动词时态 (3).doc

专题八 动词时态【知识网络】（一）一般现在时一般现在时常以动词原形表示，但当主语是第三人称单数时，应用动词的单数第三人称形式。一般现在时主要有以下几种用法：1、一般现在时表示现在经常发生或习惯性的行为或状态，常与usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等时间状语连用： He always sleeps with the windows open.2、一般现在时表示主语的性格、特征、能力等：He works hard.3、一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理，也用在格言中：The sun rises in the east.4、在时间、条件状语从句中表将来的动作：The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.5、表示安排或计划好的将来动作，通常限于表示”运动”的动词，如：go, come, leave, start等：he train starts at 10 oclock in the morning.（二）一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态，常和表示过去的时间连用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用1、表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。2、表示过去某一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作常与often，usually，seldom等表示频度的副词连用：When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.3、在条件、时间状语从句中，常用一般过去时代替过去将来时：They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.4、表示虚拟语气这一用法只适用于某些特定的句型，表示现在或将来的非真实、主观意图或愿望。If only I had a better memory.要是我的记忆力好一点就好了。If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比赛就会延期举行。（三）一般将来时1、一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。2、一般将来时的其他表达法（1）“be going to+动词原形”表将来这种结构表示打算、计划、决定要做的事或肯定要发生的事。They are going to meet outside the school gate.还可表示说话人根据已有的事实或迹象，认为某事即将发生、肯定会发生或可能出现的情况。I think Im going to die. Look at the cloud. Its going to rain.这种结构表示“肯定、预测，注定会”。在这种情况下可以和“think, hope, want, believe, like”等表示静态的动词连用： He failed in the exam; he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.（2）“be about to+动词原形”表将来“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。（3）“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见：Theres to be a slide show this afternoon.You are to hand in your papers by 10 oclock.（4）用现在进行时来表示将来现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用：Im leaving for Tibet on Sunday.（5）一般现在时表示将来用一般现在时表示根据规定预计要发生、安排或计划好的将来的动作。这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 oclock in the morning.飞机上午8点起飞。（四）现在进行时现在进行时由“助动词be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”构成。它的用法如下：1、表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。2、表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。3、表示将来的动作,表示某个按最近的计划或安排将要进行的动作，或即将开始或进行的动作。常用的这类词go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用，以区别此刻正在进行的动作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要来看你。4、表达褒贬等感情色彩。和always, forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。He is constantly leaving his things about.他时常乱丢东西。（表责怪）He is always working hard.他总是学习很用功。（表赞赏）Theyre forever quarrelling about something.他们老是为某件事争吵。(不满)5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的动词用于进行时可以表示婉转的语气Im wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚来一会儿。（五）过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作。构成过去进行时常由“助动词be的过去时was/were+现在分词”构成。用法如下：1、表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.2、用来描写故事发生的背景 在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作：It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.3、代替过去将来时用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置转移的动词，以表示过去将要发生的动作。4、表达褒贬等感情色彩过去进行时也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等连用，表示说话人的主观感情，如赞扬、不满、厌烦等。He was always trying out new ideas.（六）现在完成时现在完成时由“助动词have/has+过去分词”构成。现在完成时的用法如下：1、表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not.yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。I have already posted the photos.2、表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等。They have lived in Beijing since 2002.注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.3、表示到现在为止的一段时间内重复发生的动作。常与often, always 等连用He has been late for class every morning this week.这个星期他每天早晨都迟到。My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向骑车上班 4、用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他会回来的。5、用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ that从句”中在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词：This is the first time I have been here.Itll be the first time Ive spoken in public6、“It (This) is the best ( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成：This is the best film Ive ever seen. This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.7、现在完成时可以表示反问的语气（与when连用）或感情色彩- Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?库珀是谁呀？- Havent you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting. 你还没见过他？我看见你和他在开会时握手了。8、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）He has lived here since 1972.1972年以来他一直住在这里。（他现在还住在这里）He lived here in 1972.1972年他们住在这里。（不涉及到现在是否还住在这里）（七）过去完成时过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。用法如下：1、过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。2、表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。3、用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。5、用在 “It was the first/second/thirdtime that”句型中，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.7、过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely when, no sooner than等副词的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。（八）过去将来时过去将来时一般由 “助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形”构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。用法如下：1、表示对过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。I thought they would come to help me. He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.2、表示过去的某种习惯行为He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。3、过去将来时的其它表达法（1）was/were going to表示过去的打算和意图：He was going to start work the following week.