高一语法的运用年高级二.doc

：高一语法的运用！年级：高二 科目：英语 时间：8/16/2006 22:21:13 新4570409高一语法的运用！答：高一的重点语法主要有定语从句、语态、时态：定语从句是用一个句子来作定语修饰名词或代词，通常放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定词从句的关联词为关系代词(which , that, who, whom, whose, as)和关系副词(when ,where ,why )，关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语，宾语，定语等，关系副词在定语从句中只是用作状语。eg：(1) The student(先行词) who answered the question(主语) was John.(2)I know the reason(先行词) why he was so angry(状语).定语从句注意事项a) one of + 复数名词 +关系代词+复数型动词the (only) one of + 复数名词+关系代词+单数型动词The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.Titanic is the (only) one of the most wonderful movies that has been produced in Hollywood.b) What不能用于定语从句中。被动语态的特殊情况： 1、有些表示状态的及物动词，如：cost,have,own,possess,belongto等不用于被动语态。 Manygoodqualitiesarehadbythestudents.错 应为：Thestudentshavemanygoodqualities. 2、所有带有不定式作宾补的动词，甚至包括感官动词feel,see,hear,watch,notice,listento及使役动词make,have和动词在变为被动语态时，要加to，如： Inoticedhimcrossthestreet.(主动态) 被动态：Hewasnoticedtocrossthestreet. Theyoftenhelpmecleantheroom. Iamoftenhelpedtocleantheroom. 3、短语动词变为被动语态时，要注意保持短语动词的完整性，动词后面的原有的介词和副词切不可遗漏。 如：Theysentforthedoctorimmediately. Thedoctorwassentforimmediately. Sheilltakegoodcareofthechildren. Thechildrenwillbetakengoodcareof. 动词的被动语态的指是由“助动词动词的过去分词”构成，助动词要注意与主语的人称和数一致。 1、一般现在时的构成am/is/arev.ed 2、一般过去时was/werev.ed 3、现在进行时am/is/arebeingv.ed 4、过去进行时was/werebeingv.ed 5、现在完成时has/havebeenv.ed 6、一般将来时will/shall/begoingtobev.ed 7、过去完成时hadbeenv.ed 8、过去将来时would/should/bev.ed八种重点时态：一、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。例：He listens to the radio every evening.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 否定形式：am/is/are +not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 二、一般过去时： 概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 例：I was born on April 2, 1986.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, once upon a time, etc. 基本结构：be动词；行为动词 否定形式：was/were +not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 三、现在进行时： 概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 例：The woman is talking to the doctor.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本结构：am /is/are +doing 否定形式：am /is/are +not +doing. 一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。 四、过去进行时： 概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 例：We were copying the new words this time yesterday.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 基本结构：was / were +doing 否定形式：was / were + not + doing. 一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。 五、现在完成时： 概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 例：I have already finished my homework时间状语：recently, lately, since,for,in the past few years, etc. 基本结构：have/has + done 否定形式：have/has + not +done. 一般疑问句：have或has放于句首。 六、过去完成时： 概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 例：The class had already begun when I came to school.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 基本结构：had + done. 否定形式：had + not + done. 一般疑问句：had放于句首。 七、一般将来时： 概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 例：We are going to have a volleyball match tomorrow.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 基本结构：am/is/are going to + do；will/shall + do. 否定形式：am/is/are going not to + do；will/shall not + do. 一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 八、过去将来时： 概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 例：Did you ask Kate whether they would fly to Egypt？时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 基本结构：was/were going to + do；would/should + do. 否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 it的用法：it可用作人称代词、指示代词、先行词及引导词等。1 人称代词it，是第三人称单数中性，代表前文已提到过的一件事物。