大家论坛_2011年职称英语教材-卫生类15篇完型填空课文.doc

www.TopS大家网17 / 17大家论坛职称英语版块/forum-109-1.html历年职称英语精华资料下载汇总(2011版教材+真题+课件)历年职称英语考试真题试卷及答案解析word下载汇总（2002年-2011年）2011年职称英语综合、理工、卫生类大纲及教材教辅电子版下载卫生类完型填空课文译文1. 找到速效治疗剂可以更好控制结核病 世界卫生组织估计全球有大约三分之一的人感染了导致结核病的病菌。大多数时候，这种感染是不活跃的。但是每年大约有八百万结核病病例，通常是在肺部。两百万人因此丧命。结核病发病率由于艾滋病的传播和抗药型结核病的出现而增加。 目前的治疗至少需要六个月。患病者不得不每日服用多种抗生素药品。许多人在稍感舒适后就停止使用药品，这么做可能导致抗药性感染。公共卫生专家一致认为针对结核病的速效治疗剂将会更加有效果。现在有一项研究评估这种速效治疗剂究竟效力有多大。这项研究由美国哈佛大学国际卫生方面的教授率领。Joshua Salomon说，疗程较短的治疗计划可能不仅仅意味着更多病人被治好，也意味着将感染传给别人的病人会更少。 研究者们设计了一个数学模型来检测两个月治疗计划的效果。他们以东南亚目前的结核病情况来检验这个模型。科学家们发现两个月的治疗可以防止大约20的新病例，也可能防止大约5因结核病引起的死亡。这个模型表明，如果速效治疗剂可以在2012年前研发出来并大规模使用的话，减少结核病例在2012年到2030年间就可以实现。 世界卫生组织在1990年制定了DOTS计划，DOTS意指短期直接观察治疗。卫生工作者监督结核病人每天服药，以确信他们继续治疗。 今年年初，一个国际组织同盟宣布了一项扩大DOTS的计划。这个十年计划也旨在资助新结核药品的研究。现在四种最常用的药品也有四十多年的历史了。全球结核病药物开发联盟宣称它的长期目标是找到一种治疗方法，可以通过十次剂量就效果。 Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is FoundThe World Health Organization1 estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis . Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their _1_. Two million people die _2_ it. The disease has _3_ with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.Current treatments take at least six months. People have to _4_ a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop _5_ they feel better. Doing that can _6_ to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how _7_it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University2 led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients _8_. It would also mean _9_infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They _10_the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might _11_about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these _12_would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.The World Health Organization _13_the DOTS3 program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make _14_they continue treatment.Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research _15_new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development4 says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses. 1. A) kidneys B) lungs C) bones D) livers 2. A) with B) without C) of D) out of 3. A) increased B) decreased C) changed D) disappeared 4. A) make B) take C) try D) test 5. A) as if B) as though C) as far as D) as soon as 6. A) refer B) apply C) lead D) amount 7. A) effective B) ineffective C) expensive D) inexpensive 8. A) cured B) to cure C) being cured D) having been cured 9. A) many B) more C) few D) fewer 10. A) provided B) introduced C) tested D) tempted 11. A) bring about B) contributed to C) promote D) prevent 12. A) increases B) reductions C) creations D) collections 13. A) developed B) invented C) delayed D) refused 14. A) easy B) uneasy C) sure D) unsure 15. A) with B) to C) onto D) into2. 8名纽约学生感染甲型N1 H1流感疾病预防控制中心已经证实来自纽约一所预备学校的八名学生感染甲型N1HI流感，纽约市长迈克尔布隆伯格周日称。他说这几名学生只是有轻微症状，没有一名被送往医院。部分学生已经痊愈。上周100多名学生因类似感冒的症状而不能上学。纽约市卫生官员周六对8名学生的取样进行了测试，得出结论这几名学生很可能患有猪流感，疾病预防控制中心周日证实了这一诊断，布隆伯格说。公告将美国确诊的猪流感病例的数字提高到20例。布隆伯格和纽约健康委员会委员弗里登说现在并没有爆发全市流感的迹象，也没有迹象表明潜在甲型NlHl流感会在其他学校爆发。这所学校的一些学生在墨西哥度过了春假，布隆伯格说，但是美国当局并不确定这些确诊患有猪流感的学生中是否有人在墨西哥度过春假。去过墨西哥的人，可能并没有任何的流感症状，但却把流感传给了别人，他指出。弗里登号召生病在家的学生在症状消退后，继续在家观察48小时。如果症状属于普通流感，就没有必要去医院，布隆伯格说。如果症状加重，就如患有任何疾病一样，病人必须去医院就诊，他谈到。拥有2700名学生的圣弗朗西斯宣布将封校两天。