高中英语语法-非谓语动词.doc

高中英语语法非谓动动词词性的体现：可自带宾语和状语非谓语动词不定式(to do) 1. 不能作谓语非谓语动词 动名词(-ing) 特点 2. 双重词性：动词和名词/形容词/ 现在分词(-ing) 副词过去分词(-ed) 3. 有时态和语态在句中作主、宾、表、补、定、状 形式对比项目动词不定式(to do)动名词(doing)现在分词(doing)过去分词(done)意义相当于名词、形容词、副词，往往有将来意味相当于名词，指经常性、习惯性的动作相当于形容词、副词，往往有现在意味相当于形容词、副词，本身兼有被动、完成意义充当句子成分主语、宾语、表语、宾补、定语、状语主语、宾语、表语、定语表语、宾补、定语、状语表语、宾补、定语、状语形式主动一般式 to do doingdoingdone被动式 to be done being donebeing done主动完成式 to have done having donehaving done被动完成式to have been done having been donehaving been done否定式在上述各种非谓语动词形式之前直接加not A 动词不定式主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing无完成进行式to have been doing无一、不定式的意义1. 不定式的一般式：一般式表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词表示的动作或状态的同时或之后。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动式(to be done).He seemed to be tired. The building to be finished next month is for our teachers.2. 不定式的进行式：进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语的动作同时发生。When I went to his home, he happened to be traveling around the world.3. 不定式的完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示动作或状态之前，就用完成式；若是在此基础上的被动含义，就用完成被动式( to have been done). He is said to have written a novel about the Long March.He is said to have been taught French when he was a child.4. 不定式的完成进行式：如果不定式的动作是在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行或有可能继续进行的动作，就要用完成进行式.Were happy to have been working with the experts all the month.二、动词不定式的用法：1. 动词不定式做主语：不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作。而动名词doing 表示习惯的，经常的动作。 1）动词不定式作主语时,谓语用单数。 To do such things is foolish. 2）主系表结构。 To see is to believe.3）it形式主语。当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，将不定式放到谓语的后面。 双重修饰常用于下列结构中：(1) It is/was +adj.+(of sb.) to do（如 good/ kind/ nice/ clever/ foolish/ selfish）在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构中，若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式符合结构的介词应为of 前面常用的形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong等。 It is very kind of you to help me. It is important for us to learn English well.(2) It is +adj.+(for sb.)+to do（如easy / difficult / hard / possible/ necessary）(3) It is +a/an +名词+ to do.（如a pity/ a shame / a pleasure /ones duty / an honor ） (4) It takes (sb.) some time / courage / patience to do(5) It requires courage / patience / hard work to do2. 动词不定式做表语： 1）表示主语的职业、职责或性质等。 Our duty is to help those people find their parents.2）主语是aim, purpose, idea, intention, plan, wish, decision, choice等词时，表语通常用动词不定式。 The intention of this book is to introduce popular science. My wish is to travel around the world.3）主语为what引导的名词性从句时，表语多用不定式。 What strikes me most is to see him always busy. What made me fail is to ignore the facts. What he wanted to do was (to) become a skillful worker.（主语部分含有实义动词do时，作表语的不定式可省略to）3. 动词不定式作宾语：只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词：decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, offer, care, pretend, order, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。 意义不同：stop / go on/ remember/ forget/ regret/ try/ mean能用动词不定式或动名词作宾语的动词 意义差别不大：start / begin/like/love/ prefer 形式宾语：think, believe, consider, feel, find, make等后常用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语仍是动词不定式： They find it difficult to repay the money.4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语 1）“动词+宾语+动词不定式宾补”这样的动词有：ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind, permit, forbid, advise, teach, beg, cause, encourage, intend, like, love, prefer, require, teach, tell, wish, think, wait for, call on, 2）在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。当他们转换成被动语态时，作为主语补足语的不定式必须带to。（五看三使两听一感觉）Nobody saw him come in.She was seen to enter the room last night.【特别提示】get 也能当使役动词，表示“使、让、叫”之意，相当于have，但两者也有所不同。have sb. do sth. get sb. to do sth. 使/让/叫某人去做某事have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做have sb./sth. doing sth. 使/让/叫某人/物持续地做某事get sb./sth. doing 使/让/叫某人/物开始行动起来Youd better have/get your hair cut.He managed to get the horse running.3）在动词help后，做宾补和宾语的不定式符号to带不带都可以。He helped her walk across the street.He often helps do some housework at home.4）think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, imagine, prove等动词的英语后可与带to be结构，也可以省略。 【特别提示】如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用不定式的完成式。另外，这些动词也常用作被动语态后接不定式作主补。He found the answer (to be) satisfactory.We considered him to have acted excellently.【知识扩充】常跟不带to的不定式的结构有：had better 最好 may/might as well 不妨；还是的好would rather(that) 宁愿（也不）do no more than 只不过would rather than 宁愿（也不）have nothing to do but 只好would soonerthan 宁愿（也不）cannot help butcannot but 不得不；只得 why do sth.? 为什么做某事？cannot choose butwhy not do sth.? 为什么不做某事？4动词不定式做定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：1）动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. 如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem.2）主谓关系被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语，当名词被first, last, second以及only等词修饰时，其后可用不定式作定语。且充当定语的不定式不含有将来意义或情态意义，却经常含有过去意义。