2012全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编说明文类(精校w.doc

2012 年全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之说明文类（精校word版有答案解析）quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了Honey-Lovers Helper独特的掠食方式，帮助人和动物找到蜂蜜，待到他们吃掉蜂蜜后，它再吃蜂蜡。科学家们对此也感到迷惑不解。60. Why is it difficult to find a wild bees nest?A. Its small in size.B. Its hidden in trees.C. Its covered with wax.D. Its hard to recognize.【答案】B 【解析】根据文章第一段“Often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them.”可知B正确。【考点定位】考查细节理解。61. What do the words the follower in Paragraph 2 refer to? A. A bee. B. A bird. C. A honey seeker. D. A beekeeper.【答案】C 【解析】根据文章中“In parts of Africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.”可推知：跟在honey guide后面的是：people and animals，而他们统称为honey seeker（寻找蜂蜜的人或动物们）。【考点定位】考查判断推理。62. The honey guide is special in the way_. A. it gets its food B. it goes to church C. it sings in the forestD. it reaches into bees nests【答案】A 【解析】根据文章的最后一段可知：Scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it.科学家们都不知道为什么honey guide对蜂蜡感兴趣，当然他们获得蜂蜡的方式也更加特别。【考点定位】考查判断推理。63. What can be the best title for the text?A. Wild BeesC. Beekeeping in AfricaB. Wax and HoneyD. Honey-Lovers Helper【答案】D【解析】文章通篇都在叙述有关Honey-Lovers Helper的事情，第一段通过叙述引出Honey-Lovers Helper中心词；第二段叙述Honey-Lovers Helper获取蜂蜡是过程；第三段科学家们对Honey-Lovers Helper的感到迷惑。【考点定位】考查文章的标题总结。2.【2012全国II】(A)Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their cats are just as used to the warm shelter (住所) as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinking that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.Keep your pets inside as much as you can when the weather is bad. If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When youre cold enough to go inside, they probably are too. If you must leave them outside for a long time, make sure they have a warm, solid shelter against the wind, thick bedding, and plenty of non-frozen water.If left alone outside, dogs and cats can be very smart in their search for warm shelter. They can dig into snow banks or hide somewhere. Watch them closely when they are left outdoors, and provide them with shelter of good quality. Keep an eye on your pets water. Sometimes owners dont realize that a water bowl has frozen and their pet cant get anything to drink. Animals that dont have clean and unfrozen water may drink dirty water outside, which may contain something unhealthy for them.【解析】根据第二段中的“If you have to take them out, stay outside with them. When youre cold enough to go inside, they probably are too.”可知：当你感到冷的时候就会进房间，它们也是如此。所以A正确。【考点定位】考查细节理解。43. If pets are left on their own outdoors in cold weather, they may _.A. run short of clean waterB. dig deep holes for funC. dirty the snow nearbyD. get lost in the wild【答案】A【解析】根据文章第三段中的“a water bowl has frozen and their pet cant get anything to drink”可知，当水盆被冻之后，宠物就可能找不到干净的水喝。故选A。【考点定位】考查细节理解。44. What is the purpose of this text?A. To solve a problem.B. To give practical advice.C. To tell an interesting story.D. To present a research result.【答案】B【解析】根据第一段的中心句“There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe.”可知，这是一篇说明文，其目的是为了给养宠物的人们一些实用的建议。【考点定位】考查作者的写作意图。(B)You may think that sailing is a difficult sport, but it is really not hard to learn it. You do not need to be strong. But you need to be quick. And you need to understand a few basic rules about the wind.First, you must ask yourself, “Where is the wind coming from? Is it coming from ahead or behind or from the side?” You must think about this all the time on the boat. The wind direction tells you what to do with the sail.Lets start with the wind blowing from the behind. This means the wind and the boat are going in the same direction. Then you must always keep the sail outside the boat. It should be at a 90 angle (角度) to the boat. Then it will catch the wind best.If the wind is blowing from the side, it is blowing across the boat. In this case, you must keep the sail half way outside the boat. It should be at a 45 angle to the boat. It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind, but it shouldnt flap (摆动). It shouldnt look like on a flagpole. If it is flapping, it is probably out too far, and the boat will slow down.Sailing into the wind is not possible. If you try, the sail will flap and the boat will stop. You may want to go in that direction. It is possible, but you cant go in a straight line. You must go first in one direction and then in another. This is called tacking. When you are tacking, you must always keep the sail inside the boat.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了帆船运动的一些常识，进行帆船运动必须掌握风向，风向决定着帆船的运动速度。后文分别就顺风行驶、侧风行驶和逆风行驶进行了阐述。45. What should you consider first while sailing?A. Sailors strength.B. Wave levels.C. Wind directions.D. Size of sails.【答案】C【解析】根据第二段中的“First, you must ask yourself, “Where is the wind coming from? Is it com48. Where can you probably find the text?A. In a popular magazine.B. In a tourist guidebook.C. In a physics textbook.D. In an official report.【答案】A【解析】帆船运动是普通的一种体育运动，因此，本文很可能从流行杂志中节选。【考点定位】考查推理判断。3.【2012陕西卷】CEating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe.Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中风）within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one review of the research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considers to be of “moderate” (良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other risk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become necessary to protect public health.53. The text mainly discusses the relationship between .A. heart problems and air quality B. heart problems and exercisingC. heart problems and smoking D. heart problems and fatty food54. The underlined word “modest” in Paragraph 3 most probably means .A. relatively high B. extremely lowC. relatively low D. extremely high55. What can we learn from the text?A. Eating fatty food has immediate effects on your heart.B. The EPA conducted many studies on air quality.C. Moderate air quality is more harmful than smoking,D. Stricter regulations on pollutants should be made.56. The authors purpose of writing the text is most likely to . A. inform B. persuade C. describe D. entertainC C8 2012陕西卷【要点综述】众所周知，摄入过多脂肪，缺乏锻炼以及长期吸烟会增加患心脏病的风险，但最新的研究表明，另外一项我们平时不注意的东西更使我们患心脏病的风险大大增加，那就是我们所呼吸的空气。53【答案与解析】A 主旨大意题。根据本文主题句第一自然段的最后一句可知本文大意是说明空气质量和心脏病发病率之间的关系，选A。54【答案与解析】C 词义猜测题。modest原意是：谦虚的，温和的，由此可以推断出本文中其意思是：相对较低的，选C。55【答案与解析】D 事实细节题。根据最后一句可知本题选D。56【答案与解析】A 写作意图题。本文是一篇说明文，主要意思是说明人们所呼吸的空气和心脏病的发病率之间的关系，由此可知作者的写作目的是告知人们一个事实，故本题选A。4.【2012四川卷】EPlants are flowering faster than scientists predicted（预测）in reaction to climate change, which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems. Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns, scientists say. Increased carbon dioxide（CO2）in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen, while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth. “Predicting species reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology,” said the researches of several U.S. universities. They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services. The study, published on the Nature website, uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species. It found that some experiments had underestimated（低估）the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times. “Across all species, the experiments under-predicted the speed of the advance for both leafing and flowering that results from temperature increases,” the study said. The design of future experiments may need to be improved to better predict how plants will react to climate change, it said. Plants are necessary for life on the Earth. They are the base of the food chain, using photosynthesis（光合作用）to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water. They let out oxygen which is needed by nearly every organism on the planet. Scientists believe the worlds average temperature has risen by about 0.8 since 1900, and nearly 0.2 every ten years since 1979. So far, efforts to cut emissions（排放）of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2 this century a point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common, leading to drought, floods, crop failures and rising sea levels.57. What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?A. Plants reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystem.B. The increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists expectation.C. Climate change leads to the change of food production patterns.D. Food chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.58. We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that _.A. plants flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafingB. there are 1,634 plant species on the four continentsC. scientists should improve the design of the experimentsD. the experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change59. Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because _.A. they can prove the climate change clearlyB. they are very important in the food chainsC. they play a leading role in reducing global warmingD. they are growing and flowering much faster than before60. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the worlds temperature?A. It has risen nearly 0.2 since 1979.B. Its change will lead to weather extremes.C. It is 0.8 higher in 1979 than that of 1990.D. It needs to be controlled within 2 in this century.5.【2012重庆卷】CThere is no better way to enjoy Scottish traditions than going fishing and tasting a little whisky(威士忌)at a quiet place like the Inverlochy Castle. When Queen Victoria visited the in 1873 she wrote in her diary, “I never saw a lovelier spot ,” And she didnt even go fishing.Scotland is not easily defined. In certain moments, this quiet land of lakes and grass mountains changes before your very eyes. When evening gently sweeps the hillside into orange, the rivers, teeming with fish, can turn into streams of gold. As you settle down with just a people and a basket on the bank of River Orchy, near the Inverlochy castle , any frustration will float away as gently as the circling water. Its just you and purple , pink ,white flowers, a perfect harmony . If you are a new comer to fishing, Learning the basics form a fishing leave you with a lifetimes fun. Four many, fishing is more than a sport; it is an artScotland offers interesting place where you can rest after a long days fishing. Set wild mountain and hidden behind woodland, the beautiful Inverlochy Castle Hotel below the a perfect place to see the beauty of Scotlands mountains . Ben Nevis is the highest of mountains, and reaching its 1342-metre top is a challenge. But its not just what goes matters; what comes down is unique . More than 900 metres high, on the mountains north an all-important source of pure water. Its name comes form the Gaelic language “usqueba “water of life”; And it is the single most important ingredient(原料) in Scotlands best know whisky.