2013年高考化学试题特点分析和探讨.doc

/ / 2013年高考化学试题特点分析和探讨In 2013 the college entrance examination chemistry test question characteristic analysis and discussion自2007年实行课程标准高考以来，截至今年，教育部考试中心统一命题的省份中只有甘肃、青海、西藏、贵州和广西继续使用大纲试卷，自主命题省份中还有四川和重庆为大纲试卷，其他省份均为课程标准试卷。与去年相比，所有试卷的结构、知识内容范围和能力考查目标均未发生大的变化。大纲试卷在内容和难度稳定的基础上，在命题理念、试题考查形式、能力要求等方面积极体现课程标准理念，为今后课程标准高考的实施打下了基础。Since 2007 curriculum standard for the college entrance examination, as of this year, the ministry of education test center unified proposition only in the provinces of gansu, qinghai, Tibet, guizhou and guangxi continue to use the outline papers, independent proposition in the province and sichuan province and chongqing as outline papers, other provinces are curriculum standard test paper. Compared with last year, all the examination paper structure, knowledge content, scope and ability to target did not happen big changes. Outline test paper based on the content and the difficulty of stable, in proposition concept and exam test form, ability required positive manifests the curriculum standard idea, the implementation of the curriculum standard the university entrance exam laid the foundation for the future. 2012年高考化学试题能力考查目标明确，以能力测试为主导，在测试学生进一步学习所必需的知识、技能和方法的基础上，全面地检测了学生的化学科学素养。试卷结构合理，试题难度控制得当，具有较好的区分度，有利于选拔具有学习潜能和创新素养的学生。从对高考的总体认识上看，化学试题具有以下特征：2012 college entrance examination chemistry exam ability examination purpose, dominated by ability test, the test students to further learn the necessary knowledge, skills and methods, on the basis of fully tested the chemical science literacy of students. Examination papers structure is reasonable, item difficulty control properly, has a good degree of differentiation, is helpful to select students with literacy learning potential and innovation. Look from the overall understanding of the college entrance examination, chemical examination questions have the following characteristics: （1）试题素材体现了时代性，体现了当代社会进步和科技的发展，反映了化学学科的发展趋势。(1) the paper material reflects The Times, reflected the contemporary social progress and the development of science and technology, reflects the development trend of chemical disciplines. （2）试题内容体现了基础性，考查必需的化学基础知识，反映了化学学科是一门实用的基础学科。(2) exam content reflects the basic, examines the necessary chemistry knowledge, reflect the chemistry discipline is the foundation of a practical discipline. （3）试卷结构体现了选择性，一些新课程试卷设置选考模块，在保证每个学生达到共同基础的前提下，满足了不同学生的需要。(3) reflects the selective examination paper structure, some new curriculum papers set selected test module, on the premise of to ensure every student to reach common ground, to meet the needs of different students. （4）试卷难度体现了稳定性，所有试卷结构保持不变，同时科学地调整试卷难度，维持总体稳定。(4) the difficulty of the paper reflects the stability, all the test papers structure remains the same, at the same time, scientifically adjust the difficulty of test paper, maintaining the overall stability. 从内容及能力考查的角度上看，试题命制的具体特点如下。From the Angle of content and the ability to see, the testing system of the specific features below. 一、试题情境真实原创，贴近学生、贴近生活、贴近实际，体现STSE理念The real original, test question situation, their students, life and reality, reflect the STSE concepts 今年的高考化学试题情境多来源于生产、生活实际和科技前沿，情境新颖真实，保证高考的公信度，有助于帮助学生认识化学、生产和社会之间的相互关系。全国新课程理综卷、海南化学卷和山东理综卷中设置了化学与技术选考模块，浙江自选模块卷中设置了化学与技术、化学与生活选考模块，考查学生灵活运用所学知识分析工业生产和生活中的化学问题，引导学生认识化学与人类生活的密切关系，关注人类面临的与化学相关的社会问题，提高学生的化学素养，培养学生的社会责任感。其他试卷也命制了与生产和生活实际相关的试题。具体特点如下。