2012中考英语知识点整理.doc

1.被动语态1.基本结构1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2） has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The project will have been completed before July.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3.It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）4.以下不能使用被动语态1. break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等例 This kind of cloth washes well.2. happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. feel, sound, taste, book, feel例Your reason sounds reasonable定语从句. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词句子成分 用于限制从句或非限制性从句 只用于限制性从句 代替人代替物代替人或物主语 Whowhich that宾语 Whom which that例1：This is the detective who came from London.例2：The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.例3:The man who(m) you are talking to is my good friend.例4：This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.关系代词的用法(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：This is my first time that I have seen her.(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：The boy,who is good at soccer,comes from Xinjiang.(6) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。(7) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.(8) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom. Is there anyone here who will go with you?介词关系代词是一个普遍使用的结构(1) 介词关系代词可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。介词关系代词结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。例:Is that the house in which you live ?状语从句1. 时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.2. 条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?(2)“祈使句 + and (or)+ 陈述句” 在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up, or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up, youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.4. 结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由sothat, suchthat, so that引导。例如：He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.5. 比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas, 比较级 + than等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as that one.6. 目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that, in order that引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.7. 让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由although, though等连词引导。注意，although只能用在句首，though句首句中都能使用。例如：Though he is young, he knows a lot.Although I am tired, I must go on working.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard, but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard, he still went out.或It was raining hard, but he still went out.8. 地点状语从句 地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如： Go where you like.宾语从句1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2. whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4. which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Ive read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如： Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如： This is the house where we lived last year. The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况：(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如： All that he said is true. (2) 先行词被only, no, any, all,等词修饰时。例如： He is the only foreigner that has been to that place. (3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：He talked about the people and the things he remembered.2. 只能用which，不用that 的情况：(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如： The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted. (2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如： The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.感叹句的用法一感叹句是表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情的句子，通常以what, how引导。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词。二感叹句结构主要有以下几种：1感叹句可由what名词主语谓语.！构成。what引导的感叹句还可分为以下三类：（1）What a（an）形容词可数名词单数(主语谓语)！例如：What a fine day it is today！今天天气真好！What a clever boy he is! 他是一个多么聪明的小男孩啊!（2）What形容词复数可数名词(主语谓语)！例如：What good students they are！他们真是好学生！What wonderful ideas (we have)!我们的想法太妙了!（3）What形容词不可数名词(主语谓语)！例如：What noise they are making! 他们多吵啊!What cold weather it is!今天天气多冷啊!What bad weather we are having ！今天的天气真糟糕！2还有一类感叹句是由how引导，常有以下几类：（1）How形容词（主语系动词）.！例如：How cold it is today！今天真冷啊！How lovely the baby is! 这个婴儿多么可爱啊!（2）How副词（主语实义动词）.！例如：How fast they are running ！他们跑得真快！How hard he works! 他工作多么努力啊!（3）How形容词a（an）单数可数名词（主语系动词）.！例如：How good an example he set for us！他给我们树立了多么好的榜样！How clever a boy he is! 他是一个多聪明的男孩啊!反义疑问句前肯后否，前否后肯，前名后代，时态，强调表示否定的的词语（never, few, little, hardly, nothing）注意:unhappy等通过加前缀形成的否定意义不算否定词。动词1. 动词。形式: 时态，情态，动词短语，非谓语。难度较大。时态：现在完成时时重中之重（结果短暂性动词，经历have been to，移位have gone to，延续延续性动词），高频转换：die- be dead。句型：1.It is + 时间+ since +一般过去式；2. it is the first time that I have been in here. 过去进行时是在状语从句中考查。非谓语动词知识点整理1，常接doing 的结构（出题频率高）enjoy doing sth. 乐于做某事by doing 通过做某事be interested in doing sth对做某事情感兴趣be terrified /afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事instead of doing sth 代替做某事have a chance of doing sth 有机会做某事how about doing sth 做某事怎么样do well in doing =be good at doing 擅长于做某事cant /couldnt help doing sth 禁不住做某事Eg, She cant help to clean the house because shes making a cake .(clean)prevent /stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事end up doing 结束做某事give up doing sth 放弃做某事practice doing sth 练习做某事finish doing sth 完成做某事have fun doing sth 开心做某事notice sb doing sth 注意某人做某事feel like doing sth 想要做某事be worth doing sth 值得做某事spend .in doing sth 花时间做某事thanks for doing sth 感谢做某事have difficulty /trouble /problem in doing sth 做某事有麻烦mind doing sth 介意做某事consider doing sth 考虑做某事keep on doing sth 坚持做某事、继续做某事be busy doing sth 忙于做某事suggest doing sth 建议做某事prefer doing Ato doing sthB 和做B事情更喜欢做A事情put off doing sth 推迟做某事find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事would you mind doing sth 你是否介意做某事2，常接不定式to do 的结构：decide to do sth 决定做某事make a decision to do sth 决定做某事pretend to do sth /pretend not to do sth假装做某事、假装不去做某事 would like to do sth/would like not to do sth 想要做某事plan to do sth 计划做某事try ones best to do sth 尽力去做某事wait for sb to do sth 等待某人去做某事cant wait to do sth 迫不及待去做某事invite ab to do sth 邀请某人去做某事ask /tell /allow sb to do sth 让某人去做某事ask /tell allow sb not to do sth 让某人不去做某事be allowed to do sth 被允许去做某事encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人去做某事be made to do sth 被让做某事be supposed to do sth 应该做某事used to do sth 过去常常做某事prefer to do A rather than do B 和做B比更喜欢做Atoo+adj./adv. to do sth 太 以至于adj./adv. enough to do sth 足够去做某事its time to do sth 到做某事的时间了what/how/when to do sth （特殊疑问词+to do sth ）its +adj. for(of) sb to do sth 对于某人来讲做某事是s+v+it+adj. (for sb ) to do sth refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事sb seems to do sth =It seems that 某人似乎去做某事It takes sb time to do sth have a chance to do sth 有机会做某事3，常接动词原形do的结构使役动词：have, make ,let 感官动词：see, hear, notice, feel, taste, smell情态动词：can ,may must could do nothing but do sth had better do sth /had better not do sth 最好做某事would rather do sth A than do sth B 宁愿做A 不愿做Bwhy not do sth =