浅谈英语自主学习中存在的问题及建议.doc

this type of operation for the safety technology. Without education and training in safety knowledge, shall not enter the construction site operations. To enter the construction site, you must wear a helmet, buckle chinstrap. Work at two meters high and must be fastened. When working at height, are not allowed to throw down or up the materials and tools and other objects. Persons not engaged in electrical and mechanical, prohibited the use of mechanical and electrical equipment. Building materials and components to be tidy and secure, shall not exceed the relevant provisions. Hazardous areas should be clearly marked, protective measures should be taken at night to set up a red light warning. In the operation, should adhere to their jobs, drunken operation is strictly prohibited. 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Upper part of the ladder to fasten, antiskid measures are required in the lower part. Upper part of the ladder to hang, and lower banding. Ladder to fasten in the Middle, lower to have a non-slip steps, are not allowed to sit on it, riding moves. Altitude: personnel engaged in the Spider-man,stavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . 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Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. 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Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈英语自主学习中存在的问题及建议摘要：自主学习能力的培养是教育、教学的重要目标, 本文对本校大学生自主学习的情况进行问卷调查及数据分析，并对所发现的问题，包括学习动机，学习计划，学习反思三方面问题，进行一定的探讨，最后提出以激发自知、制定计划、反思调节三个部分为主要构成的英语自主学习能力的培养模式。关键词：自主学习;学习动机;反思;计划一、背景介绍随着教育和社会的发展，传统的课堂教学模式受到挑战，以教师为中心的教学模式逐渐被学生为中心的教学模式取代，学生的地位和重要性凸显。按照建构主义者的理论，知识不是通过教师传授得到，而是学习者在一定的情境即社会文化背景下，借助学习是获取知识的过程其他人（包括教师和学习伙伴）的帮助，利用必要的学习资料，通过意义建构的方式而获得。自主学习主要是针对被动学习而言的。长期的统一规划、统一安排的教学管理模式使学生对自己的学习不负责任，学习不是主动要求、为自己的兴趣而学，而是等待老师下任务，下命令。老师要求完成多少就完成多少，一旦作业完成就再也没有学习负担了。这样的学习怎么能培养出自主独立的人格呢？21世纪是知识经济时代，知识的更新周期大大缩短。在社会知识飞速发展的今天，学生不可能在学校学到一切所需知识。教育应从培养学生的自主性为目标。以适应社会终生学习和可持续发展的生存理念。传统的大学英语课堂以教师为中心，教师是知识的传授者，学生只是被动的知识接受者。随着时代的进步，培养学习者自主学习能力越来越重要。所谓“自主学习”，国外有大量的研究，不同的学派有不同的解释。行为主义心理学家认为，自主学习包括三个过程：自我监控，自我指导，自我强化。自我监控是指学生针对自己的学习过程所进行的一种观察、审视和评价；自我指导是指学生采取那些致使学习趋向学习结果的行为，包括制订学习计划、选择适当的学习方法、组织学习环境等；自我强化是指学生根据学习结果对自己作出奖赏或惩罚，以利于积极的学习得以维持或促进的过程。而认知建构主义学派认为，自主学习实际上是元认知监控的学习，是学习者根据自己的学习能力、学习任务的要求，积极主动地调整自己的学习策略和努力程度的过程。自主学习其实并不是一个全新的概念，早在春秋战国时期，儒家学派的代表人物孔子就已经提出过。孔子曾经说过：“不愤不启，不悱不发，举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。”孔子认为，学生必须在主动思考、积极探索的过程中才能掌握知识。而他的另一句千古名言更说明了培养学生独立自主的学习能力的重要性，即“授人予鱼，不如授人予渔”。而学习者的意愿与能力是自主学习得两大重要构成元素，而意愿则是关键的第一步。因此，学生对自主学习的认识对自主学习的展开是非常关键的。要培养学生的自主学习能力，也要促使学生改变角色观念，树立自主学习英语的意识和动机，这要让他们从一开始就明确自己是语言学习过程的主体，教师只能是帮助者和促进者，要学会监控和管理自己的学习过程，掌握有效的学习策略，并根据对自己的学习成果进行评估、做出调整，逐步形成自主学习的意识和能力。