当被问到学生的病症较轻是因为他们年轻健康还是因为感染的是一种轻微病菌时，弗里登回应道，“我们不得而知。”8 New York Students Have Swine FluThe Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed 1 of swine flu in eight students at a New York preparatory school, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said Sunday. The students have had only 2 symptoms and none have been hospitalized, he said. Some of the students have already recovered. More than 100 students were absent from 3 due to flu-like symptoms last week. New York health officials tested samples for eight students Saturday and determined the students were probably 4 from. swine flu, and the CDC confirmed the 5 on Sunday, Bloomberg said. The announcement brings the 6 of confirmed swine flu cases in the United States to 20. Bloomberg and New York Health Commissioner Tom Frieden said there is no 7 of a citywide outbreak of the flu, and no sign of a potential 8 of swine flu at other schools. Some students at the school 9 spring break1 in Mexico, Bloomberg said, but authorities have not determined 10 any of the students with a confirmed case of swine flu was in Mexico. Someone who traveled to Mexico may not have had any flu symptoms but 11 on the flu to someone else, he noted. Frieden called 12 students who are home sick to stay home for 48 hours after their symptoms subside. If symptoms are normal for a regular kind of flu, there is 13 need to go to a hospital, said Bloomberg. If symptoms become severe, as with any 14 , people should go to the hospital, he said. St. Francis, which has 2,700 students, announced it will remain closed for two days. 15 whether the students illnesses have been minor because theyre young and healthy or because it is a minor strain of the virus, Frieden responded, We dont know. 练习：1. A cases B bases C doses D noses2. A common B physical C mild D wild3. A work B home C school D hospital4. A escaping B surviving C dying D suffering5. A treatment B diagnosis C doubt D choice6. A point B number C spread D value7. A chance B need C hope D sign8. A welcome B outbreak C success D injury9. A spent B made C took D traveled10. A why B how C when D whether11. A passed B kept C rolled D swept12. A at B up C on D of13. A no B much C any D a14. A person B matter C thing D illness15. A Asked B Tested C Troubled D Doubted 3. 一个让天花存在的好理由目前很可能我们永远都不会看到天花的彻底绝迹。这个观念掩盖了1980年光辉成就，那时消灭了最后两个拥有这种致命病毒的实验室的病毒后，四处蔓延的天花已经被根除了。那两个实验室，一个在美国，一个在俄国。如果天花真的在这个星球上消失了，那么保留这些储备的意义何在？当然，事实上想像每个人都会放弃这样一种有效的潜在的武器是幼稚的。无疑，几个国家仍旧有几瓶。美俄最后的“官方”的活病毒储备引起大家对这两个国家的不信任，因为并没有获得明显的收获。现在美国研究者们发现了人类疾病的动物版，为试验新的治疗方法和新的疫苗开辟了道路。因此，再次存在着一个保存病毒的理由万一这种病卷土重来。我们怎样应付对美国和俄国的不信任呢？很简单。把病毒放在国际赞助的、被严密监视和向所有国家开放的联合国实验室中。针对的对象当然是美国，因为它反对任何事务的多边化。但是这并不意味着这个想法是错的。如果病毒是有用的，那么让我们把它变成全人类的奴仆而不是一部分人的。One Good Reason to Let Smallpox LiveIts now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have itone in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?