This years college entrance examination chemistry exam situation from actual production, the life and frontier science and technology, more novel real situation and guarantee the credibility of the university entrance exam, help students to understand chemistry, the relationship between production and society. The new course principle of volume, hainan chemical volume and shandong bedding ensemble selected test module, set the chemistry and technology in zhejiang optional module volume, set the chemistry and technology in chemistry and life test module, examines student flexible use of knowledge analytical chemistry problem in industrial production and life, guide students to understand chemistry closely relationship with human life, human face social problems related to chemical, chemical literacy of students, cultivate the students social responsibility. Other papers have given the questions related to the actual production and life. Specific features below. （1）与生产结合的试题多以工艺流程图的形式出现，要求学生根据工艺流程图，解决相关问题。此类试题注重将基本反应原理、工业操作与元素知识融合，突出信息处理能力和综合应用能力的考查。例如，广东理综卷第32题硫酸钾的制备、江苏化学卷第16题的的制备，是将元素知识与工业操作、反应速率及平衡移动相结合，考查学生综合运用知识解决问题的能力。(1) the combination of tests take the form of process flow diagram, asked the students according to the process flow diagram, solve the related problems. Such questions focus on the basic reaction principles, industrial operations and elements of knowledge integration, highlighting information processing ability and the comprehensive application ability examination. For example, guangdong heald volume 32 questions the preparation of potassium sulfate, jiangsu chemical preparation, volume number 16 is the element of knowledge and industrial operation, the reaction rate and balance movement, the combination of test students comprehensive ability to use knowledge to solve the problem. （2）与生活结合的试题或直接考查生活中的化学知识，例如，海南第2题直接考查生活中化学概念和物质俗称与化学名称之间的对应关系。或以环境及废物处理为载体，考查学生应用化学知识解决环境中问题的能力，例如，天津理综卷第9题的电子垃圾中的废弃线路板的处理回收等。(2) combined with life test or examination in life chemistry knowledge directly, for example, hainan second question directly examine life chemistry concepts and commonly known as the corresponding relationship between chemical name and matter. Or to the environment and waste management as the carrier, examines student applied chemistry knowledge ability to solve the problem of environment, for example, tianjin bedding ensemble volume 9 topic waste circuit board processing of electronic waste recycling, etc. 这些试题有助于让学生了解化学在资源利用、工农业生产中的具体应用，引导学生在日常生活中主动应用化学学科基础知识分析解决实际相关问题。These questions can help students understand chemical specific application in resource utilization, industrial and agricultural production, guide students to active application of chemical disciplines basic knowledge in our daily life related analysis to solve practical problems. 二、注重化学学科特色，体现化学学科的价值Second, pay attention to the chemistry discipline characteristic, value of the chemistry discipline 化学是在原子、分子水平上研究物质的组成、结构、性质及其应用的一门基础自然科学，已成为生命科学、材料科学、环境科学、能源科学等科学领域的重要基础。高考化学试题通常会编制一些与这些科学领域相关的试题，体现化学科学具有广泛的应用价值和重要的学科地位。Chemistry is in the atomic and molecular level research material composition, structure, properties and applications of a basic natural science, has become the life science, material science, environmental science, energy science important basis in the field of science. Chemistry in the college entrance examination test questions will usually prepare some questions related to the field of science, science and chemistry has extensive application value and important subject status. （1）与材料科学相关的试题，例如，江苏化学卷第20题的镁铝合金储氢材料、北京理综卷第28题的PMnMA高分子材料、安徽理综卷第26题可降解的聚酯类高分子材料、上海化学卷第6题的氮化硅新型陶瓷材料和第9题的电线电缆材料氯丁橡胶等。