《英语科技写作与沟通技巧》PPT课件.pptx

CollageofSoftwareBeihangUniversity ContactUs ScientificPaperWritingLecture1 Mar12 2016 2020 3 17 1 Howmuchdoyouknowaboutacademicwriting Findoutbydoingthisfunquiz 1 Themaindifferencebetweenacademicwritingandnormalwritingisthatacademicwriting a useslongerwords b triestobepreciseandunbiased c ishardertounderstand AcademicWritingQuiz 1 2Thedifferencebetweenaprojectandanessayis a essaysarelonger b projectsarelonger c studentschooseprojects topics3Teacherscomplainmostaboutstudents a notansweringthequestiongiven b notwritingenough c notreferencingproperly 2020 3 17 3 4Thebesttimetowriteanintroductionisoften a rst b last c afterwritingthemainbody5Plagiarismis adangerousdiseaseanacademicoffence c anacademicwebsite 2020 3 17 4 6Makingcarefulnotesisessentialfor a writingessays b revisingforexams c allacademicwork7Anin textcitationlookslike a Manton 2008 b RichardManton 2008 c Manton R 2008 2020 3 17 5 8Paraphrasingatextmeans a makingitshorter b changingalotofthevocabulary c addingmoredetail9Paragraphsalwayscontain a sixormoresentences b anexample c atopicsentence 2020 3 17 6 10Thepurposeofanintroductionis a togiveyouraimsandmethods b toexcitethereader c tosummariseyourideas11Proofreadingmeans a gettingafriendtocheckyourwork b checkingforminorerrors c Rewriting 2020 3 17 7 12Teachersexpectstudentstoadoptacriticalapproachtotheirsources sometimesonlyforMaster sworkalways 2020 3 17 8 AcademicwritingTranslationstrategies CourseContent Unit1 TheWritingFoundationsUnit2 WritingStagesUnit3 ElementsofWritingIUnit4 ElementsofWritingIIUnit5 WritingModels 2020 3 17 9 Attendance 20 Classperformance 20 Finalpaper 60 Topic major work relatedForm asurveyreportwithnolessthan1500words Assessment 2020 3 17 10 WritingFoundations Topic1 BackgroundtoWritingTopic2 AvoidingPlagiarismTopic3 SummarisingandParaphrasing 2020 3 17 11 Topic1 BackgroundtoWriting 2020 3 17 12 Thepurposeofacademicwriting toansweraquestionthewriterhasbeengivenorchosen toreportapieceofresearchthewriterhasconducted tosynthesizeresearchdonebyothersonatopic 2020 3 17 13 Commontypesofacademicwriting Apieceofresearch eitherindividualorgroupwork withthetopicchosenbythestudent s Thelongestpieceofwritingnormallydonebyastudent 20 000 words oftenforahigherdegree onatopicchosenbythestudent Ageneraltermforanyacademicessay reportorarticle Astudyofsomethingthathashappened e g asurveyastudenthasconducted Themostcommontypeofwrittenwork withthetitlegivenbytheteacher normally1 000 5 000words Awrittenrecordofthemainpointsofatextorlecture forastudent spersonaluse 2020 3 17 14 Shortessays Introduction MainBody Conclusion Theformatoflongandshortwritingtasks Longeressays Introduction MainBody Conclusion Literaturereview Casestudies Discussion References Appendices 2020 3 17 15 Dissertationsandjournalarticles AbstractListofcontentsListoftablesIntroductionMainbodyLiteraturereviewCasestudyFindingsDiscussion ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferencesAppendices 2020 3 17 16 Findthewordsinthelistsabovethatmatchthefollowingdefinitions Ashortsummaryof100 200wordswhichexplainsthepaper spurposeandmainfindings Alistofallthesourcesthewriterhasmentionedinthetext Asection attheend whereadditionalinformationisincluded abstract references appendix 2020 3 17 17 Ashortsectionwherepeoplewhohavehelpedthewriterarethanked Partofthemainbodyinwhichtheviewsofotherwritersonthetopicarediscussed