_1_reality, of course, it was naive to_2_that everyone would let_3_of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have_4_vials._5_the last “official” stocks of lice virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, _6_no obvious gain.Now American researchers have _7_ an animal model of the human disease, opening the _8_ for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again theres a good reason to_9_the virusjust in_10_the disease puts in a reappearance.How do we_11_with the mistrust of the US and Russia? _12_. Keep the virus_13_international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory thats open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesnt_14_the idea is wrong. If the virus_15_useful, then lets make it the servant of all humanitynot just a part of it.1. A) In B) On C) At D) For 2. A) know B) imagine C) realize D) be aware 3. A) to go B) going C) go D) went 4. A) much B) more C) most D) a few 5. A) And B) While C) Whereas D) Although 6. A) since B) for C) because D) of 7. A) looked for B) sought C) found D) talked about 8. A) method B) road C) street D) way 9. A) keep B) put C) destroy D) eradicate 10. A) need B) case C) necessity D) time 11. A) handle B) tackle C) deal D) treat 12. A) Difficult B) Hard C) Safe D) Simple 13. A) under B) in C) on D) for 14. A) say B) mean C) state D) declare 15. A) will be B) would be C) is D) are 4. 大约三分之一的癌症与饮食和酒精有关一位重要的研究者在星期二说，饮食是仅次于吸烟的导致癌症的原因，在发达国家饮食和酒精导致了大约三分之一癌症。牛津大学的提姆凯博士在癌症会议上说，科学家们正在研究特定的食物是怎样导致癌症的，但是他们知道，饮食、酒精和肥胖起了很大作用。他说：“如果没有肥胖的人，癌症能够减少5%。”然而吸烟和大约30%的癌症有关，饮食和大约25%的癌症有关，酒精和大约6%的癌症有关。肥胖增加了乳腺、子宫、肠和肾脏得癌症的危险，而人们知道酒精会导致嘴 、喉咙和肝脏的癌症。以上因素如果和抽烟共同发生，危险性就更大的。凯在英国慈善癌症研究会议上说，人们还不知道与癌症相关的饮食中的其他因素，但是科学家们希望EPIC 研究能够给出答案。EPIC研究正在比较十个国家50万人的饮食和患癌症的比例。这个研究的早期结果揭示挪威、瑞典和丹麦消费水果和蔬菜的量在欧洲国家中是最低的，而意大利和西班牙的水果和蔬菜消费量是最大的。专家推荐每天至少食用五份水果和蔬菜来减少得癌症、乳腺癌和前列腺癌。EPIC 研究的带头科学家凯说他们现在正在关注饮食 一些非常普遍的癌症之间的联系，包括直肠癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌。Diet, Alcohol Linked to Nearly One Third of CancersDiet is second only to tobacco as a leading 1 of cancer and, along with alcohol, is responsible for nearly one third of cases of the disease 2 developed countries, a leading researcher said on Tuesday.Dr. Tim Key, of the University of Oxford, told a cancer conference that scientists are still discovering how certain foods contribute to 3 ,but they know that diet, alcohol and obesity 4 a major role.“Five percent of cancers could be avoided 5 nobody was obese,” he said.While tobacco is blinked to about 30 6 of cancer cases, diet is involved in an estimated 25 percent and alcohol 7 about six percent.Obesity raises the 8 of breast, womb, bowel and kidney cancer, while alcohol is known to cause cancers of the mouth, throat and liver, Its dangerous impact is 9 when combined with smoking.Key told the meeting of the charity Cancer Research UK 10 other elements of diet linked to cancer are 11 unknown but scientists are hoping that the EPIC study, which is comparing the diets of 500,000 people in 10 countries and their risk of cancer, will provide some 12 .Early results of the study have revealed that Norway, Sweden and Denmark have the 13 consumption of fruit and vegetables among European countries while Italy and Spain have the highest. Eating at 14 five portions of fruit and vegetables a day is recommended to reduce the risk of cancer.Key, principal scientist on the EPIC study, said it is looking at dietary links to some of the most common cancers 15 colorectal, breast and prostate.1.A.courseB. causeC. courtD. reason2.A.onB. upC. inD. down3.A.cancerB. healthC. diseaseD. man4.A.danceB. turnC. takeD. play5.A.whileB. ifC. unlessD. since6.A.percentB. countriesC. peopleD. number7.A.atB. inC. ofD. for8.A.riskB. degreeC. presenceD. place9.A.reducedB. increasedC. mysteriousD. seen10.A.whetherB. whyC. thatD. if11.A.stillB. alsoC. althoughD. however12.A.decisionsB. questionsC. answersD. needs13.A.lowestB. enoughC. dailyD. perfect14.A.homeB. mostC. leastD. best15.A.causingB. includingC. illustratingD. defining5. 