Unit 4 Diogenes and Alexander.ppt

DiogenesandAlexander DiogenesandAlexander 第欧根尼和亚历山大 AbouttheAuthor GilbertArthurHighet June22 1906 January20 1978 wasaScottish Americanclassicist academic writer criticandliteraryhistorian BorninScotland heisbestknownasamid 20th centuryteacherofthehumanitiesintheUnitedStates Highetdevotedmostofhisenergytoteaching buthealsoaspiredtoraisethelevelofmasscultureandachievedbroaderinfluencebypublishingessaysandbooks left Alexander right Diogenes Diogenes Nothingisknownabouthislife buthissurvivingLivesandOpinionsofEminentPhilosophers 名哲言行录 isaprincipalsourceforthehistoryofGreekphilosophy Hethoughtthatallshouldlivenatually forwhatisnaturalisnormalandcannotpossiblybeevilorshameful Livewithoutconventions whichareartificialandfalse escapecomplexitiesandextravagances 奢侈 onlysocanyouliveafreelife Accordingtoapopularstory DiogeneswalkedthroughAthensinbroaddaylightcarryingalightedlamp sayingthathewaslookingforanhonestman OnanotheroccasionDiogenesissaidtohavehadaninterviewwithAlexandertheGreat whoopenedtheconversationwith IamAlexandertheGreat Heanswered AndIamDiogenestheCynic Alexanderthenaskedhiminwhatwayhecouldservehim Youcanstepoutofmysunlight Diogenesreplied AlexanderissaidtohavebeensostruckwiththeCynic sself possessionthathewentawayremarking IfIwerenotAlexander IshouldwishtobeDiogenes DiogenesandAlexander 人物思想他认为除了自然的需要必须满足外 其他的任何东西 包括社会生活和文化生活 都是不自然的 无足轻重的 他强调禁欲主义的自我满足 鼓励放弃舒适环境 作为一个苦行主义的身体力行者 他居住在一只木桶内 过着乞丐一样的生活 每天白天他都会打着灯笼在街上 寻找诚实的人 第欧根尼揭露大多数传统的标准和信条的虚伪性 号召人们回复简朴自然的理想状态生活 后来他师承苏格拉底的弟子安提斯泰尼 以身作则发扬了老师的 犬儒哲学 试图颠覆一切传统价值 他从不介意别人称呼他为 狗 他甚至高呼 像狗一样活着 人们把他们的哲学叫做 犬儒主义 Cynicism 他的哲学思想为古希腊崇尚简朴的生活理想奠定了基础 归到他名下但现已失传的各种著作中 有对话 戏剧和一部 共和国 该书描绘无政府主义者的乌托邦 人们在其中过着 自然 的生活 第欧根尼 Plato Plato 428 427BC a 348 347BC wasaphilosopherinClassicalGreece Hewasalsoamathematician studentofSocrates 苏格拉底 andfounderoftheAcademyinAthens thefirstinstitutionofhigherlearningintheWesternworld Alongwithhismentor Socrates andhisstudent Aristotle PlatohelpedtolaythefoundationsofWesternphilosophyandscience Aristotle Aristotle 384BC 322BC wasaGreekphilosopherandpolymath 博学的人 astudentofPlatoandteacherofAlexandertheGreat Hiswritingscovermanysubjects includingphysics metaphysics 形而上学 poetry theater music logic rhetoric 修辞学 linguistics 语言学 politics government ethics 伦理学 biology andzoology TogetherwithPlatoandSocrates Plato steacher AristotleisoneofthemostimportantfoundingfiguresinWesternphilosophy Aristotle swritingswerethefirsttocreateacomprehensivesystemofWesternphilosophy encompassingethics aesthetics logic science politics andmetaphysics AlexandertheGreatwas bornonJuly20 356B C inPella kingofMacedonia Duringhisleadership from336to323B C heunitedtheGreekcity statesandledtheCorinthianLeague HealsobecamethekingofPersia 波斯 Babylon 巴比伦 andAsia andcreatedMacedoniancoloniesinIran WhileconsideringtheconquestsofCarthageandRome AlexanderdiedofmalariainBabylon Persia nowIran onJune13 323B C AlexandertheGreat HelearnedthebestofGreekculture Forexample AristotletaughtAlexanderpoetry philosophyandusesofpoliticalpower theprinciplesofscientificresearch Indeed