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2020 3 17 1 ChapterSixRegionalTradeOrganization LecturedbyJonathanZHONG 2020 3 17 2 RegionalTradeOrganization TheEuropeanUnionandEClawAsiaPacificEconomicCooperationAssociationofSouthEastAsianNationsNorthAmericaFreeTradeAgreementAustralia NewZealandCloserEconomicRelations 2020 3 17 3 TheEuropeanUnionandEClaw HistoricalreviewThelegalframeworkoftheEUThestructureoftheEUTheEUCouncilTheEUCommissionTheEUParliamentTheEUCourtofJusticeAreasofcooperationwithintheEUFreemovementwithintheEURelationshipbetweentheEUandtheWTO 2020 3 17 4 Historicalreview EU standsfortheEuropeanUnion Itcurrentlyconsistsof25countries TheECSCTreaty欧洲煤钢共同条约cameintoexistencein1952andthecommunitywasestablishedinthesameyear In1957 thesamesixcountriesmadetheEuropeanEconomicCommunityTreaty EEUTreaty andtheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunityTreaty EuratomTreaty BothtreatiesarealsoknownastheTreatiesofRome Theybecameeffectivein1958 In1987 theSingleEuropeanActwasconcluded whichpromotesthenotionoftheEuropeanUnionforwidercooperationamongthemembers On7February1992 theTreatyonEuropeanUnion TEUTreatyorMasstrichtTreaty wasconcluded andenteredintoforceon1November1993 TheEUmayenteritsfourthstageinthetwenty firstcentury ApoliticalagreementonAgenda2000 wasreachedbyEUleaderson26March1999ThesecountriesbecamemembersofEUon1May2004 2020 3 17 5 ThelegalframeworkoftheEU InbroadtermsthelegalframeworkoftheEUconsistsofthefollowingtreatiesandinstruments theTreatyonEuropeanUnion theMaastrichtTreaty TheEuropeanCommunityTreaty formerlytheEECTreaty TheEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunityTreaty EAEEC Regulations whicharedirectlyappliedwithintheEUwithouttheneedfornationalmeasurestoimplementthem Directives whichbindmemberstatesastotheobjectivestobeachievedwhileleavingnationalauthoritiesthepowertochoosetheformandmeansoftheirimplementation Decisions whichmaybeaddressedtoanyorallmemberstates enterprisesorindividuals andarebindinginalltheiraspectsuponthosetowhomtheyareaddressed andRecommendationsandopinions whicharenotbinding 2020 3 17 6 ThestructureoftheEU TheorgansoftheEUare TheCounciloftheEuropeanUnion EUCouncil TheEuropeanCommissionTheEuropeanParliamentTheEuropeanCourtofJusticeTheCourtofAuditorsTheEconomicandSocialCommitteeTheCommitteeoftheRegionsTheEuropeanInvestmentBank 2020 3 17 7 TheEUCouncil OperationoftheEUCouncilDecision makingoftheEUCouncil 2020 3 17 8 OperationoftheEUCouncil TheEUCouncilisregulatedbyarts202 10oftheEUTreaty Ithaslegislativeanddecision makingpowerandisthemostpowerfulauthorityundertheEUTreaty dealingwitheverythingexceptforjudicialmatters Itisacouncilofministersandheadsofgovernment TheCouncilhastheCommitteeofPermanentRepresentativestoassistittodealWithmatterswhentheCouncilisnotinsession 2020 3 17 9 Decision makingoftheEUCouncil Thecouncilexercisesitspowertomakevariousdecisionsinaccordancewithart205oftheEUTreaty whichsetsoutthreewaysofmakingadecision Votingisdividedintotwotypes unanimousvoteandqualifiedmajorityvote PillarOne subjecttounanimous coversawiderangeofcommunitypoliciessuchasagriculture transport environment energy researchanddevelopment designedandimplementedaccordingtoawell provendecision makingprocesswhichbeginswithaCommissionproposal