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电话:400-618-2500第一篇 Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor companys abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology,analysts sayGeneral Motors。and Hondaceased production of batterypowered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumerFord has now announced it will do the sameThree years agothe company introduced the Think City twoseater car and a golf cart called the THINK,orThink NeighborIt hoped to sell 5,000 cars each year and 10,000 cartsBut a lack of demand means only about l,000 of the cars have been produced,and less than 1。700 carts have been sold so far in 2002“The bottom line is we dont believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market”Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday“We feel we have given electric our best shot”The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge timeGeneral MotorsEVI electric vehicle also had a limited range。of about 100 milesThe very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternativesAn electric ToyotRAV4 EV vehicle costs over$42,000 in the US, compared with just $17,000 for the petrol versionToyota and Nissanare now the only major automanufacturers to produce electric vehicles “There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its chanceFord now has to move on with its hybrid program“,and that is what we will be judging them on,”Roger Higman,a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth,told the Environment News ServiceHybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold wellHybrid engines Offer Greater mileage than petrolonly engines , and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines “on vehicle emissions” in the U.S.However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permitIn June,General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction,delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring carmakers to offer 100,000 zero-emission and other lowemission vehicles in the state by 2003Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low-emission,rather than zeroemission,vehicles1 What have the Ford motor companyGeneral Motors and Honda done concerning electric cars?A)They have started to produce electric carsB)They have done extensive research on electric CarsC They have given up producing electric carsD)They have produced thousands of electric Cars2 According to Tim Holmes of Ford Europe,battery-powered carsA)will be the main transportation vehicles in the futureB) will not be the main transportation vehicles in the futureC)will be good to the environment in the futureD)will replace petrolpowered vehicles in the future3. Which auto manufacturers are still producing electric vehicles?A)Toyota and NissanB)General Motors and HondaC)Ford and ToyotaD)Honda and Toyota4According to the eighth paragraph,hybrid carsA)offer fewer mileage than petrol driven carsB)run faster than petrol driven carsC)run more miles than petrol driven carsD)offer more batteries than petrol driven cars5Which of the following is true about the hope of car manufacturers according to the last paragraph?A)Low-emission cars should be bannedB)Only zero-emission cars are allowed to run on motorwaysC)The legislation will encourage car makers to produce more electric carsD)The legislation will allow more 10wemission to be produced2011年新增第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictionsTheir study is in ACS EnergyFuels1 Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting peak oilPeak oil is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of Peak Oil. The term Peal Oil indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countriesThose cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say. The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecastUsing the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the worlds conventional crude oil6 They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the worlds oil reserves7 arebeing reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest.词汇:Conserve v 保护,保存crude oil原油spark v闪耀;激发;鼓舞curve n曲线irreversible adj不可逆的,不可改变的insufficient adj.充分的,不足的注释:1ACS Energy & Fuels:ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年,现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来,ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种,这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊,EnergyFuels即是其中一本。2the Hubbert model:赫伯特模型是美国地质学家MKing Hubbert于1956年创建的,这是一个随时间增长的模型,Hubbert将其引入油气田开发,经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。3a bell shaped curve:钟形曲线4that of peak oil:that指代concept。5account for:说明,解释6conventional crude oil:常规原油7oil reserves:石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。