itwasfromAristotlethatAlexanderlearnedtoseekouteverythingstrangewhichmightbeinstructive Also helearnedgenerosityfromAristotle TheIliadisanancientGreekepicpoemwrittenbyHomerthattellsthestoryofthTrojanWar saidtohabebeenfoughtbetweentheGreeksandtheTrojansbecausetheTrojanprinceParishadcarriedoffHelen wifeoftheGreekking ThewarwaswonbyatrickinwhichGreeksoldiers hiddeninsideawoodenhorse weretakenintoTroybytheTrojanswhothoughtthatthehorsewasagiftfromGod 荷马史诗 伊利亚特 希腊语 转写 Ili s 又译 伊利昂纪 取自书名 伊利昂城下的故事 之意 是古希腊诗人荷马的叙事史诗 是重要的古希腊文学作品 与 奥德赛 同为西方的经典之一 根据有荷马史诗人物图像的花瓶生产时期 其他引用此诗的希腊诗歌撰写日子推断 本史诗应大约完成于公元前750或725年 TheIliad 不和女神埃里斯采了一只金苹果 并写上 给最美丽的女神 赫拉 雅典娜及阿芙罗狄忒三个女神都认为苹果是给自己的 宙斯拒绝作裁判 于是三人带着苹果找特洛伊国王的英俊儿子帕里斯作裁决 三个女神都以奖品诱惑他 赫拉答应给他至高无上的权力 雅典娜给他最聪明的头脑 而阿芙罗狄忒则给他世上最漂亮的女子海伦作妻 帕里斯把金苹果交了给阿芙罗狄忒 他成了阿芙罗狄忒的宠儿 而赫拉及雅典娜决心毁灭特洛伊人 因为妻子和财宝被夺 墨涅依斯召集众多英雄 围城十年 眼看希腊就要被特洛伊打败 在最后关头 他们想出了木马屠城这一招 反败为胜 海伦也被墨涅依斯带回了希腊 特洛伊战争就此结束 InGreekmythology AchilleswasaGreekherooftheTrojanWarandthecentralcharacterandgreatestwarriorofHomer sIliad Achilles mostnotablefeatduringtheTrojanWarwastheslaying 杀戮 oftheTrojanheroHectoroutsidethegatesofTroy Achilleswasinvulnerableinallofhisbodyexceptforhisheel Becauseofhisdeathfromasmallwoundintheheel thetermAchilles heelhascometomeanaperson spointofweakness 阿喀琉斯 荷马史诗 伊利亚特 中的英雄 Achilles 因为他的死亡从一个小伤口在脚后跟 术语阿基里斯的脚跟将意味着一个人的弱点 HerculesistheRomannameforGreekdemigod 半神 sonofZeus 宙斯 andthemortalAlcmene 阿尔克墨涅 HeisoneofthemostgreatheroesinGreece Herculesisfamousforhisstrengthandforhisnumerousfar rangingadventures 主神宙斯 Zeus 与阿尔克墨涅 Alcmene 之子 因其出身而受到宙斯的妻子赫拉的憎恶 后来他完成了12项被誉为 不可能完成 的伟绩 除此之外他还解救了被缚的普罗米修斯 隐藏身份参加了伊阿宋的英雄冒险队并协助他取得金羊毛 他死后灵魂升入天界 众神在商议之后认同了他的伟业 他和父亲一样被招为神并成为了星座 Hercules Lesson10 DiogenesandAlexander PartOne para 1 10 DescriptionofDiogenesasabeggar aphilosopherandamissionary hislifestyleanddoctrine Cynicism PartTwo para 11 12 DescriptionofAlexandertheConqueror whowasthegreatestmanofthetime PartThree para 13 17 Thedramaticencounterofthetwo revealingthatonlythesetwomenweretherealfreemanintheworld para 1 Lesson10 DiogenesandAlexander Topic Supportingdetails Appearanceofabeggar Dailylifetypicalofabeggar Attitude behaviorofabeggar Sanity明智 精神健全 头脑清楚ofaphilosopher Diogenes abeggar notalunatic MainideaofPara 2 3 Diogenes doctrineonhouse thereasonhechosetoliveinacask MainideaofPara 4 Diogenesisaphilosopher whopreachedhisphilosophyoflifebyhispersonalpracticeofdoggishness MainideaofPara 5 9 Diogenes amissionary anactualpublicpractitionerofcynicism whowasdifferentfromhermitsorothergreatphilosophersofhistime MainideaofPara 10 Diogenes inhisnaturalstateofafreeman wouldreceivehisvisitor MainideaofPara 11 ThepreparationforthearrivalofAlexanderbyhismyrmidons忠实追随者 MainideaofPara 12 13 GreatnessofAlexander ayoungbutpowerfulandwiseconqueror whodeterminedtovisitDiogenes MainideaofPara 14 17 Evenwithasharpcontrastbetweentheasceticphilosopherandtheall powerfulking thetwofigureshadsomethingincommon theireyesarebothonthefreedomandhappinessoftheworld Questions 1 HowdoestheauthordrawhiscontrastbetweenDiogenesandAlexander Inwhatparagraphdoesthefocusshiftformertothelatter Isthereanyclimaxinthisessay Whatisit Doyoufinditdramatic