FortheothertwopillarscreatedbytheEUTreaty CommonForeignandSecurityPolicy PillarTwo andcooperationinthefieldsofJusticeandHomeAffairs PillarThree theCouncilisthedecision makeraswellasthepromoterofinitiatives Unanimityistheruleinbothpillars exceptfortheimplementingofajointactionwhichcanbedecidedbyqualifiedmajority Thequalifiedmajorityissubjecttotwofurtherqualifications whentheCouncilconsidersaproposalfromtheCommissioninpursuanceoftheEUTreaty itneeds62votesinfavortoadopttheproposal whentheCouncilconsidersanyothermatters itneeds10countrieswhosetotalvotesamountto62votesinfavortomakeadecision 2020 3 17 10 TheEUCommission TheEuropeanCommissionexercisesspecifiedfunctionsasdesignatedtoitbythetreaty orbythepowerdelegatedtoitbytheCouncil ItadministerstheoperationoftheEUTreaty andhasspecifieddecision makingpower TheCommissionhas30commissionerswhoarenationalsofEUmembers Generallyspeaking namesofpotentialcommissionersandpresidentoftheCommissionareprovidedbyeachmember TheCouncilmayappointcommissionersonthebasisoftheirindividualmerits TheappointmentneedstobeapprovedbytheParliament TheEUTreatyrequiresacountrytohaveaminimumofoneappointeeandamaximumoftwo Currently fivelargecountries France Germany Italy SpainandtheUnitedKingdom havetwocommissionerseachintheCommission CommissionersarerequiredtoactindependentlyintheinterestsoftheEU 2020 3 17 11 ThemajorfunctionsoftheEuropeanCommission EnforcerofEUlawsandregulations Initiatoroflegislation Decision makerHolderofdelegatedpower 2020 3 17 12 TheEUParliament TheParliamentisinvolvedinadoptingcommunitylegislationandtheECbudget ItsupervisestheactivitiesoftheCommissionandtheCouncilandexercisespowertoappointtheEuropeanOmbudsman 巡视员 调查员 Italsorepresentstheinterestsofthecitizen throughtheCommitteeonPetitions However theEuropeanParliamentisnotareallegislativebodyasweunderstandinadomesticcontext Itisnotinfactthehighestlaw makingbodyoftheEU theEUCouncilis ParliamentariansareelecteddirectlyfromtheEUcountries TheEuropeanParliamenthasbeengivenwiderpowersofinvolvementinthelegislativeprocesswithintheEU 2020 3 17 13 TheEUCourtofJustice TheEuropeanCourtofJusticeinterpretsandenforcestheEUTreatyandthelawsandregulationsoftheEU Itconsistsof15judgesandnineAdvocates General BothjudgesandAdvocates GeneralactindependentlyintheinterestsoftheEU ThefunctionoftheAdvocates General律师istoassistthecourttounderstandtheparticularnationallawconcerned ThecourtmayhearcomplaintsaboutbreachofEUlawsandregulationsbyacountryorbyaninstitutionwithintheEU IthasthepowertodealwithallegedbreachesoftheEUTreatybytheCouncil theCommissionandtheParliament 2020 3 17 14 AreasofcooperationwithintheEU theEUTreatysetoutthefollowingareasofcooperationforEUmembers developmentofacommonmarket eliminationofcustomsdutiesandquantitativerestrictions developmentofcommoncommercialpolicies establishmentofaninternalmarketbasedonfreemovementofgoods persons servicesandcapital developmentofacommonpolicyonagricultureandfisheries developmentofacommonpolicyontransport developmentofacommonpolicyoncompetition developmentofacommonpolicyontheEuropeanSocialFund developmentofacommonpolicyonenvironment promotionofresearchandnewtechnology developmentoftrans Europeannetworks attainmentofahighlevelofhealthprotection cooperationineducation trainingandculturalexchanges