概况复习提纲-with anwser.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除概况复习提纲1 名词解释1 The functions of Parliament (Book I Unit 3 P48)The functions of Parliament: to pass law, to vote for taxation, to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.2 The class divisions in Great Britain (Book I Unit 4 Outline)3 The Canterbury Tales (Book I Unit 6 P100)The Canterbury Tales Written by Geoffrey Chaucer is the most important work in Middle English literature. It is made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain each other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in southeast England. Its quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style or the stories they tell.4 Comprehensive schools (Book I Unit 7 P113)Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide a general education. 5 The three traditions of Christmas in Britain (Book I Unit 9 P163)There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play. The main male character is played by a young woman while the main female character, often an ugly woman called “the Dame,” is played by a man. Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio. A third British tradition is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas. Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants. Now that most British people do not have servant, this custom is no longer observed. However, a new Boxing Day custom has emerged, in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations, food, cards and gift items at low prices.6 The first English settlement in North America (Book II Unit 3 P50)The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King. The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on themselves and by transplanting tobacco into the colony of Virginia. In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses, and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants. These two events greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.7 The making of the US Constitution (Book II Unit 4 P64)The Articles of Confederation failed. The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. The delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participate) gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and ended up in writing a new constitution and set a federal system with a strong central government. The Constitution provided that an election if the president would be called, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate and a Supreme Court would be set up. This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.8 The Bill of Rights of America (Book II Unit4 P64)The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.9 Religious liberty in the US (Book II Unit6 P98)The Declaration of Independence guaranteed the basic right of religious freedom and this right was a political necessity. The First Amendment to the US Constitution explicitly forbade the federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, or religion. When disputes about the relationship between government and religion arise, American courts must settle them. But American institutions presuppose a Supreme Being, therefore Christianity is often, in practice, more favored than other religions.10 Elementary school (Book II Unit8 P136)In the United States, elementary school usually means grades kindergarten (k) through 8. But in some places, it includes only k-6. Many Americans refer to elementary grades as “grammar school”. Elementary schools teach mathematics, language, art, social studies and some other subjects.2 简答1 What are the characteristics of Britain at present? (Book I Unit 1 P15)Economic differences between north and south; class differences between a white-collar worker and a blue-collar worker; cultural differences between immigrants and the British.2 What are the functions of Magna Carta (The Great Charter)? (Book I Unit 3 Outline)Magna Carta (The Great Charter)To place limits on kings ability to abuse royal powerTo protect rights of citizens against the Crown.3 Why are General Elections important in UK? (Book I Unit 4 Outline)Important in the western model of democracyDerived from 200-year strugglingSeen as an opportunity to influence future government policy.4 What is the obvious cultural difference between working class people and middle class people in Great Britain? (Book I Unit 4 Outline)Such class-divisions are not simply economic: a working-class car-worker may earn more many than a middle-class university teacher, but there are additional cultural differences. An obvious one in the UK is which newspaper people read. The car-worker probably (though not certainly) reads a paper like The Sun: a newspaper with little hard news and more about TV soap operas, the Royal family, and sport. The university teacher might read The Guardian: a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international news, “high” culture such as theatre and literature, and so on. Strangers would probably be able to place each of them in the right class simply by listening to the way they speak: regional accents tend to be stronger amongst the working-class. Another factor marking off what might be termed an “upper middle-class” is education.5 What is the theme of Elizabethan Drama? (Book I Unit 6 Outline)To display a modern perception of the worldFull of moral doubts and political insecurities6 What is the Open University in Britain? (Book I Unit 7 P114-115)The Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960s for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons. Its open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualifications as the other universities. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, videos and a net work of study centers. At the end of their studies at the Open University, successful students are awarded a university degree.7 What do students usually do next after they pass GCSE? (Book I Unit 7 Outline)GCSE exams & A-levelsGCSE: General Certificate of Secondary EducationTo go on with University: A levels exams: General Certificate of Education of Education-AdvancedTo take vocational training to get GNVQS: General National Vocational Qualifications8 What is the traditional and religious meaning of Easter? What are the popular ways to celebrate it in UK? (Book I Unit 10 Outline)(1) Easter commemorates the Crucifixion & Resurrection of Jesus Christ.Key words: Church services, Easter egg; Rabbits & Chicks- Trials of Jesus - Death - Burial - Resurrection (2) To celebrate Easter- Dates: A Sunday between the dates of March 22 and April 25. - Tradition:(a) Celebrated by The ancient Saxons (b) In honor of the return of spring with an uproarious festival commemorating their goddess of offspring and of springtime, Easter. (c) Easter Bunny(d) Eggs: a symbol of rebirth in most cultures.9 How does the Congress carry out the main duty to make laws? (Book II Unit 4 Outline)Bill read, studied, commented, amended in either house introduced and voted in the houses where it is introduced and the other house.10 What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? (Book II Unit6 Outline)Some unique American religious phenomena:(1) Under the same law(2) Continuing to be strong with social progress(3) Independent with its own finance & building(4) Religion not identified with an oppressive or dominant social class or set of political institutions(5) With greater religious freedom than Europeans11 What is the goal of education in the United States? (Book II Unit 8 Outline)The goal:To achieve universal literacy To provide knowledge & skills for the wellbeing of the individual & the general public (an ideal to direct American Educational system)12 What are the criteria of choosing applicants in American Universities? (Book II Unit 8 Outline)Criteria of choosing applicants:High school recordsRecommendations from high school teachersThe impression during interviews at the universityScores on SATs (Scholastic Aptitude Tests)3 大答题1 How did the political system of Great Britain change from the absolute Monarchy to constitutional monarchy? (Book I Unit 3 有关The History of British Parliament 的内容)The next King, James II, having apparently learned little from the experience of the previous decades, also tried to govern without the consent of Parliament. Leading politicians and church authorities asked James son-in-law, William of Orange, to replace him. In return, William promised these representatives that he would declare governing without parliamentary consent to be illegal. This might have led to another civil war, but James ran away and William took over. In 1689 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.2 What are the features of Romantic Literature? Can you illustrate your points with specific writers or their books as examples (Book I Unit 6 Outline)3 Describe the present educational system in UK. How does the British education system reflect social class? (Book I Unit 7 Outline)1) The Present Education System(1) Compulsory (Children from 5 to 16 must attend schools)(2) To choose a school- State school & private schools- A System of “league tables”- Private School (Public School) (a) Not part of national education system(b) The quality & standards are maintained (inspected) by British Education and Science Authority.(c) Considered as good chance to better universities & job opportunities.(3) Schooling in UK-Up to age 5: preprimary schooling-5-11: state sector primary schools- 11-19(a) Secondary schools90% are comprehensive schoolsForeign languages are compulsory courses(b) Grammar schools(c) GCSE exams & A-levels GCSE: General Certificate of Secondary Education(d) To go on with University: A levels exams: General Certificate of Education of Education-Advanced(e) To take vocational training to get GNVQS: General National Vocational Qualifications2) How does the British education system reflect social class?As children usually attend the school they live closest to, so some parents move to different neighborhood in order to be close to a well performing school, as a result good schools tend to be in middle classes neighborhoods and it is the wealthier middle school classes who can most easily afford to move if they think it is necessary.There is a tendency that most students from the middle classes can attend good universities and performed well in their A-level and received a fully-funded place in a university.4 What is the unique American phenomenon? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in todays American society? (Book II Unit 4)Two events took place in Virginia, which would influence the shaping of American culture a great deal. On July 30, 1619, in the Jamestown church, the delegates elected from various communities in Virginia met as the House of Burgesses to discuss along with the governor and his council members who were appointed the enactment of laws for the colony. This was the first example for the future United States, the first meeting of an elected legislature, representative assembly, in North America. It was thought to be the brilliant example of self-government of Americans although white servants didnt have their representatives. A month later there occurred in Virginia another event. A Dutch ship brought in over 20 Negroes, who were bought to be held as servants for a term of years. Thus a start had been made toward the enslavement of Africans within what was to be the American republic. The two events combined constituted a unique American phenomenon. 5 What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? (Book II Unit 4 Outline)1) Legislative Branch：It is the only branch to make laws, to