高一必修三重点难点-被动语态.doc

被动语态一、英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态。如： We clean the classroom. 我们打扫教室。主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。如：The classroom is cleaned (by us). 教室被（我们）打扫。二、被动语态的构成：助动词be +及物动词的过去分词+（by+宾语）其中by意为“被；由”，表动作的执行者。 如：The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那个男孩打破的。 be有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。 如：English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式） English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式） Is English widely spoken around the world? （疑问式） Yes, it is./No, it isnt. 三、被动语态的用法：在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下可用被动语态。如：This coat is made of cotton.这件大衣是棉制的。要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态。如：Her bike is stolen.她的自行车被偷了。 四、主、被动语态的转换： 主动语态：主语+及物动词谓语动词+宾语（+其它）被动语态：主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+by+宾语（+其它） 注意： 1. 主动、被动互转时，时态不变，但有人称和数的变化。主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动态by的宾语时，要用宾格形式。主动句的宾语是代词的宾格形式，变成被动时，要转换为主格。如： (1) People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown (by people) in the south. (2) She takes care of the baby. The baby is taken care of (by her). 2. 含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词 + be + 及物动词的过去分词 +（by+宾语） 如：The work can be done. 这项工作很容易做。 Other planets may be visited in the future. 将来其他的星球也会有人登陆。 3. 主动句中的宾语补足语如果是不带to的不定式，在变被动句时，要加上to .使役动词make/ have/ let sb do sth 及感官动词see/ hear/ feel/ notice sb to do sth 如：they heard a girl sing in the next room (by them). a girl was heard to sing in the next room (by them).五、一般现在时被动语态的结构：肯定句：主语+ am / is / are + 动词的过去分词 +(by+人代宾格 )+ 其他eg .English is studied (by us ) every day.否定句：主语+ am / is / are + not + 动词的过去分词 +(by+人代宾格 )+ 其他eg. English is not studied (by us ) every day.疑问句：Is English not studied (by us ) every day.?特殊疑问句：What/Where/When+ am / is / are +主语+动词的过去分词+ 其他?六、一般现在时被动语态的高考真题Visitors _not to touch the exhibits . ( NMET 2001 ) A. will request B. request C. are requesting D. are requested 【解析】答案选D。虽然本句中没有具体时间标志，但根据语境可知，对参观者来说，这是一种普遍要求，故用一般现在时，而在这里根据语意来看，应采用被动结构。 Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the part （NMET2004） A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change 【解析】答案选A。答案：答案选A。本题检查“get + done”被动结构，get changed 的含义为“换衣服”。同样的情况还有：get dressed, get killed, get burned等。 七、一般去时被动语态的结构：肯定句：主语+ was/were + 动词的过去分词 +(by+人代宾格 )+ 其他ThisbridgewasbuiltinOctoberlastyear.否定句：主语+ was/were + not + 动词的过去分词 +(by+人代宾格 )+ 其他Thisbridgewas notbuiltinOctoberlastyear.疑问句：Was/were+主语+ 动词的过去分词 +(by+人代宾格 )+ 其他Was thisbridge builtinOctoberlastyear？特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+ was/were +主语+动词的过去分词+ 其他?八、一般过去时被动语态的高考真题ThisisTedsphoto.Wemisshimalot.He_tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.（2002北京春季）A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling【解析】答案选C。虽然前两句用了一般现在时，但Ted在地震中抢救儿童发生在过去，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态。Theherosstory_differentlyinthenewspapers.A.wasreportedB.wasreportingC.reportsD.reported(2005全国高考)【解析】答案选A。解析：该题考查动词一般过去时的被动语态。根据句式结构分析，主语Theherosstory其与谓语动词report之间是被动关系，故B,C,D排除，答案选A。9、 过去完成时被动语态的结构、使用情况(1)肯定结构：主语+ had been done +其他成分(2)否定结构：主语+ had not been done +其他成分(3)疑问句结构：had +主语+ been done +其他成分;疑问词+ had +主语+ been done +其他成分过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下情况：(1)表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by, before等引导的时间状语连用。The classroom hadnt been cleaned before the teacher came.Had the new plan been discussed before the meeting?(2)在 told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。The said the production costs had been reduced.The media reported more than 1,000 people had been killed in the earthquake.(3)根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。He did what he had been told to另：当从句由 after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。When he arrived, he called her.They locked the door before they left.十、过去完成时被动语态的高考真题The new suspension bridge _by the end of last mont