theformIn11paragraphYes Theclimaxinthisessayisthedramaticencounterofthetwo Revealingthatonlythesetwomenweretherealfreemanintheworld AndIwanttoexplainthisphrase blockingthesunlight herehasbothaliteralandasymbolicmeaning WhenAlexanderaskedDiogeneswhethertherewasanythinghecoulddoforhim heofcoursewasthinkingofmoney power ajob adecenthouseorawarmgarment ButDiogenesdidnotwantanyofthese Whathewantedfromthekingwasnottoblockthesunlight nottointerferewithhislife nottostandinhisway 2 WhathastheauthortoldusaboutDiogenes Whatwashisphilosophy Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople Howdidheintendtohelpthem Doyouagreewithhimthatthericheroneis themoreenslavedonebecomes Whatdidhethinkofwar Whatwasthethinghevaluedmost Didhemeanitwhenhesaidthathewashappy happierthantheShahofPersia Inwhatwaywashedifferentfromthegreatphilosophersofhistime suchasPlatoandAristotle WhathastheauthortoldusaboutDiogenes Theauthortoldusabouthisappearance hisidentity hischaracter hisworksandhisproposal Whatwashisphilosophy Hethoughtthatallshouldlivenaturally forwhatisnaturalisnormalandcannotpossiblybeevilorshameful Livewithoutconventions whichareartificialandfalse escapecomplexitiesandextravagances onlysocanyouliveafreelife Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople Hethoughttherichmanbelieveshepossesseshisbighousewithitsmanyroomsanditselaboratefurniture hisexpensiveclothes hishorsesandservantsandhisbankaccounts Hedoesnot Hedependsonthem heworriesaboutthem hespendsmostofhislife senergylookingafterthem thethoughtsoflosingthemmakeshimsickwithanxiety Theypossesshim Heistheirslave Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue lastinggood hisownindependence Howdidheintendtohelpthem Hislife aimwascleartohim itwas torestampthecurrency totaketheclean metalofhumanlife toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues Doyouagreewithhimthatthericheroneis themoreenslavedonebecomes Yes Iagreewithhim Whatdidhethinkofwar Whenthewarcame hefeltheoughttodosomething Whatwasthethinghevaluedmost Thethinghevaluedmostwashisindependence Inwhatwaywashedifferentfromthegreatphilosophersofhistime suchasPlatoandAristotle people student Teachingmethods 3 WhathadAlexanderlearnedfromAristotle HelearnedthebestofGreekculture Forexample AristotletaughtAlexanderpoetry philosophy inparticulartheshapesandusesofpoliticalpower theprinciplesofscientificresearch Indeed itwasfromAristotlethatAlexanderlearnedtoseekouteverythingstrangewhichmightbeinstructive Also helearnedgenerosityfromAristotle WhatdoyouthinkmadehimdecidetoseeDiogenes WhenAlexandertakecommandoftheLeagueofGreekStates nearlyeveryonecrowdedtoCorinthinordertocongratulatehim toseekemploymentwithhim evensimplytoseehim Hereceivedpeople scomplimentsgraciously OnlyDiogenes althoughhelivedinCorinth didnotvisitthenewmonarch WiththatgenerositywhichAristotlehadtaughthimwasaqualitythetrulymagnanimousman AlexanderdeterminedtocalluponDiogenes WhydoestheassaysaythatheunderstoodCynicismastheotherscouldnot Diogenesmadehisphilosophy naturallife spreadthroughoutGreece andAlexanderbringGreekcivilizationtothewholeworld SoAlexanderwaswhatDiogene