developmentofeconomicrelationshipswithothercountries consumerprotection andcooperationintheareasofenergy civilprotectionandtourism 2020 3 17 15 FreemovementofgoodsandserviceswithintheEU TheEUcreatesasinglemarketamongitsmembers Freemovementofgoodsandserviceshasthefollowingmeanings Membercountriesundertaketoreducegradually andeventuallytoabolish theexistingtariffsonimportsandexportswithintheEU Membersundertakenottoimposetaxesuponproductsofothermemberswhicharehigherthandomestictaxesonthesameproductsorwhichareimposedforthepurposeofindirectprotectionofdomesticproducts MembersundertaketoabolishquantitativecontrolofimportsandexportswithintheEU unlesstherestrictionsarenecessaryforthenationalinterest environmentalprotectionorprotectionofculturalheritage MembersundertaketoabolishgraduallyrestrictionsonfreemovementofserviceswithintheEU MembersundertaketoabolishgraduallyrestrictionsonthefreedomofbusinessestablishmentbynationalsofmembercountrieswithintheEU 2020 3 17 16 FreemovementofworkerswithintheEU Membersundertaketoadoptthesamedefinitionof ortestfordetermining aworker MembersundertaketoprovideequaltreatmentinaccordancewiththeEECTreatytoworkersofmembercountrieswithintheEU MembersundertaketoaccordfreedomofestablishmenttonationalsofmembercountrieswithintheEUinordertofacilitatefreemovementofworkers 2020 3 17 17 RelationshipbetweentheEUandtheWTO TheEUcameintoexistencebeforetheWTOwascreatedin1995 TherelationshipsbetweentheEUandWTOisregulatedbyartXIoftheWTOAgreement whichprovidesasfollows ThecontractingpartiestoGATT1947asofthedateofentryintoforceofthisAgreementandtheEuropeanCommunitieswhichacceptthisAgreementandtheMultilateralTradeAgreementsandforwhichSchedulesofConcessionsandCommitmentsareannexedtoGATT1994andforwhichSchedulesofSpecificCommitmentsareannexedtotheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServicesinAnnex1BshallbecomeoriginalMembersoftheWTO 2020 3 17 18 AsiaPacificEconomicCooperation AbriefhistoryAPECmembersNatureofAPECStructureofAPECAPECasamodeloftraderegulation 2020 3 17 19 Abriefhistory APECwasestablishedin1989inresponsetothegrowingeconomicinterdependencebetweenAsia pacificeconomies ThePeople sRepublicofChina HongKongandChineseTaipeibecamemembersofAPECin1991 APECmembers 2020 3 17 20 APECMeeting Therearetwotypesofmeetings theministerialmeetingandtheeconomicleaders meeting TheinitialyearsofAPECwerefocusedlargelyontheexchangesofviewsandproject basedinitiatives TheconcernsweresimplytoadvancetheprocessofAPECandtopromoteapositiveconclusiontotheUruguayRoundofGATTnegotiations Gradually APEChasevolvedintoaforumofgreatersubstanceandhigherpurpose namelytobuildtheAsia Pacificcommunity andtoachievehighereconomicgrowthandequitabledevelopmentthroughtradeandeconomiccooperation 2020 3 17 21 NatureofAPEC APECisnotyetaninternationalorganisation APECenteredanimportantnewerainNovember1993whenthegovernmentheadsofAPECmembersmetforthefirsttimeforinformaldiscussionsInsubsequentannualmeetings furtherrefinedthevisionandlaunchedmechanismstotranslatethevisionintoaction 2020 3 17 22 StructureofAPEC APECisnotyetaninternationalorganisation Nordoesithavethestructureofanorganisation ItsadministrationisperformedbytheSecretariat buttheSecretariatdoesnothaveanydecision makingpower Decisionsaremadeinthemembers meetings 