练习:1Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word sparked appearing in paragraph 2?AflashedBstimulatedCchangedDended2The term a bell shaped curve appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production willAtake the shape of a flat curveBkeep growingCkeep decliningDstart to decline after global oil production peaks3Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?AIt successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the USin l 970BIt has been used to predict oil production in many countriesCIt is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countriesDIt provides a very realistic and accurate oil production4What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?AIt predicts global oil production will peak in 2014BIt predicts oil production will decline in 47 countriesCIt confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert modelDIt discovers a new trend of Worldwide oil production5Who develop the new version of the Hubbert model?AAmerican scientistsBKuwaiti scientistsCBritish scientistsDScientists of 47 major oil-producing countries答案与题解:1B spark一词做及物动词使用时有发动、激发的意思,在此意为stimulated,即引发,这个句子的意思是:全球石油消费的快速增长已引发了对石油峰值预测的兴趣。2D此句接下来的句子中所提到的a related concept即是与a bell shaped curve相关的概念,也就是说,接下来的这个句子对a bell shaped curve做了解释,即世界石油生产达到最大峰值后将下降。3D 文章的第三段告诉我们,Hubbert预测模型精确地预测到美国石油生产于1970年将达到峰值。这一模型自受到公认后,已用于预测世界石油生产。第四段说,这一模型对于某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期而言,其计算尚不充分。这些生产周期受到技术的改变、政策和其他因素的很大影响。所以,A、B和C都是对Hubbert模型的正确说明。4A选项8、C和D所述内容均未在文章中提到。最后一段告诉我们,科学家使用新的模型评估了47个主要的产油国家的石油生产趋势,并预计全球常规原油生产到2014年将达最高峰值。所以,A是答案。5B 短文第一段的第一个句子提供了答案。第3篇 Citizen ScientistsUnderstanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring - all around the world. But ecologists cant be everywhere so theyre turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, theyre asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. - and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All thats needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Pheonology4 Network. Phenology is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.One of the groups first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in the project - which is open to everyone - record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.People dont have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see whats in their neighborhood, says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. As we collect this data, well be able to make an estimate of how plants and eommunities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.词汇:Frog n. 蛙 Ecologist n.生态学家 Phenology n.物候学 Bud v.发芽,萌芽;n.芽,花蕾 Neighbor(u)rhood n.近邻;邻近地区 Database n.数据库Professional adj.专业的,职业的;n.职业选手,专业人员注释:1. life cycle:生命周期,即生物发展过程的系列变化。2. hyper-local beat: beat 在此做名词用,意思是:某类新闻报道,如,a business beat; 商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。Hyper-local beat 即 hyper-local news,指 的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美 国由此而诞生了 hyper-local news website,专门对主流媒体所没有覆盖的地区所发生 的事件进行报道,其形式多以网民,即短文中所提及的 citizen journalists,上传所 在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一新生事物。3. data 是复数形式,但常用做单数,所以这里的代词是 it。另参见 最后 一段“As we collect this data, .”。这里的 data 也用作单数。4. phenology:物候学或生物气候学,是气候学和生态学的边缘学科,主要研究气候环境 对生物的影响。5. communities:生态学词汇:生物群落,记载比较相似的环境条件下在特定自然区域或 环境中生活和互相影响的一群植物和动物。练习:1. Ecologists turn to non-scientist citizens for help because they need themA) to provide their personal life cycles. B) to observe the life cycle of plants.C) to collect data of the life cycle of living things. D) to teach children knowledge about climate change.2. What are citizen scientists asked to do?A) To develop a specific research interest and become professional scientists.B) To send their research observations to a professional database.C) To increase their knowledge about climate change.D) To keep a record of their research observations.3. In All thats needed to become one. (paragraph 2) , what does the word one stands for?A) a citizen journalist. B) a citizen scientist. C) a scientist. D) a citizen.4. What is NOT true of Project BudBurst?A) Only experts can participate in it. B) Everybody can participate in it.C) It collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants. D) It has its own website.5. What is the final purpose of Project BudBurst?A) To study when plants will have their first buds.B) To find out the types of plants in the neighborhood.C) To collect life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across theUnited States.D) To investigate how plants and animals will respond as the climate changes.答案与题解:1. C第一段和第二段的第一句告诉我们,要在世界范围内观察气候对大自然中生物生命周 期的影响,数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下,为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与 。 所以 C 是正确选择。2. B第二段第三句中 encourage ordinary people to observe的主语是 The citizen scientist movement,即公民参与科学观察的运动。所以 D 不是正确选择。A 和 C 不符 合文章的句意,因此也不是正确的选择。这个句子的大意是:这一运动鼓励普通公民根 据自己的兴趣爱好进行科学观察,并将观察结果送交数据库,让专门领域的科学家做进 一步的观察。