如： 1）That vase is valuable. Its more than 200 years old. 那个花瓶很珍贵，它有200多年的历史。 2）I love swimming. It keeps me fit. 我喜欢游泳，它能使我保持健康。 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时，也可用it来表示。 如： 3）Its a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl? 宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？ it可用来指代团体。如： 4）The committee has met and it has rejected the proposal. 委员会已开过会，拒绝了这项建议。 it用以代替指示代词this, that.如： 5）- Whats this? - Its a pen. 这是什么？ 是一支钢笔。 6）- Whose book is that? - Its Mikes. 那是谁的书？ 是迈克的。2 指示代词it，常用以指人。如： 7）Go and see who it is. 去看看是谁。 8）- Who is making such a noise? 是谁发出这样的吵闹声？ - It must be the children. 一定是孩子们。3 虚义it无指代性，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如： 9）It is half past three now. 现在是三点半钟。10）It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. 这里离最近的医院也有六英里。11）It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 天气很冷；天下着雪，渐渐地变黑了。 it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。如：12）Its awfulIve got so much work I dont know where to start. 糟透了我有这么多工作要做我不知从何开始。13）How is it going with you? 你近况如何？14）Take it easy. 不要紧张。 it也常用于下列结构：15）It looks as if the college is very small. 看起来这个学院很小。16）It seems as though our plan will be perfect. 似乎我们的计划很完善。17）Its my turn. 该轮到我了。 it也常用于某些习惯用语中作宾语，各该习惯用语有具体意义，但it并无具体意义。如：cab it 乘车catch it 受责，受罚 come it 尽自己分内 come it strong 做得过分 walk it 步行make it 办成 take it out of somebody 拿某人出气4 先行词it. it充当形式主语或形式宾语，本身无意义，只起一种先行引导的作用，先行词不重读。后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、-ing分词结构或名词性从句。 （1）用作形式主语 18）It is difficult to translate this article. 翻译这篇文章很难。 19）It is getting harder every day for a lazy man to get a living. 懒汉谋生是日益困难了。 20）What time would it be most convenient for me to call again?什么时候我再给你打电话最合适？ 21）It is no use going there so early. 这么早去那里没有用。 22）It has been a great honour your coming to visit me. 你的来访是我很大的荣幸。 23）It is strange that he did not come at all. 真奇怪，他竟还没来。 24）It doesnt matter what you do.什么都没关系。 在上述诸例中，后置的真正主语可以取代先行it的位置，而出现于句首。 To translate this article is difficult. Going there so early is no use. That he did not come at all is strange. 上述结构远不如用先行it结构普通。此外，也并非所有先行it结构都可作上述转换。如： 25）It seems that John is not coming after all. 似乎约翰终竟不来。 26）It happened that John was the only witness. 碰巧约翰是唯一的证人。 上述两例只能转换为： John doesnt seem to be coming after all. John happened to be the only witness. （2）用作形式宾语 27）I found it difficult to explain to him what happened. 我觉得向他解释清发生了什么事很困难。 28）He thought it no use going over the subject again. 他认为再讨论这个问题没有用了。 29）They kept it quiet that he was dead. 他们对他的死保密。 30）We must make it clear to the public that something should be done to stop pollution. 我们必须使公众明白应该采取措施制止污染。5 分裂句引导词it. 分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是：It+be的一定形式+中心成分+that-/who-从句。如： 31）It was Jane that/who called this morning. 是珍妮今天上午打来电话。 32）It was a parcel that she brought him. 她带给他的是一个包裹。 分裂句是由普通陈述句转换而来的。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。如： 33）John gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。 根据上下文和语义意图，说话人可以通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使之成为信息中心。 34）It was John that/who gave Mary a handbag at Christmas. 是约翰在圣诞节给了玛丽一个提包。 35）It was Mary that John gave a handbag (to) at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节是给玛丽提包的。 36）It was a handbag that John gave Mary at Christmas. 约翰在圣诞节给玛丽的是一个提包。 37）It was at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 是在圣诞节约翰给了玛丽一个提包。 分裂句的时态一般应一致，即主句与从句的时态应皆用现在时，或皆用过去时，或皆用将来时。如： 38）It is not I who am angry. 发怒的不是我。 39）It was my two sisters who knew her best. 是我的两个姐妹最了解她。 40）It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this. 