【考点】说明文【文章大意】短文介绍了苏格兰是一个好地方，是一个著名的旅游胜地，漂亮的城堡，美丽的河流等会令人流连忘返。64. The story of Queen Victoria is to show that _.A. the queen is rich in tour experienceB. the Castle is a good place to go in ScotlandC. tasting whisky is better than going fishingD.1873 is a special year for the queen64.【答案】B【试题解析】短文第1段提到“I never saw a lovelier spot. And she didnt even go fishing.”，由此结合上下文可知，苏格兰的这座城堡是值得去的好地方。在四个选项中，B选项内容与此相符。因此，正确答案为B选项。【难度】一般65. How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed?A. By giving descriptions.B. By flowering time order.C. By analyzing causes.D. By making comparisons.65.【答案】A【试题解析】浏览短文第2段，会发现作者以描写的方式来展开内容要点的。由此可知，A选项符合题意。因此，正确答案为A选项。【难度】一般66. What is Ben Nevis special for?A. The Inverlochy Castle Hotel.B. The beauty of its surroundings.C. The water from the mountain.D. The challenge up to its top.66.【答案】C【试题解析】短文最后一段提到“Ben Nevis is the highest of mountainsAnd it is the single most important ingredient(原料) in Scotlands best know whisky.”。由此可知，Ben Nevis的特别之处在于它的水纯正，是生产威士忌的最重要原料。在选项中，C选项内容与此相符。因此，正确答案为C选项。【难度】一般67. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To introduce Scottish traditions to tourists.B. To show the attractions of Scotland to readers.C. To explore geographical characteristics of Scotland.67.【答案】B【试题解析】浏览全文，不难发现短文的主要目的是想向读者展示苏格兰的这座胜地。由此可知，C选项符合题意。因此，正确答案为C选项。【难度】一般6.【2012辽宁卷】 B Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命）often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the days work. This type of schedute is far too demanding for long missions on the Internaitional Space Sttation（ISS）. ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible . Weekends give the crew valuable. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email , isternet phone and throhgh Private video conferenes. While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit, there are many familiar activetics that they can stil enjoy . Before a mission. The family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos, messages, videos and reading material for The astromauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During ther missiom, the crew also receives care packages with CDs, books, magazines, photos and letters . And as from early 2010, the internet became available on the ISS , giving astronaouts the chance to do some “web surfing （冲浪）”in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more commom entertainments, astromauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in spaec. Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in spaec is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earths vast land mass and oceans. 60. What does the word “minic”in Paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Find B. Copy C. Change D. Lose61. Which of the following best describes the families of the astromauts on the ISS ? A. The are caring and thoughtful B. The are impatient and annoyed C. The are impatient and ammoyed. D. The are excited and curious. 62. In the final paragraph, the author shows that astronauts . A. get more pleasure in space than on the Earth B. find living in space a bit boring and tiringC. regard space life as commonD. love to see the Earth from space63. The passage mainly discusses how astronauts . A. work for longer missions in space B. connect with people on the EarthC. observe the Earth from spaceD. spend their free time in space【考点】日常生活类说明文【文章大意】本文向我们介绍了宇航员在太空中是如何打发他们的自由利用的时间的。60.【答案】B【试题解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段第四句“They work five days on and two days off”可知，这和在地球上的工作时间一致，所以这样做的目的是尽可能地模仿地球上的正常生活，所以选B。【难度】一般61.【答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Before a mission, the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photo, messages, videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating可知，宇航员的家人是体贴的，考虑周到的。【难度】一般62.【答案】D【试题解析】细节理解题。根据第三段“the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth.”可知，宇航员喜欢在太空看地球。【难度】一般【长难句解析】63.【答案】D【试题解析】本文主要向我们介绍了宇航员在休息时做的事， 所以选D项【难度】一般【长难句解析】7.【2012江苏卷】CMedical drugs sometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to this problem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them from the bodyand the body from themuntil they can be released at just the right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger(引发) this release, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. But triggers can come with their own risksburns, for example. Now, researchers in California have designed what could be a harml