B 正确表达了这个意思。3. B one 在 这 里 是 一 个 代 词 , 其 前 置 词 是 citizen scientists , 而 不 是 citizen journalists,这里的 one 指的是 one of citizen scientists。所以 A、C 和 D 都不是 正确选择。这个句子的意思是,只要每天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去,就 能成为一个公民科学家。4. A 文章最后一段说,这个计划向所有人开放(open to everyone),所以应选择 A。B,C,D 所述内容都在该段中提到。5. D C 表述的内容是 Project Budburst 所要做的工作,但其最终的目的不仅仅是收集数 据,而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此,D 才是正确答案。第四篇 Motoring Technology(2007年考)1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year, plus a further 50 million injuries. To reduce car crash rate, much research now is focused on safety and new fuelsthough some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.Travelling at speed has always been risky. One cutting edge area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants. They can ensure you dont miss crucial road signs or fall asleep. The use of artificial intelligence software allows these assistants to monitor your driving and makes sure your phone or radio doesnt distract you at a vital moment. Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.Some safety developments aim to improve your vision. Radar can spot obstacles in fog, while other technology “sees through” high-sided vehicles blocking your view.And improvements to seat belts, pedal controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer. The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety, as have ,less surprisingly, size and shape.And alternatives to fossil-fuel based petrol, such as plant oils, are a hot area of research. Fuel cells based on hydrogen burn cleanly, and are the subject of a serious research effort.But whatever is in the fuel tank, you dont want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations, some using satellite tracking and remote communications, to fight against car theft. These communication systems can also come into play if you crash, automatically calling for help.Accidents cause many traffic jams, but there are more subtle interplays between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road. Such jams can be analysed using statistical tools. Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyones personal chauffeur, but their latest efforts suggest that wont be soon.4. 汽车技术每年,全世界有120万起路面交通死亡事故,以及五千万起路面交通伤残事故。为降低车祸发生率,现在有很多研究将注意力放在行车安全和开发新型燃料上。而有些关于电动机车和生物燃料的研究旨在达到更快的速度。高速驾驶一向是很危险的。一项在机动车安全前沿领域的研究是有关车内数字化辅助设施的。这些设施会确保司机们不会错过重要的路况指示牌或在开车时睡着。通过运用人工智能软件,这些辅助设施可监控行车过程并确保在关键时刻司机不会被手机或广播干扰注意力。许多车祸是由人为原因造成的而非机械故障。一些行车安全方面的改进力图改善司机的视野。雷达可对雾中的障碍物定位,而其他的科技手段可透过阻碍你视线的高大车辆看到前方。对安全带、刹车板控制和车胎的改进也使行车过程变得更顺畅、安全。人们发现车的颜色与安全有关,令人不会感到惊讶的是,车的大小和形状也与安全有关。从矿物燃料中提取的汽油的替代物,例如植物油,也是研究中的一个热门区域。取材于氢气的燃料电池燃烧时无污染,并已成为一项重要研究的攻克对象。但不管燃料箱中盛为何物,你可不想在驾驶座上坐的是一个窃贼。对此,也有很多创新来打击汽车盗窃,其中一些运用了卫星跟踪和远程通讯。当发生车祸时,这些通讯系统也可起作用,自动地呼叫帮助。交通事故可引发许多交通堵塞。但在一畅通却繁忙的路段上,汽车间也有很多的细微互动,从而导致可能的阻塞。此类阻塞可用数据统计工具来进行分析。被编程的机器人可使交通流动更顺畅,并有朝一日有望成为每个人的私家司机。但最新成果表明这种设想并非短期内可以实现。1. What are researchers interested in doing as the road accidents worldwide increase to a shocking rate?A. they are developing faster electric vehiclesB. they are analyzing road deaths occurring worldwide every year.C. they focus their research on safety and new fuelsD. they are designing fully automatic cars2. According to the second paragraph, most road accidents happenA. because drivers fall asleepB. because drivers make mistakesC. because of engine failureD. because of speeding3. Which of the safety developments is NOT mentioned in the passage?A. radars that can help drivers to see obstacles in fogB. devices that help drivers to see through big vehiclesC. improvements in seat belts, pedal controls and tyresD. windscreens that can help drivers to improve their vision4. What is NOT the purpose of innovations that use satellite tracking and remote communications?A. to prevent car thieves from getting into your carB. to call for help when ones car crashesC. to call for help when the car gets jammed in the trafficD. to track the car down when it is being stolen5 What is true of robotic drivers?A. it will take some time before robotic drivers can be put to practical useB. robotic drivers are not allowed to drive on busy roadsC. robotic drivers can never replace human driversD. robotic drivers are too expensive to use第五篇 Late-Night DrinkingCoffee lovers beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee late in the day will play havoc with your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m., before falling again. “Its the neurohormone that controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake, ” says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffeinated coffee halves the bodys levels of this sleep hormone.Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decaf. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after
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