(1) test questions related to materials science, for example, jiangsu chemical volume 20 questions, Beijing based hydrogen storage materials, magnesium aluminum alloy volume problem of 28 PMnMA polymer materials, anhui heald volume 26 of biodegradable polyester polymer materials, Shanghai chemical volume of silicon nitride ceramics new material number 6 and 9 items of wire and cable materials, neoprene and so on. （2）与能源科学相关的试题，例如，北京理综卷第12题的光能反应器、安徽理综卷第7题的储氢新方法等。(2) energy science related questions, for example, Beijing principle of roll number 12 light energy reactor, anhui heald volume 7, a new method of hydrogen storage, etc. （3）与生命科学相关的试题，此类试题通常是以常用的有机药物合成、分析及应用为背景。例如江苏化学卷第17题的盐酸沙格雷酯中间体、重庆理综卷第28题的高效除臭剂的前体、全国新课程理综卷第38题的抑菌剂尼泊尔金丁酯、上海化学卷第11题的治流感的药物扎那米韦、天津理综卷的消毒剂萜品醇等。(3) questions related to life science, such questions are usually is the commonly used organic drug synthesis, analysis and application as the background. Such as jiangsu chemical volume question 17 gray sand ester hydrochloride intermediates, chongqing zong volume problem of 28 effective deodorant precursor, the national new curriculum comprehensive volume 38 questions of bacteriostatic agent of Nepal Jin Ding ester, Shanghai chemical volume 11 topic cure flu drug zanamivir, tianjin heald disinfectant terpineol, etc. （4）与环境科学相关的试题，主要涉及节能减排、保护环境、资源利用等相关问题。例如，海南化学卷第1题、江苏化学卷第1题、上海化学卷第1题、北京理综卷第25题的利用钠碱循环法可脱除烟气中的等。(4) environmental science related questions, mainly related to energy conservation and emissions reduction, environmental protection, resource utilization and other related issues. Hainan chemicals, for example, volume 1 topic, jiangsu chemical volume 1 topic, Shanghai chemical volume 1 topic, Beijing heald problem using the method of sodium alkali cycle 25 May the removal from flue gas, etc. 此类试题有利于提高学生对化学学科的认识，激发学生学习化学的兴趣。因为近几年三聚氰胺毒奶粉、苏丹红红心鸭蛋、甲醇假酒等关于化工原料在食品中的滥用事件，使得化学科学在广大人民群众的心中名声扫地。在高考中设置此类试题，其目的之一就是要求学生辩证地认识化学物质及应用，科学地认识化学科学在生产、生活及科技上的价值以及在推动人类发展方面作出的巨大贡献。Such questions to improve student knowledge of chemistry subject, stimulate students interest in learning chemistry. Because in recent years, melamine tainted milk powder, such as Sudan red hearts duck eggs, methanol fakes about abuse of chemical raw materials in food, chemical science makes reputation in the peoples heart. Imposing such questions in college entrance examination, one of its aims is to require students to dialectical understanding chemical and application, scientific understanding of chemistry science value and on the production, life and science and technology has made great contribution to promoting human development. 三、创新实验探究试题形式，考查学生的实验与探究能力，促进学习方式的改变Three, innovation experiment to explore questions form, check the students ability of experiment and explore, promote a change of learning style 实施以培养创新精神和实践能力为重点的素质教育，关键之一是改变学生的学习方式。设置探究式试题的目的在于改变学生以单纯地接受教师传授知识为主的学习方式，为其构建开放的学习环境，提供多渠道获取知识，并将学到的知识加以综合应用于实践的机会，促使他们形成积极的学习态度和良好的学习方式，培养创新精神和实践能力。因此，在近几年新课程的高考试题中，均设置了不同类型的实验探究试题。今年的特点体现在以下两点。Implementation in order to cultivate the innovative spirit and practice ability as the key point of quality education, one of the key is to change students learning styles. Set inquiry questions to change students to simply accept the teacher imparting knowledge based approach to learning, to build an open learning environment, providing multi-channel access to knowledge, and knowledge would be integrated into practice opportunities, encouraging them to form a positive learning attitude and good learning methods, cultivate the innovative spirit and practice ability. In recent years, therefore, the test of the new curriculum, set up different types of experiments to explore questions. This years characteristics embodied in the following two points. 