当代大学生拥有较多的业余时间,可利用的课外资源也比较丰富;他们拥有较强的自我意识和自我管理能力,学习目标和职业目标也更加明确,所以他们有充分的自主学习的条件。然而现在的大学生是否真的做到了自主学习？他们是真正的自主学习还是被动学习？因此本人带着这些问题对本校的大学生进行了相关的问卷调查。以下的调查结果和分析对上述问题有一定的回应，同时也引发了作者对大学生英语自主学习现状的一些思考。二、调查结果本人对本校90名大学生（包括英语专业及非英语专业的大学生）就英语自主学习动机，对自己英语学习的规划及对自己英语学习情况的反思三方面进行了问卷作答，调查结果如下：1、英语学习动机的基本情况你进行英语自主学习的动机是（ ）A对英语很感兴趣，并喜欢学习；14.6%B想掌握和运用这门语言；29.2%C.仅限于应付当前考试；15.7%D.考证书，找工作。40.4%表一从上表看出，有40.4%的大学生的英语学习目标仅仅是为了考证，找工作。这是一个令人十分担忧的现状，大学生的学习目标还只是停留在考证的层面上，而只有14.6%的大学生是自身对英语感兴趣，愿意去学，我们都知道兴趣是最好的老师，相信这14.6%的同学能够学好英语。有29.2%的大学生是希望通过自主学习来掌握和运用这门语言，这个出发点是好的，大家都知道英语作为一个与人沟通的语言工具，一旦掌握了这个工具，那么他们将拥有一笔无形的财富。语言教学界都认同这样一个观点：动机与态度一样，是影响第二语言学习速度和成功的主要因素之一。外语学习动机一般被分为“工具型动机（instrumental motivation）”和“综合型动机（integrative motivation）”前者指学习者把外语学习作为一种获取某种证书或找到一份好工作的手段，而后者则指学习者对目标语言社团有特殊的兴趣，并期望参与或融入该社团的社会生活。根据这个理论，我们不难看出，有56.1%的大学生学习英语的动机属于“工具型动机”而只有少部分同学属于“综合型动机”。自主学习者在学习过程中有情感的投入，有内在动力的支持，能从学习中获得积极的情感体验，如果相反的有56.1%的大学生学习英语是为了掌握这门交际性语言，那么才能说达到教育的目的。2、对自己英语学习规划的情况表二从表二可看出，从来不制定学习计划的同学占大多数，有25.8%。认真做计划，对自己学习负责的同学，即每天或每个星期为自己的英语学习制定计划的同学分别只有17.9%和5.6%。还有一部分同学为自己制定了长期的学习计划，不知道他们是否还会根据自己的学习情况对自己原有的计划进行修改。而自主学习者却能在在学习过程中对认知活动能够进行自我监控，并作出相应的调适。学习策略一般被分为认知策略（cognitive strategies）和元认知策略(met cognitive strategies)两类（OMalley & Chamot, 1990）。元认知策略是用来计划、监控和评价学习活动的技能。而大部分大学生并不懂得这一学习策略，大部分大学生并没有真正掌握计划、监控他们学习活动的技能，这也是引人深思的问题之一。3、对自己英语学习情况反思的基本情况表三表三反映了同学们对自己英语学习的反思情况。从调查数据不难看出，每天对自己的英语学习情况进行反思的同学只有3.3%，这是多么可怜的数据，从不做反思的同学有27.1%，可以算得上是一个大群体。该表也反映了同学们不会对自己的学习情况及时反思，只有在期末或月末才会做适当的反思，这对学习是不利的。而真正的自主学习者却能积极发展各种思考策略和学习策略，在解决问题中学习。美国实用主义哲学家、教育家杜威（Dewey）在1933年出版的我们怎样思维（How we think）一书中，对反思作了界定：“反思是思维的一种形式。是个体在头脑中对问题进行反复、严肃、执著的沉思。”并将其进一步解释为：“对于任何信念或假设，按其所依据的基础和进一步推导的结论，对其进行的主动的、持久的和周密的思考。”反思型思维者对于呈现在他们面前的任何思想观念都持批判的态度。反思使我们从单纯冲动和单纯的一成不变的行动中解脱出来。反思使我们的行动具有深思熟虑的和自学的方式，以便达到真正学习的目的。成功的学习者会不断的对自己的学习情况进行反思，发现问题，然后进行弥补。而从我们统计出的数据来看，真正进行反思的同学少之又少，这是一个多么令人担忧的学习情况啊!三 、讨论和建议1、培养自知，树立自信自知 自知包括对自己的学习愿望、目的、观念、风格等的认识。研究者本森和沃靳提出，“一项学习活动的成功在某种程度上是以学习者对世界、尤其是对该学习活动的态度,自我感觉,学习欲望为条件的”。所以,当代大学生要树立正确的态度,形成主动学习的愿望。只有拥有主动的态度,学习者才有可能在他的学习过程中扮演积极的角色,产生独立的想法,并利用各种学习机会,而不是仅仅对老师的教学刺激做出反应。此外,强烈而积极的动机是对外语产生兴趣、进而要努力学会这门语言的重要条件,动机能在困难的时候使学习者产生坚忍不拔的信念,而坚持常常能克服能力和环境所带来的局限, 所以, 动机培养也很重要。大学生要树立自尊、自信。要始终相信自身的努力对学英语至关重要,而自己有决心付出努力；不论自己的英语基础是好是坏，都有能力管理好自己的学习。2、确立目标，制定计划目标。自主计划就是指学习者根据所学材料的标题预测将要学习的内容，认识到在不同语篇中信息的组织方式也不相同，了解相关的文化信息，然后学习者要确定学习目标，以此促进学习者了解重要的细节信息。目标和计划在个体的学习过程中起参照点的作用，个体正是在既定学习目标的引导下，不断调控自己的学习过程和学习策略。因此,目标被看成是自主学习的核心构成成分。大学生应根据自己的英语基础、能力水平、个人兴趣、专业特点和未来发展的需要制定学习目标。要制定多项小的、具体的短期目标,因为近期目标的实现能够使学生更快地看到自己某些能力的增长,对他们的意志控制要求也更低,而一个目标的成功实现往往会促进新目标的确定和实现。自主学习研究者齐莫曼建议让学生确立有规律的学习时段,使自己在每天预定的时间内学习成为一种习惯。他认为学生学会有效地管理和安排自己的学习时间也是自主学习中需要确立的一个重要目标。3、适时反思、评价和调节。反思首先涉及自我判断的过程，包括自我评价和归因分析。