2020 3 17 23 APECasamodeloftraderegulation CooperationofAPECmembershassofarbeenlargelyvoluntary MembereconomiesarestillexploringthemostefficientwaysofachievingcooperationanddevelopmentwithintheframeworkofAPEC withoutsacrificingtoomuchoftheirsovereigntyorautonomy 2020 3 17 24 AssociationofSouthEastAsianNations ABriefhistoryStructureofASEANAreasofcooperationASEANasamodeloftraderegulation 2020 3 17 25 ABriefhistory ASEANwasestablishedbyIndonesia Malaysia thePhilippines SingaporeandThailandin1967forthepurposeofpromotingpeace stability progressandprosperityinSouth eastAsia 2020 3 17 26 StructureofASEAN OverallstructureGovernmentmeetingsFunctionalcommitteesASEANSecretariat 2020 3 17 27 Overallstructure ASEANisaregionaltradeorganisationwithspecifiedfunctions MeetingsandcommitteeshavebeenorganisedtoimplementtheagreementsreachedbythegovernmentsofASEAN ThestructureofASEANisbasedonthreedivisions orthreetypesoforganisation thegovernmentmeetings thefunctionalcommitteesandtheSecretariat Decisionsaremadebyvariousmeetingsatthegovernmentlevel andareimplementedbythecommitteesandtheSecretariat Disputesbetweenmembersdonothaveformalstatus 2020 3 17 28 Governmentmeetings thegovernmentmeetingsareforawhereimportantdecisionscanbemadeandaresimilartoanydiplomaticmeeting Thesemeetingscanbedividedintothreelevelsaccordingtothenatureofthedecision makingpowerandtheeffectofthedecisionsmadeateachlevel AtthehighestlevelisthemeetingofthegovernmentheadsofASEANmembers nextarethemeetingsofforeignministersandeconomicministers atthelowestlevelarethemeetingsofvariousotherministers ThehighestpowerofASEANliesinthehandsoftheASANgovernments 2020 3 17 29 Functionalcommittees AnumberoffunctionalcommitteeshavebeenestablishedwithinASEAN 2020 3 17 30 ASEANSecretariat TheASEANSecretariatwasestablishedbyanagreementsignedbyASEANforeignministersduringthe1976BaliSummit 2020 3 17 31 Areasofcooperation ASEAN sofcooperationare economiccooperation politicalandsecuritycooperation andforeignaffairscooperation 2020 3 17 32 ASEANasamodeloftraderegulation ASEANprovidesauniquemodelforregionaltradeorgnisation Ithasitsownstructure systemandprinciples 2020 3 17 33 NorthAmericaFreeTradeAgreement OverviewOrganisationalstructureMajorprinciplesofNAFTADisputessettlementmechanismofNAFTANAFTAasamodeloftraderegulation 2020 3 17 34 Overview TheAgreementwasconcludedinDecember1992andenteredintoforceon1January1994 NAFTAisacomprehensivedocument containingspecificrulesonvariousaspectsofthefreetradezone NAFTAisatradeagreement ratherthananorganisation Itcoverscross bordersaleofgoodsandservicesbetweenthemembers faircompetitionwithinthefreetradearea protectionofinvestmentwithintheareaandprotectionofintellectualpropertywithinthearea 2020 3 17 35 Organisationalstructure FeaturesofNAFTAFreetradecommissionTheNAFTASecretariat 2020 3 17 36 FeaturesofNAFTA NAFTAisnotanorganisationandthereforedoesnothavethesamestructureasanorganisation NAFTAhastheFreeTradeCommission FTC andtheSecretariattoadministerandenforceit TherearealsovariousfunctionalcommitteesorgroupsestablishedinpursuanceoftherelevantprovisionsofNAFTAtoimplementspecifictasks 2020 3 17 37 Freetradecommission TheFTCisestablishedinpursuanceofart2001ofNAFTA Itiscomprisedofcabin
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