1.创新考查物质合成实验1. The synthetic experiments examining material innovation 高考化学试题常考的物质合成制备实验通常是无机物的制备及提纯，而对于有机物的合成不是很多。最近几年开始尝试考查有机物的制备。有机物的合成具有条件苛刻、副产物多和分离提纯复杂等特点。因此，考查有机物的合成相关实验有利于考查学生精细的实验技能，引导高中开设各种类型的合成实验。例如，今年有四个省区的实验考查了有机物的合成操作及提纯，分别为浙江理综卷第28题的苯乙酮、海南化学卷第17题的1，2-二溴乙烷、新课程理综卷第28题的溴苯合成以及广东理综卷第33题的苯甲酸合成。这些实验试题考查了学生控制物质制备的实验条件以及根据副产物与目标产物性质分离提纯的基本技能。Chemistry in the college entrance examination test questions often tests of material preparation experiment is usually the preparation of inorganic synthesis and purification, and for organic synthesis. In recent years tried to investigate the preparation of organic matter. Organic synthesis has a strict separation and purification, by-products and more complex, etc. Therefore, examines relevant experiment to investigate students fine organic synthesis experiment skills, guide the high school offers various types of synthetic experiment. Has four provinces this year, for example, the experiment examines the synthetic operation and purification of organic matter, respectively, zhejiang manage all roll of 28 title of acetophenone, hainan chemical volume 17 topic 1, 2 - dibromoethane, new curriculum comprehensive volume problem of 28 bromobenzene synthesis and guangdong heald volume 33 topic of benzoic acid synthesis. These experiments test examines the student control the material preparation of the experimental conditions, and according to the nature of by-products and the target product separation and purification of the basic skills. 2.实验方案的设计与优化2. Design and optimization of experiment scheme 要求根据试题信息对问题进行合理假设，根据假设提出实验方案和实验操作步骤，并根据学过的知识预判实验过程中的现象。此类试题体现了新课程中对探究实验的最高要求，几乎涵盖了探究过程的全部8个要素，全面地考查科学探究能力。例如，安徽理综卷第28题回收铅的探究实验，广东理综卷第31题探究反应条件对反应速率的影响，福建理综卷第25题中的溶液中氯离子浓度的测定实验及四川理综卷第28题测定氨分子中氮氢原子数比的探究实验等。Requirements according to the test question information assumes that the problem in a reasonable manner, according to the hypothesis proposed experimental plan and experimental operation steps, and according to the learned knowledge to predict phenomena in the process of experiment. This paper embodies the new curriculum in the highest requirements of exploring experiments, almost covers all eight elements of inquiry process, comprehensively examines scientific inquiry ability. Anhui, for example, manage all roll of 28 title recycling lead inquiry experiment, guangdong bedding ensemble volume 31 topic to explore the influence of reaction conditions on the reaction rate, fujian principle in volume 25 topic experiment and measure the chloride ion concentration in the solution of sichuan bedding ensemble volume 28 topic determination of nitrogen in ammonia hydrogen atom ratio of inquiry experiment, etc. 四、注重考查学生的信息素养，提高自主学习的能力4, pay attention to check the students information literacy, improve the ability of autonomous learning 对学生接受、吸收、整合化学信息能力的考查，通过对实验现象、图形、模型、图表的观察以及试题提供的各种信息的阅读，获取有关的感性知识和印象，并准确提取实质性内容，形成新知识的能力，这既是对学生化学学习能力的基本要求，也是学生将来进一步学习所必需的。从信息中隐含的知识内容层次上看主要有两种。Ability to accept, absorption, integration of chemical information to the students examination, based on the experimental phenomena, graphics, models, charts, observation and reading questions provided by all kinds of information, access to relevant perceptual knowledge and impression, substantial contents, and accurately extracts ability to form new knowledge, this is the basic requirement of chemistry learning ability of students, are also necessary for students to further study in the future. Implicit knowledge from information content level there are two main types. 