对此须受责难的将不是你。 有时分裂句的谓语动词还可以采取复杂形式。如： 41）It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag. 可能是在圣诞节约翰给玛丽一个提包。 42）It might have been John who gave Mary a handbag. 很可能是约翰给了玛丽一个提包。 分裂句可以强调多种多样的状语成分。如： 43）It was when she was about to go to bed that the telephone rang. 是在她即将上床睡觉时电话铃响了。 44）It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想买一本词典而进城的。 45）It was not until his father came back that Tom went to bed yesterday. 昨天汤姆是直到他父亲回来才上床睡觉的。（注意句中not的位置） 主语补语通常不可以用作分裂句的中心成分，如在规范英语中通常不说： It is beautiful that she is. It is chairman of the Committee that he is. 但是宾语补语是可以这样用的。如： 46）It is the chairman of the committee that they elected him. 他们选他是作委员会主席。 47）It is green that they have painted the wall. 他们把墙壁漆的是绿色。 注：（1）当强调的中心成分为主语，指人时可用连词that或who，如上述例（31）、（34）、（38），强调其余的成分时，连词一律用that。 （2）分裂句中的that与who在非正式文体中可以省略，如： 48）It was the President himself spoke to me. 是总统亲自和我谈了话。（省去从句主语who） 49）It was the dog I gave the water to. 我是给那条狗水的。（省去从句的宾语that） 50）It was yesterday I first noticed it. 我是昨天开始注意到的。（省去从句连词that） 有时还可省去句首的it is，如： 51）A good, honest trade you are learning, Sir Peter! 彼得爵士，你学得是一种很好而诚实的一行啊！ （3）分裂句中的被强调部分有时可放在句首，如： 52）Now was it that his life was done, and the fate which he could not escape was upon him. 就在这时，他的生命完结了，他所逃不脱的命运降临了。 53）When was it that he arrived at the village? 是何时他到达了这个村子？ 54）Why was it that he was late for school? 他是为什么上学迟到的？主谓一致：、定义：所谓“主谓一致”，就是指谓语在人称和数上必须受主语的人称和数的支配。这是英语和汉语在构句里的又一迥异之处。、主谓一致的种类：语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词为复数形式。如：I often help him and he often helps me. 我经常帮助他，他经常帮助我。We often help each other and learn from each other. 我们经常互相帮助，互相学习。意义上的一致a.主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。如：The crowd were surrounding the government official. 人群包围住了这位政府官员。单数形式代表复数内容的词有：people, police, cattle等。如：The Chinese people are brave and hard-working. 中国人民勇敢而又勤劳。b.主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：Great Expectations was written by Charles Dickens in 1860. 远大前程是查尔斯狄更斯年所著。形复意单的单词有：news，works 和一些以s结尾的书名、组织机构的名称（如：“The Selected Poems of Li Bai”，the United States, the United Nations）以及以ics结尾的学科名称（如：physics，politics，maths，economics等）。就近原则就近原则即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。 a. 并列主语用连词or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接，谓语应同相邻的主语保持人称和数的一致。如：Not only the students but also the teacher enjoys listening to the music.不仅学生而且这位老师也喜欢听这种音乐。Are either you or he wrong? 要么是你错，要么是他错吗？b. 在there be 表存在的句式中，主语是两个或多个名词（短语）的并列时，be 的形式与最前边的一个名词（短语）一致。如： There is a pen, two knives and several books on the table. There are two knives, a pen and several books on the table.桌子上有一支钢笔、两把小刀和几本书。C. 副词或介词短语在句首的倒装句中，必须认准哪是主语。如：Between the two buildings stands a monument. 两幢楼之间耸立着一块纪念碑。On the ship were over 2,200 people. More than 1,500 people lost their lives. Among those was the young woman.船上有2,2001人, 1,500多人丧生，这位年轻妇女也在其中。倒装句：. 倒装句的定义 英语最基本的词序是主语在谓语动词的前面。如果把谓语动词放在主语前面，就叫做倒装。2. 倒装句的构成a) 完全倒装 将句子的主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，称之为完全倒装。例如：Are you from here? 你是本地人吗？Now comes the chance. 机会来了。b) 部分倒装 只将助动词、系动词或情态动词移至主语之前，谓语的其他部分仍保留在主语的后面，称之为部分倒装。例如：Has he come? 他来了吗？Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here. 我们难得像在这里这么舒服。Only in this way can we do the work better. 只有这样我们才能把工作做得更好。 3. 倒装的原因a) 句子语法结构的需要。例如：Did you attend the meeting? 你参加会议了吗？Long live peace! 和平万岁！b) 一些句型的固定用法。例如：Such were his last words. 他最后的话就是这样。c）强调的需要。倒装以后，句子更加流畅生动。例如：Never before have we seen such a sight. 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。Before us lay a lot of difficulties. 在我们前面有很多困难。Often did we warn the