Asectionwhereoneparticularexampleisdescribedindetail literaturereview acknowledgements casestudy 2020 3 17 18 Theformatofacademicwriting Readthetextbelowandidentifythefeaturesunderlined usingthewordsinthebox sentenceheadingsub titleparagraphtitlephrase a TheEffectivenessofMicrocredit b AnevaluationofprogramsinIndiaandthePhilippines c Introduction title sub title heading 2020 3 17 19 Inthelasttenyears considerableclaimshavebeenmadeaboutthevalueofmicrocredit alsoknownasmicrofinance theprovisionofunsecuredsmallloanstothepoorindevelopingcountries Butithasprovedsurprisinglydifficulttoaccuratelymeasuretheeffectivenessoftheseloans withoutinterferencefromothernon commercialfactors phrase sentence 2020 3 17 20 Tworecentstudieshaveattemptedtocomparetheeffectsonrandomlychosengroupsofpeoplewithaccesstomicrocredit comparedtothosewithout Thefirst Bannerjeeetal 2009 basedatMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology MIT lookedatslumdwellersinthecityofHyderabadinIndia whilethesecond KarlanandZinman 2009 comparedborrowersandnon borrowersinthePhilippines Overall neitherstudyfoundevidencethatmicrocredithadanyeffectinreducingpoverty althoughitmayhavesomeotherpositiveaspectssuchasreducingtheconsumptionofalcoholortobacco paragraph 2020 3 17 21 Topic2 AvoidingPlagiarism 2020 3 17 22 Whatisplagiarism Basically plagiarismmeanstakingideasorwordsfromasource e g abookorjournal withoutgivingcredit acknowledgement totheauthor Inacademicwork ideasandwordsareseenasprivatepropertybelongingtothepersonwhofirstthoughtorwrotethem Ifyouborroworrefertotheworkofanotherperson youmustshowthatyouhavedonethisbyprovidingthecorrectacknowledgement 2020 3 17 23 SummaryandcitationRodgers 2007 arguesthatfamily ownedbusinessessurviverecessionsbetter QuotationandcitationAsRodgersmaintains Thereisstrongevidencefortheresilienceoffamilybusinessesinrecessionarytimes Rodgers 2007 23 2020 3 17 24 Thesecitationsarelinkedtoalistofreferencesattheendofthemaintext whichincludethefollowingdetails 2020 3 17 25 Degreesofplagiarism Workingwithapartner considerthefollowingacademicsituationsanddecideiftheyareplagiarism Y Y Y N Copyingaparagraph butchangingafewwordsandgivingacitation Cuttingandpastingashortarticlefromawebsite withnocitation Takingtwoparagraphsfromaclassmate sessay withoutcitation Takingagraphfromatextbook givingthesource 2020 3 17 26 27 Y Y Y N N Y N Takingaquotationfromasource givingacitationbutnotusingquotationmarks Usinganideathatyouthinkofasgeneralknowledge e g theGreatDepressionwascausedbyrestrictionsonfreetrade withoutcitation Usingaparagraphfromanessayyouwroteandhadmarkedtheprevioussemester withoutcitation Usingtheresultsofyourownresearch e g fromasurvey withoutcitation Discussinganessaytopicwithagroupofclassmatesandusingsomeoftheirideasinyourownwork Givingacitationforsomeinformationbutmisspellingtheauthor sname 2020 3 17 Howtoavoidplagiarism 2020 3 17 28 Avoidingplagiarismbysummarisingandparaphrasing Quotationsshouldnotbeoverused soyoumustlearntoparaphraseandsummariseinordertoincludeotherwriters ideasinyourwork Paraphrasinginvolvesrewritingatextsothatthelanguageissubstantiallydifferentwhilethecontentstaysthesame Summarisingmeansreducingthelengthofatextbutretainingthemainpoints 2020 3 17 29 Avoidingplagiarismbydevelopinggoodstudyhabits PositivehabitsPlanyourworkcarefullysoyoudon thavetowritetheessayatthelastminute