自我评价指对学习结果是否与预期的目标一致以及对学习结果的重要性的评判,归因分析是指对造成既定学习结果的原因进行分析。评价可从学习的质量、数量、速度等几个方面进行,研究者们大都认为学生用书面形式进行反思会受益很多。自主学习本质上是一种自我调节的学习,亦即个体主动选择、调节、控制自己的学习的过程,对英语学习而言,指“学习者不停地根据系统内外因素的变化来调整观念和方法,使各因素之间的关系处于最佳协调状态,使学习英语的潜在能力全部发挥出来”。语言学习系统是开放的,动态的,在不同的时期,学习的重点和难点是不一样的,学习策略也应随情况的变化而变化,所以,“调控”是策略系统良好运作,取得良好学习效果的关键。四、结语自主学习能力的培养是现代教育的一个重要目标,也是我国当前大学英语教学改革的一个重要目标,“教学模式改革成功的一个重要标志就是学生个性化学习方法的形成和学生自主学习能力的发展”。要想提高学生的自主学习能力，必须强化他们的内在文化性学习动机，让他们对目的语文化产生兴趣，使得这种发自内心的兴趣成为语言学习的动力。工具性学习动机对学生的学习也起着重要作用，受现行教育制度和考试机制影响，它几乎成为中国学生外语学习者最重要的学习动机，它对学习者自主学习能力的高低也有影响，因此发展学习者自主学习能力也不能忽视了这个方面。所以我们的培养目标是让学生能够在未来的非教学环境中自主地学习其职业和生活所需要的外语知识和技能,大学阶段的自主能力培养很重要,应从激发学生自知、指导他们制定学习计划、进行策略培训、发展元认知调控等几个基本步骤逐步、全面地发展。参考文献： 1李丽生.英语新课程改革理论与实践M.昆明：云南大学出版社，2005.2高一虹，赵媛，程英，周燕.中国大学本科生英语学习动机类型J.现代外语(季刊),2003.3庞维中.自主学习学与教的原理和策略M.上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008.4文秋芳.英语学习策略论M.上海：上海外语教育出版社，1995.5左焕琪.英语课堂教学的新发展M.上海：华东师范大学出版社，2007.6鲁子问,康淑敏.英语教学方法与策略M.上海：华东师范大学出版社，2008.7教育学：当代教育一般性问题概论罗明东等主编。修订本-昆明：云南大学出版社，2007（2009重印）8/view/79065.htm?fr=ala0_1this type of operation for the safety technology. Without education and training in safety knowledge, shall not enter the construction site operations. To enter the construction site, you must wear a helmet, buckle chinstrap. Work at two meters high and must be fastened. When working at height, are not allowed to throw down or up the materials and tools and other objects. Persons not engaged in electrical and mechanical, prohibited the use of mechanical and electrical equipment. Building materials and components to be tidy and secure, shall not exceed the relevant provisions. Hazardous areas should be clearly marked, protective measures should be taken at night to set up a red light warning. In the operation, should adhere to their jobs, drunken operation is strictly prohibited. Special operations personnel (electricians, welders, boiler operators, blasters, lifting grid and pile drivers and commanding, shelf workers, machines, motor vehicle drivers, and so on) must be operating permits from the relevant sector professional training examinations, independent operation, operation focus, not to leave. Construction site prohibited to wear slippers, heels, skirt, sliding and studded shoes and barefoot, shirtless, and so on. Construction site of the scaffold (prohibition of the use of bamboo and wood materials setting), protective equipment, safety signs, warning signs, scaffolding wall may be supplemented, removed and need to be removed must be reinforced by the contractors agree. Construction site of the four (openings, stairs, lift head, hole) and the five-limb (balcony, framing, roofing, run (oblique) road and unloading platforms), protective measures and