She was the first to come.He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats. 3）用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。Do you have the ability to read and write English?I have a chance to go sight-seeing.4）主动表被动不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系，且句中有动词不定式动作的执行者 We have lots of difficulties to overcome for the time being. Im going to Beijing. Do you have anything to be taken to your brother?在“be + 性质形容词 + 不定式”结构中此类形容词有easy, hard, difficult, interesting, heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”）Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”）在there be 结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须被完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do. (Someone has to do the work. )There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done. )请注意下面两个句子的含义的不同点：There is nothing to do. (无事可做，感到十分乏味。)There is nothing to be done. (某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。)6. 不定式做状语: 1）目的状语：He sat down to have a rest. (表目的)They went there to visit their teacher. 他们去那里拜访老师。（表目的）注意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用in order to (为了) 或so as to (以便) + 动词原形。so as to 不用于句首。He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车。The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客。2）结果状语：He woke up only / just to find everybody gone.他醒来发现大家都走了。（表示结果）My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China. 我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放。（表示结果）【知识拓展】 so as to do sth. We have got so plenty of food as to treat our guests. such as to do sth. 其中的动词不定式作结果状语。 enough to do sth. Is that room big enough to seat all of us? too to do sth.3）原因状语：在某些表示喜、怒、衷、乐等形容词作表语时，后跟不定式表示产生某种情绪或状态的原因。I am very glad to see you. 我非常高兴地见到你。I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。这种形容词有：glad, sad, happy, sorry, pleased, ready, surprised, disappointed, shocked等。 4）作评论性状语 此时不定式用来表明说话者的观点和态度，放在句子之外， 修饰整个句子。【评论性状语】to tell you the truth说实话to be sure/ certain的确；当然to be honest诚实地说to make matters/things worse更糟糕的是to be frank坦诚地说to put it another way换句话说to sum up总之to make a long story short长话短说to begin with首先not to mention更不用说to start with首先needless to say不用说to put it briefly简而言之7、不定式符号to 的保留问题1）不定式省to在had better, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner.than（宁愿而不）, cannot but（不得不、只好）, why (not)等结构后面的不定式符号to通常被省略。 动词不定式短语作介词but, except, besides的宾语,且介词之前有行为动词do或它的其它形式时,不定式符号to通常被省略。两个或多个不定式短语表示并列关系时,后面不定式短语的不定式符号to通常被省略;如果表示对比关系,则不定式中的不定式符号to通常要保留。They didnt tell me whether to go on or to stop.(对比关系)他们没有告诉我是继续下去还是停止。She told the child to stay there and wait till she came back.(并列关系)她让孩子待在那里等她回来。2）不定式省do留to 为了避免重复,在hope, wish, want, like, love, decide, plan, mean, prefer, want, have to, be able to, be going to, used to, ought to等动词及习语后面出现与上文相同的不定式时,常保留不定式符号to,而把其它部分省略。 Ms King lied to us because she had to. 注意：在特定的上下文中,为了避免重复,如果不定式为一般式to be.或完成式to have done时,则不定式符号to和be或have常一并保留,be或have之后的部分通常要省略。Arent you the headmaster? 你难道不是校长吗?No, and I dont want to be. 我不是,而且我也不想当。Hasnt he finished writing the report? 难道他还没写完报告吗?No, but he ought to have. 是的,但他本来应该写完。当不定式在ask, advise, persuade, wish, allow, permit, tell, expect, force, invite, beg等动词后面充当宾语补足语时,为了避免重复,常保留不定式符号,而把后面的动词省略。She wants to come but her parents wont allow her to. If he doesnt want to go there, dont force him to. He didnt come, though we had invited him to. B动名词1、动名词的复合结构“形容词性的物主代词/名词所有格+动名词”称为动名词的复合结构，在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语等。物主代词和名词所有格是动名词的逻辑主语。Do you mind my/me smoking here?I insisted on my husband/husbands paying the bill.【特别提示】在以下情况时，动名词的逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格： 动名词作主语时His smoking caused the fire in the forest.Her coming to help encouraged all of us.类似advise兼有advise doing和advise sb. to do sth.两种结构的词（如：allow, forbid, permit），doing前的逻辑主语只能用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。The doctor advised his/Mikes giving up smoking.The doctor advised him/Mike to give up smoking. there be的动名词的复合结构为there beingWhats the chance of there being a rain tomorrow?2、动名词的时态和语态 主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done 1）完成式所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前。He was accused of having stolen a watch.2）一般式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作的同时或之后。 Children enjoy watching cartoons.【知识拓展】有些动词可用动名词的一般式也可用完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。I dont remember meeting/having met you somewhere.Thank you for giving/having given us so much help.3、动名词作主语：动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。（1）用形式主语it的句型（此处不能用不定式）It is / was no use / good It is / was not any use / good It is / was of little use / good + doing sth.It is / was useless It is / was a waste of (time) It is / was worthwhile /worth ones whileIt is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。It is of little good staying up too late every day. 每天都熬夜没有什么好处（2）There is no +动名词There is no sense/ no point in doing sth. 