1.熟悉内容1. Be familiar with the content 这类信息主要包括中学范围的知识内容，例如，反应温度、熔沸点、溶解度、平衡常数（包括弱酸电离、沉淀溶解平衡）等数据信息。这些内容是中学学过的，但是数据不要求学生记忆，只要求学生会分析这些数据信息，领悟这些信息的内涵，将这些信息直接用于解答试题。此类试题在目前的高考中非常常见，几乎所有的化学试题中都涵盖此类信息。This kind of information content mainly includes the secondary range of knowledge, for example, reaction temperature, melt boiling point, solubility, equilibrium constant (including weak acid ionization, precipitate dissolve balance), such as data information. These content is studied middle school, but the data dont require students to memory, only ask students analysis these data and information, understand the connotation of the information, the information used to answer questions directly. Such questions in the present college entrance examination is very common, almost all the chemical tests covering such information. 2.陌生内容2. The new content 这部分知识内容通常没有出现在中学教学范围中，其信息的给予形式主要有以下几种。This part of the knowledge content is not generally appeared in the middle school teaching scope, the information of the given form basically has the following a few kinds. （1）文字信息。直截了当给出物质或反应的信息，要求学生获取信息本质，解决问题。例如，全国新课程理综卷第36题给出有机物的核磁共振氢谱数据，要求学生分析信息，判断有机物的结构。(1) text message. Straightforward given substance or reaction information, students are required to obtain information, to solve the problem. , for example, the new course principle of roll of 36 questions give nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectrum data of the organic matter, requests the student to analyze information, determine the structure of the organic matter. （2）反应信息。常见于有机化学试题中，在题中给出陌生的反应，要求学生从中提炼出官能团反应具体的细节，并与已有的有机化学知识相结合，组成一个可解决问题的整体知识体系。例如，安徽理综卷第26题提供了羰基的亲核加成反应信息；四川理综卷第27题提供了有关光气的信息；江苏化学卷第17题提供了催化加氢、1，2-环氧化合物开环、醇的磺酰化反应等信息。这些试题要求学生阅读有机合成方案、综合分析题干信息、分析合成路线、提取反应的信息，回答相关问题，考查了学生对信息接收和处理的敏锐程度以及思维的整体性。(2) response information. Common in organic chemistry test, in the strange response given in the question, asked the students to refine the functional response of specific details, and combined with existing knowledge of organic chemistry, form a the whole knowledge system to solve the problem. Anhui, for example, Richard heald volume 26 topic provides information on the nucleophilic addition reaction of carbonyl; Sichuan bedding ensemble volume 27 topic provides information about phosgene; Jiangsu chemical volume 17 topic provides catalytic hydrogenation, 1, 2 - open loop epoxy compounds, alcohols of sulfonyl reaction and other information. These questions require students to reading scheme, comprehensive analysis of the topic information in organic synthesis, analysis, synthesis, extraction reaction information, answer questions, check the students on the degree of acute information receiving and processing as well as the holistic thinking. （3）图表信息。此类信息包括数据表格信息和转化流程信息。(3) chart information. Such information includes data form information and process information. 数据表格信息。此类信息常见于反应速率及平衡的题中，需要分析图表中数据信息之间的关系。此类试题通常要求学生获取反应条件对反应速率影响的程度及对反应平衡的影响，从而判断反应是放热还是吸热、分子数增大还是减小、平衡到达的时间、平衡浓度和平衡常数等。例如，全国新课程理综卷第27题、浙江理综卷第27题、广东理综卷第31题和山东理综卷第29题等。(1) data table information. The information found in the reaction rate, and balance of the need to analyze the relations between the chart data in the information. Such questions are often asked the students to obtain the extent of the influence on the reaction rate and reaction conditions on reaction equilibrium, to determine reaction is exothermic or endothermic, molecular number increase or decrease, balance time of arrival, the equilibrium constant and equilibrium concentration. For example, the new cou