Takecaretomakenotesinyourownwords notcopyingfromthesource Keeparecordofallthesourcesyouuse e g author date title pagenumbers publisher Makesureallyourin textcitationsareincludedinthelistofreferences 2020 3 17 30 Topic3 SummarisingandParaphrasing 2020 3 17 31 Whatmakesagoodsummary Writeasummaryofoneofthetopicsbelowinnomorethan20words a Acompanyyouareworkingfor b Atownorcityyouknowwell c AproductyouhaverecentlyboughtAgoodsummary selectionofmostimportantaspects cleardescription accuracy 2020 3 17 32 Summarisingisaflexibletool Youcanuseittogiveaone sentenceoutlineofanarticle ortoprovidemuchmoredetail dependingonyourneeds Generally asummaryfocusesonthemainideasandexcludesexamplesorsupportinginformation 2020 3 17 33 Stagesofsummarising Readtheoriginaltextcarefullyandcheckanynewordifficultvocabulary Markthekeypointsbyunderliningorhighlighting Makenotesofthekeypoints paraphrasingwherepossible Writethesummaryfromyournotes reorganisingthestructureifneeded Checkthesummarytoensureitisaccurateandnothingimportanthasbeenchangedorlost 2020 3 17 34 PracticeA DISRUPTIVETECHNOLOGYThisphrasewasfirstusedbyJosephBowerandClaytonChristensen oftheHarvardBusinessSchool in1995 Theyemployedittodescribeanewtechnologythatappealstoaminoritysectionofthemarket butalargeenoughminoritytoallowthetechnologytotakerootanddevelop Companiesthatcontinuetousetheoldertechnologyruntheriskofbeingleftbehindiftheydonotadopttheinnovationattherightmoment Aclearexampleinthemid 1990swasthedigitalcamera Thefirstmodelshadlowerpicturequalitythanfilmcamerasandwereexpensive Buttheirimportantadvantagesweretheabilityofthephotographertoseetheresultsimmediately andbeingabletodownloadtheimagestoacomputerforstorage printingoremailing Sincethen digitalcamerashavecompletelytransformedtheindustry Thebusinessofmakingfilmhasalmostvanished andthevastmajorityofcamerassoldarenowdigital 2020 3 17 35 Summary Digitalcamerasareagoodexampleofadisruptivetechnology atermusedbyBowerandChristensenofHarvardBusinessSchoolin1995todescribeanewtechnologythatinitiallywinsenoughmarketsharetosurviveanddevelop Thesecamerasatfirstproducedinferiorpictures buthadtheadvantagesofshowingthephotoinstantly andallowingtheusertodownloadtheimage Inafewyears theybecamedominantinthecameramarket whiletraditionalfilmcameraswerealmostredundant 2020 3 17 36 Paraphrasing 2020 3 17 37 Paraphrasing Paraphrasingandsummarisingarenormallyusedtogetherinessaywriting butwhilesummarisingaimstoreduceinformationtoasuitablelength paraphrasingattemptstorestatetherelevantinformation Forexample TherehasbeenmuchdebateaboutthereasonsfortheIndustrialRevolutionhappeningineighteenth centuryBritain ratherthaninFranceorGermany couldbeparaphrased WhytheIndustrialRevolutionoccurredintheUKintheeighteenthcentury insteadofonthecontinent hasbeenthesubjectofconsiderablediscussion 2020 3 17 38 Notethataneffectiveparaphraseusually hasadifferentstructuretotheoriginal hasmainlydifferentvocabulary retainsthesamemeaning keepssomephrasesfromtheoriginalthatareincommonuse e g IndustrialRevolution or eighteenthcentury 2020 3 17 39 Practice THECAUSESOFTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONAllen 2009 arguesthatthebestexplanationfortheBritishlocationoftheindustrialrevolutionisfoundbystudyingdemandfactors BytheearlyeighteenthcenturyhighwagesandcheapenergywerebothfeaturesoftheBritisheconomy Consequently