 examine the outcomes when Egypts model of regulation came to include a greater regulatory role for the government. For in this zeal to stabilize and safeguard the national economy, the state ironically came instead to transpose and transform it. Four important years are examined: 1961, 1964, 1977 and 1992 when the course of Egyptian development was strongly influenced by the rural workers and their contentious relationship with the state. Chapters 5 and 6 analyze the outcome of the surge of rural workers who left agriculture employment behind in the 1960s and increasingly took up full-time migrant labor in building the High Dam at Aswan and reclaiming new agricultural land in Tahrir Province. Chapters 7 and 8 examine the results of the large scale movement of rural workers who later in the 1970s deserted both complementary types of employment, farm and migrant labor for similar but more rewarding construction jobs in Egypts expanding cities and towns. Thus this section of the study focuses on decline of Egypts agricultural and national economies, generated in good part by rural labors physical exodus from the countryside in response to both village conflicts and state plans and projects. In 1974 the declining national economy turned around, spearheaded by skilled urban construction workers emigrating abroad who were then replaced at home by large numbers of rural laborers dissatisfied with both farm and migrant employment. Once migrant workers left both agricultural and migrant labor and moved into urban areas, they ceased to be a significant force in the countryside except insofar as their growing scarcity continued to generate production problems in the village and at migrant labor work sites. These latter chapters then focus on tarahil labor in the urban informal sector and the shantytowns to understand how their rural experience shaped their city life, and how these workers continued to affect Egypts development. Here, further deterioration of class relations and government legitimacy aggravated by ex-rural workers who, having now migrated to the cities, nonetheless continued to be economically and politically disenfranchised. By comparing Egypts current situation with the phases proposed by regulation theory, Toth successfully demonstrates that it has been the movements of tarahil migrant farm workers that have significantly contributed to preventing Egypts successful transition to cooperative peripheral Fordism. Toths painstaking work based on years of fieldwork is a major contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of development in Egypt. It is highly recommended to anyone searching for a deeper understanding of the economic problems facing this complex country.Article source: University of Florida Press, 1999:265-268. 中文译文1961-1992年埃及农村劳动力的转移及其对国家的影响罗伯特鲁尼詹姆斯关于埃及非常翔实的研究表明,埃及流动农业工人对埃及近代的历史和国家的发展做出了出人意料的贡献。他的理论是由第一次考察发生在农村政权的积累和控制被雇佣的那些工人在调整待遇和工作环境上的冲突的方法发展起来的。这不仅涉及描述工人的生活方式,生活水平,劳动过程,而且还有识别在设计相互界定工资价格方面的不对称关系和谈判。汤斯论证的在20世纪60年代之前自从国家直接干预后这些制度上的关系最初是怎样保持当地性是相当受限制的。然而，国家一旦干预,在工人与政府之间的斗争占据更重要的位置时地方冲突才会慢慢消失。自1960年制定的国家政策反复方程的劳动和资本的等式。汤斯进而表示政府和那些反对他们管理的人们之间的战争成为创造埃及近代历史的重要推动力量。根据其详细的介绍,第2章描述了一种混合流动民工前往处于埃及的北方三角洲地区的工作地点。这里的重点放在介绍外来农场工人，描述了各种各样的维持这些处于埃及社会金字塔底部的劳动人们的社会性和经济性的联系。第3章考证了为什么贫穷村庄的农场工人在埃及重复的从事流动工作。在这一节,作者论证了埃及农村劳动力由于季节性的事业，债务，性别观念和国家的不发达经济造成的限制而被安排到这个职业。第4章发展了由流动农民工通过运用能使他们克服困难和贫穷的“弱者的武器”和其他秘密的技术来实施控制限价的方法。大体上，这些前面的章节讨论的农村政权的积累和在农村的地方管理模式,桥接了农村农业和流动农民工的活动。汤斯发现这些情况再现了整个埃及南方和北方的农村。这个大体上的描述提供了在家和更远的地方调整限价的过程和使他们适应农村生活和劳动经验的大量的策略和技术。然而尽管双面特性的控制,他们,仍然不够能力去阻止第一批流动的农村劳动力逃离让人不满意的农业条件之后大批的离去农民工反对不管是在农场还是流动的就业的苦工并且抓住相信能改善他们生活的城市就业机会。接下来的部分集中在1960年以后，当时劳动力与资本之间的冲突已经停止在仅仅是当地后果的程度，并且,开始有一个更广，更多的国家维度。第5章通过证实当包括一个为政府起更大的调节性