是毫无意义的There is no saying what may happen.很难说将会发生什么事。There is no point in getting angry. 发火是没有用的。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史的车轮不可阻挡。【注意】若主语和表语都是非谓语动词，应保持形式上的一致。Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。4、动名词作宾语 1）下列动词只能用动名词作宾语，请牢记下列小诗：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成停欣赏，不禁介意准逃亡。consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk be used to, pay attention to, thank you for,give up, look forward to,cant stand (无法忍受),apologize for,stick to,be busy (in),lead to, devote to, object to,insist on, have difficulty / trouble (in),put off,get down to,feel likecant help have a good / wonderful /hard time (in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。 The squirrels was lucky that it just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 2）下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事forget doing sth. 忘记已经做过某事remember to do sth. 记住去做某事remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth. 后悔/遗憾去做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情try to do sth. 努力/试图做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事mean to do sth. 意欲/想/企图做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续做同一件事(=go on with sth.)cant help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事 She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot to turn it off. I usually go there by train. Why not try going by boat for a change ? You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret having done that. 3）动词like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可。如表示经常性的行为可用动名词，如表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。但要注意：如果like, love, prefer 前有would /should 后面则应接动词不定式。I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.Id like to go swimming this weekend. 4）在动词allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。 allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth. We dont allow smoking here.allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth. We dont allow students to smoke.5）动词need, require, want 作“需要”解时，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外，若动词need 表“需要”，require 表“要求”，want 表“想要”这些意义时，其后须接名词或代词作宾语，然后接不定式作宾语补足语。need / require / want doing / to be done need / require / want sb. to do sth. be worth + n. (表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词) be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy of + n. 值得 be worthy to be done The window needs / requires / wants cleaning. The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned. 窗户需要擦一下。The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of a visit. The place is worthy of being visited. The place is worthy to be visited. 那个地方值得一去。 only one of these books is worth reading. -What do you think of the book ? - Oh, excellent, Its worth reading a second time. 5、动名词作表语 动名词作表语与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容。主语和表语可互换位置。 Your task is cleaning the window. Cleaning the window is your task.6、动名词作定语 表示被修饰词的某种用途，位于被修饰词之前。 a walking stick (a stick for walking; a stick which is used for walking) a washing machine 洗衣机an operating table 手术台 a reading room 阅览室a writing table 写字台 a bathing cap 浴帽reading materials 阅读材料 a changing room 更衣室 closing speech 闭幕演讲 a waiting room 等候室；候诊室a smoking room 吸烟室 a guessing game 猜字游戏a dancing hall 舞厅 a collecting tin 募捐箱sleeping pills 安眠药 a hiding place 藏身处a racing bicycle 赛车C 现在分词现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。1、现在分词的时态和语态：1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2现在分词的句法功能： 1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.2）现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。be + doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。4）现在分词作状语： 作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。 作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。 作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。 作条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。 作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。 作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。 与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。【注意】有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 作评论性状语：Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.从外表看，他一定是个演员。英语中有一部分分词短语，它独立存在，没有自己的逻辑主语。这些分词短语已成为固定的习惯用语，常被看做句子的插入语，常见的有：generally speaking 一般说来strictly(honestly/frankly/roughly/broadly) speaking 严格/诚实/坦白/大致/从广义说来considering 考虑到judging from/by 由判断seeing 鉴于，由于given考虑到allowing for 考虑到D 过去分词过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。过去分词的句法功能：1过去分词作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。【注意】当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2过去分词作表语：The window is broken. 窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。【注意】be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。 boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。3过去分词作宾语补足语：I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done, they went out to