clearly marked. Are not allowed to sit at the feet of . Nails should be promptly removed. Drywall cut bricks are cut, no outside chopping. Preventing broken tiles fall hurt. Tools must always be mounted after good tool bag. In the Derrick (gantry) travel; in the Derrick (gantry) increased security measures are not taken to the following cleaning mortar, concrete and other debris; hanging baskets for a long time is not allowed to stop the air; after work basket must be placed in the ground, and cut off the power and lock box. Scaffolding on the Frost, snow, mud, and building waste time cleaning. Both ends of the scaffold to fasten to prevent probe Panel. Danger of overloading the scaffold: laying per square foot scaffold distributed load shall not exceed 270KN, piled up on the scaffold standard bricks of single side three storeys high. Wall removal of dangerous scaffolding; Sat down to rest on the guard rail danger; Set, dismantling scaffolding, Derrick (gantry) high, edges, vacant jobs, such as not wearing a seat belt at risk. Upper part of the ladder to fasten, antiskid measures are required in the lower part. Upper part of the ladder to hang, and lower banding. Ladder to fasten in the Middle, lower to have a non-slip steps, are not allowed to sit on it, riding moves. Altitude: personnel engaged in the Spider-man,ch zazen, budov a konstrukc, tanky a jin zsuvky prmyslov vody, krom ustanoven vodu tak, by mlo bt instalovno v oblasti s vodou k utsnn vrtu, uzavrac ventil, aby se zabrnilo velk mnostv holavch a vbunch materil do kanalizace. 9. pouit v holavch, vbunch plyn pojistn ventil a vtrac potrub, je nutn export trubice je umstn mimo a vy ne 2 metry nad budovou. (B) pouvn ohn, ohe (viz systm sprvy prce) (c) porn zazen a organizac 1. realizace prevence prvn a integrovan prevence ohe politiku, pijmout modern technologie poru a vbuchu prevence a pomoci, provdn zen podle cl. 2. zzen veden spolenosti a vedouc jednotlivch oddlen Porn bezpenost vboru, workshop zaloena porn ochrany, vedouc skupiny a nastavit dobrovolnch hasi. 3. spolenost tvaru ochrany spotebitele na pln vazek hasii, hasii formulovat pln protiporn prevence a akn pln, provdn zen podle cl, pravideln proveden publicitu porn prevence a vzdlvn a kolen, v kombinaci s oekvan porn cvien. 4. soubor stacionrn ohn uvnit spolenosti zazen, protiporn zazen mus bt v Sprva slueb, rozvoj provozn postupy a systmy zen. 5. porn zazen na serveru nastavit jasn, pstup k pohodln a bezpen msto, pravideln kontroly drby, ti (to je, pevn, fixn typ a mnostv, podle odbornk), a nem nikdo nenapadal, pachatel dle systmu ke zpracovn. 6. vechny holav a vbun ltky ve spolenosti a potenciln ped porem a vbuchem nebezpen