themechanisationofindustrythroughsuchinventionsasthesteamengineandmechanicalspinningwasprofitablebecauseemployerswereabletoeconomiseonlabourbyspendingoncoal Atthattime noothercountryhadthisparticularcombinationofexpensivelabourandabundantfuel 2020 3 17 40 AfocusondemandmayhelptoexplaintheUKoriginoftheIndustrialRevolution Atthattime workers paywashigh butenergyfromcoalwasinexpensive Thisencouragedthedevelopmentofmechanicalinventionsbasedonsteampower whichenabledbossestosavemoneybymechanisingproduction Allen 2009 ThereasonwhyBritainwasthebirthplaceoftheIndustrialRevolutioncanbeunderstoodbyanalysingdemandintheearly1700s accordingtoAllen 2009 Hemaintainsthat uniquely Britainhadthecriticalcombinationofcheapenergyfromcoalandhighlabourcosts Thisencouragedtheadoptionofsteampowertomechaniseproduction thussavingonwagesandincreasingprofitability Quitegood butlackofprecision atthattime andunsuitableregister bosses Thebestparaphrase withallmainpointsincludedandasignificantlydifferentstructure 2020 3 17 41 c Allen 2009 claimsthattheclearestexplanationfortheUKlocationoftheIndustrialRevolutionisseenbyexaminingdemandfactors Bytheeighteenthcentury cheapenergyandhighwageswerebothaspectsoftheBritisheconomy Asaresult themechanisationofindustrythroughinventionssuchasthesteamengineandmechanicalspinningwasprofitablebecauseemployerswereabletosavemoneyonlabourbyspendingoncoal Atthattime Britainwastheonlycountrywithsignificantdepositsofcoal Apoorparaphrase withonlyafewwordschangedandextraandinaccurateinformationadded Britainwastheonlycountry 2020 3 17 42 a Changingvocabularybyusingsynonyms arguesclaimseighteenthcentury1700swageslabourcostseconomisesaveNB Donotattempttoparaphraseeveryword sincesomehavenotruesynonym e g demand economy energy Techniquesforparaphrasing 2020 3 17 43 b Changingwordclass explanation n explain v mechanical adj mechanize v profitable adj profitability n Techniquesforparaphrasing 2020 3 17 44 c Changingwordorder thebestexplanationfortheBritishlocationoftheindustrialrevolutionisfoundbystudyingdemandfactors AfocusondemandmayhelpexplaintheUKoriginoftheindustrialrevolution Techniquesforparaphrasing Notethatinpractice allthesethreetechniquesareusedatthesametime 2020 3 17 45 Thegrowthofthecarindustryparallelsthedevelopmentofmoderncapitalism ItbeganinFranceandGermany buttookoffintheUnitedStates ThereHenryFordadaptedthemovingproductionlinefromtheChicagomeatindustrytomotormanufacturing thusinventingmassproduction Inthe1920sAlfredSloan smanagementtheorieshelpedGeneralMotorstobecometheworld sdominantcarcompany Afterthesecondworldwarthecarmakersfocusedonthestylingoftheirproductstoencouragemorefrequentmodelchanges Fromthe1970stherewascriticismoftheindustryduetotheinefficiencyofmostvehicles whichusedpetrolwastefully Atthesametime tradesunionsbecameincreasinglymilitantindefenseoftheirmembers jobs Todaytheindustryownssomeofthemostfamousbrandsintheworld However manycarmakersarecurrentlythreatenedbyincreasedcompetitionandsaturatedmarkets Readthefollowingtextandthenpractisethetechniquesillustratedabove Practice 2020 3 17 46 a Findsynonymsforthewordsunderlined i Thegrowthofthecarindustryparallelsthedevelopmentofmoderncapitalism Example Theriseoftheautomobileindustrymatchestheprogressofcontemporarycapitalism ii ItbeganinFranceandGermany buttookoffintheUnitedStates ItstartedinFranceandGermany butacceleratedintheUnitedStates iii ThereHenryFordadaptedthemovingproductionlinefromtheChicagomeatin