（打算）表示没有实现的打算和意图：He was going to come last night, but it rained. (没实现)I thought the film was going to be interesting.（结果不是）（2）was/were to+动词原形这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.( 注定要发生的事情)那时他不知道辞职将会成为他生活的转折点。She said she was to take up the position. (表示打算)他说他打算上任。She said she was to have taken up the position. ( 计划但未能实现) 他说他本打算上任。（3）was / were about to动词原形was / were about to动词原形，表示过去即将发生的事。The meeting was about to be held the following day.会议打算第二天开。（4）表示位置转移的动词 (如go，come，leave，start等)的过去进行时，表示按照过去的计划安排将在过去将来发生的事情。I didnt know you were coming.我不知道你会来。（九）其他时态1、现在完成进行时；2、将来进行时；3、将来完成时；4、过去完成进行时【高考试题】1.Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time?Yes, since she _ the Chinese Society. A. has joined B. joinsC. had joinedD. joined2. We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we _ each other for years. A. knew B. had known C. have known D. know3. He _ football regularly for many years when he was young. A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played4. My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live5. According to the literary review, Shakespeare his charities live through their language in his plays. A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes 6. At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport _ that it will going a lot jobs to the area.A. is B. are C. will be D. were 7. -Do you want a lift home? -Its very kind of you, but I have to work late in the office. I overslept this morning because my morning clock _. A. doesnt go off B. wont gone C. wasnt going off D. didnt go on 8. Scientists have many theories about how the universe _ into being Ks5uA. came B. was coming C. had come D. would come Ks5u9. When I talked with my grandma on the phone, she sounded weak, but by the time we _ up , her voice had been full of life. A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hang Ks5u10. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather _ with them to school. Ks5u A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take Ks5【专题突破】1. So far this year we _ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent. A. saw B. see C. had seen D. have seen2. Scientists think that the continents _ always where they _ today. A. arent; are B. arent; were C. werent; are D. werent; were 3. They _ on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we _ on it as no good results have come out so far. A. had been working; are still working B. had worked; were still working C. have worked; were still working D. have worked; are still working4. The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992. A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed5.-_David and Vicky _married? -For about three years. A. How long were; being B. How long have; got C. How long have; been D. How long did; get6. When the old man _ to walk back to his house, the sun _ itself behind the mountain. A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid7. If their marketing plans succeed, they _ their sales by 20 percent. A. will increase B. have been increasing C. have increased D. would be increasing8. No decisionabout any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.A. will be madeB. is madeC. is being madeD. has been made9. Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya?Who_it?A. writesB. has writtenC. wroteD. had written10. As soon as he comes back, Ill tell him when _ and see him. A. you will come B. will you come C. you come D. do you come【强化训练】I. Multiple choice:1. We _ with you for the time being. A. will stay B. will be staying C. would stay D. have stayed 2. Who sings best in your class? Mary _. A. is B. does C. do D. sings3. Tom, did Mr. Li join you in your discussion? No, he _, but he happened to have fallen ill. A. would like to B. will C. was to have D. was going to join4. Did he notice you enter the room? I dont think so. He _ to the radio with his eyes shut.A. listened B. was listening C. has listened D. had listened5. It was not long before the water _ cold. A. is feeling B. feels C. felt D. was feeling 6. I _ as soon as you come back.A. went B. have gone C. am going D. shall go 7. The scientist _ Canada and he will give us a talk when he _ back. A. has gone to/comes B. has been to/will come C. has gone to/will come D. has been to/comes 8. He found his book this morning, but now he _ his pen. A. loses B. is missing C. has lost D. lost9. She _ to her hometown several times. A. has been B. has gone C. went D. is going 10. It _ Jane and Mary who helped me the other day. A. is B. was C. are D. were 11. I _ to bed when the telephone rang. A. have been B. went C. am going D. was going 12. Jane _ some washing this time yesterday. A. is doing B. had done C. was doing D. did 13. When I got to the school, the first class _. A. had begun B. began C. is beginning D. has begun 14. Mother promised she _ me an English-Chinese dictionary. A. is buying B. will buy C. would buy D. has bought 15. She objects to _ loud music _ while she reads newspapers. A. have/play B. have/played C. having/played D. have/playing 16. If it _, we will go to visit the zoo. A. not rains B. doesnt rain C. wont rain D. isnt going to rain 17. Our English teacher _ all the exercise books last Friday evening. A. has corrected B. will correct C. had corrected D. corrected 18. She _ to the office than she got down to writing the report. A. has no