美国社会与文化 - 美国移民.ppt

ImmigrationsofUSA 2018 4 17 Outline 01 HistoryofAmericanImmigration 02 EffectsofImmigration 03 ProblemsinImmigration 04 ChineseImmigrantstoAmerican 05 NativeAmerican 01 HistoryofAmericanImmigration ThehistoryofAmericanImmigration AmericawasoriginallyinhabitedforseveralthousandyearsbynumerousAmericanIndianpeopleswhohadprobablyemigratedfromAsia Europeanexplorationandsettlementfromthe16thcenturybegandisplacementoftheIndians ThehistoryofAmericanImmigration Americanimmigrationhistorycanbeviewedinfourepochs thecolonialperiod DeclarationofIndependence themid 19thcentury andthestartofthe20thcentury Eachperiodbroughtdistinctnationalgroups racesandethnicitiestotheUnitedStates ThehistoryofAmericanImmigration 1 theColonialPeriod Forreligious politicalandeconomicreasons tensofthousandsofimmigrantsmovedfromEurope mainlyBritaintothenewcontinent Mostimmigrantslandedalongtheeastcoastofthecontinent Andthisisthebeginningoftheimmigration 2 DeclarationofIndependence ThesettlersweredissatisfiedwithBritishcolonialism thenthewarofindependencebrokeout Thevictoryofthewarofindependenceattractedmoreimmigrants ThehistoryofAmericanImmigration 3 19thcentury ThereweretwomajoreventsinnineteenthCentury thecivilwarandindustrialrevolution Sotherewasagreatdemandformoreimmigrants mostofwhomwerecheaplabors AlargeofimmigrantsfromEuropesufferingfromfamineandwarspouredintotheUSA ThehistoryofAmericanImmigration 4 20thcentury Inthe20thcentury manyskilledworkers professionals andtechniciansimmigratedtotheUnitedStates MostofthemarefromGermanyandGreatBritain Morerecently Thisphenomenonhaspulledemigrantsfromdevelopingcountries includingChina India Pakistan etc 02 EffectsofImmigration EffectsofImmigration Social Economic Demographics Religiousdiversity Social ImmigrationchangedthefateoftheUnitedStates ThethreeimmigrationwavesinthehistoryoftheUnitedStateshavehadaprofoundimpactontheformationofthepersonalityoftheAmericannation whichhasenabledtheUnitedStatestoriserapidlyandbecomeaworldsuperpowerinjustoveronehundredyears Economic In2009 astudybytheCatoInstitute afreemarketthinktank foundthatlegalizationoflow skilledillegalresidentworkersintheUSwouldresultinanetincreaseinUSGDPof 180billionovertenyears ImmigrantswereinvolvedinthefoundingofmanyprominentAmericanhigh techcompanies suchasGoogle Yahoo SunMicrosystems andeBay Demographics ImmigrationincreasedthesupplyofU S labor AccordingtotheU S CensusBureausurvey immigrationaccountedfor13 16 and18 oftheU S totalpopulation laborforce andSMEowners respectively whichcontributedsignificantlytothelabormarket Religiousdiversity Americanreligionhasdiversity ImmigrationfromSouthAsiaandelsewherehascontributedtoenlargingthereligiouscompositionoftheUnitedStates IslamintheUnitedStatesisgrowingmainlyduetoimmigration HinduismintheUnitedStates BuddhismintheUnitedStates andSikhismintheUnitedStatesareotherexamples 03 ImmigrationProblems ImmigrationProblems USPresidentDonaldTrumphascausedoutrageworldwideafterhereportedlymaderaciallychargedcommentsaboutHaiti ElSalvadorandAfricancountries HewasinameetingonimmigrationwithlawmakersonThursdaywhenheaskedwhytheUSallowedpeoplefrom shitholecountries intothecountry Hewasalsoreportedassaying WeneedmorepeoplefromNorway TheWhiteHousedidnotdenythatTrumpmadetheremarks Aspokesmansaid CertainWashingtonpoliticianschoosetofightforforeigncountries butPresidentTrumpwillalwaysfightfortheAmericanpeople RacialDiscrimination RacismintheUnitedStateshasbeenwidespreadsincethecolonialera LegallyorsociallysanctionedprivilegesandrightsweregiventowhiteAmericansbutdeniedtoallotherraces Racialstratificationcontinuestooccurinemployment housing education lending andgovernment InAmerica theracialdiscriminationiseverywhere theracialconflictoftenhappen theblackpeopleusedtobetreatedasslavesbywhitepeople theyoftenhavethelowestsalary insuranceandmanyunfairtreatment Nowadays theracialdiscriminationisn tjustbetweenthewhiteandtheblack manyotherracesinAmericanarediscriminatedbythelocalpeopleandtheydon thaverighttoprotectthemselves IllegalImmigrants Estimatesin2015putthenumberofunauthorizedimmigrantsat11million representing3 4 ofthetotalU S population ThemajorityoftheillegalimmigrantsarefromMexico TheissueofillegalimmigrationhaslongbeencontroversialintheUnitedStates Thereisnothingnewaboutthepoliticalandculturaltensionsthesemigrationsbring Assimilationtakes atleast ageneration forobviousreasons Residentsdislikesomeoftheconsequencesiftheyaredirectlyaffectedbyimmigrantarrivals orfearthem However thereisnoevidencethatillegalimmigrationincreasestherateofcrimeintheUnitedStates America sModernImmigrantsProblem Assimilation Wehavelearnedmuchaboutthefoolishideaofexcludingpeopleonthepresumptionoftheethnic racialinferiority ButwhatwehavenotyetlearnedishowtomaketheprocessofAmericanizationworkforall ItnotmeansrequiringpeopletolearnEnglishortoadoptAmericanways thosethingshappenprettymuchontheirown butasargumentsaboutimmigrationhearupthecampaigntrail wealsooughttoasksomebroaderquestionaboutassimilation abouthowtoensurethatpeople onceoutsiders don tforeverremainmarginalizedwithintheseshores Thatisamuchlargerquestionthanwhatshouldhappenwithundocumentedworkers orhowbesttosecuretheborder anditisonethataffectsnotonlynewcomersbutgroupsthathavebeenhereforgenerations Itwillhavemoreimpactonourfuturethanwherewedecidetosettheadmissionsbarforthelatestwareofwould beAmericans Anditwouldbeniceifwefinallygottheanswerright 04 ChineseMigrationtoAmerica ChineseMigrationtoAmerica ChineseImmigrantstoAmerica ElaineChao thefirstChineseAmericaninU S historytobeappointedtoaPresident sCabinet History Since1820 accordingtoofficialrecordsTheCaliforniaGoldRushdrewnumerousChinesein1849Thenumberreaches100 000by1880 distributedmostlyontheWestCoastSloweddownafter1880 haltedbyrelatedfederallaws History Andasecondwavestartsfromthelate1970stothepresent followingnormalizationofU S ChineserelationsandchangestoU S andChinesemigrationpolicies Chineseimmigrantsarenowthethird largestforeign borngroupintheUnitedStatesafterMexicansandIndians Education Employtment ChineseAmericansarehighlyeducatedandearnhigherincomeswhencomparedtoothergroupsintheUnitedStatesAmongAmericanPhDrecipientsinfieldsrelatedtoscienceandengineering 25 oftherecipientsareChineseMostChineseAmericansworkaswhitecollarprofessionalsinhightechfield