男性也可能是家庭暴力的受害者 一些研究家庭暴力与男性健康的研究显示，有十分之三的男性都遭受过亲密伴侣的暴力虐待。该研究的作者之一，华盛顿大学西雅图分校的罗伯特J雷德博士对路透社健康新闻的记者说：“其实许多男性都经历过家庭暴力，只是我们不经常听说而已。我们不问他们也就往往不说。我们必须让那些遭受家庭暴力的男性知道，他们并不孤单，而且他们有资源可利用”。研究者向被调查对象询问了有关生理虐待和非生理虐待的问题，如对其生命安全的恐吓，控制行为(比如告诉他们能与谁交往，不能与谁交往，哪些地方能去，哪些地方不能去)，以及经常性的谩骂与中伤。年龄在l8到54岁的男性中，有142的人坦言，在过去五年间经历过亲密伴侣的暴力行为而在过去一年就经历过的人占61。而年龄在55岁及以上的男性，这一百分比有所下降。分别为53和2。4。总体而言，55岁以下的男性中有305称自己曾是家庭暴力的受害者，而在55岁及以上的男性中，这一比例为265。他们经历的家庭暴力约有一半为生理虐待。然而早前的研究表明，男性所受的生理虐待不如女性所受的严重，40的男性称自己受到了严重的生理虐待，而女性比例则为61。研究人员发现，遭受过家庭暴力的男性与没有遭受过的男性相比，有更多的情感和精神方面的问题，这一问题在老年人中尤其明显。Men Too May Suffer from Domestic ViolenceNearly three in 10 men have experienced violence at the hands of1 an intimate partner their lifetimes, according to one of the few studies to look1 domestic violence and health among men.Many men actually do experience domestic violence, although we dont hear about it2 , Dr. Robert J. Reid of the University of Washington in Seattle, one of the authors, told Reuters Health. They often dont tell3 we dont ask. We want to message out2 to men who4 experience domestic violence that they are not alone and there are resources available to5 The researchers asked study participants about physical abuse and non-physical6 such as threats that made them7 for3 their safety, controlling behavior (for example, being told who they could associate with and where they could go), and constant name-calling.Among men 18 to 54 years old, 14.2 percent said they had experienced intimate partner8 in the past five years, while 6. 1 percent reported domestic violence in the previous year.Rates were lower for men 55 and9 ,with 5.3 percent reporting violence in the past five years and 2.4 percent having experienced it in the past 12 months .Overall, 30.5 percent of men younger than 55 and 26.5 percent of older men said they had been victims of10 violence at some point in their lives. About half of the violet men11 was physical.However, the physical violence men reported wasnt as harsh as12 stuff, women in a previous study; 20 percent to 40 percent of the men rated it as severe, compare to 61 percent of13.Men who reported experiencing domestic violence had more emotional and mental problems14 those who had not, especially older men, the15 found.1. A by B at C on D for2. A never B often C ever D now3. A and B but C yet D unless4. A to B no C do D go5. A us B him C you D them6. A strength B labor C abuse D exercise7. A hope B fear C wait D look8. A violence B attitude C friendship D stress9. A younger B junior C senior D older10. A normal B necessary C domestic D foreign11. A enjoyed B experienced C performed D committed12. A this B those C that D one13. A women B people C adults D children14. A from B than C except D despite15. A victims B participants C researchers D partners6. 一天服用一次的药丸可以简化HIV病毒治疗 BristolMyers Squibb公司和Gilead Sciences公司已经把多种治疗艾滋病病毒的药品合成为一种药丸。有的时候，最好的药品是多种药品的合成。例如疟疾，结核病，艾滋病都是通过多种药品治疗的，那就意味着要服用很多药丸。如果药品公司把所有的药品合成为一种药丸，一天只服用一次，一切就简单多了。 现在，两家公司说他们已为那些刚接受艾滋病病毒(导致艾滋病)治疗的人们合成了这样一种药丸。这两家公司分别是BristolMyers Squibb公司和Gilead Sciences公司。他们研发了一种由目前市面上的三种药品合成的药丸。BristolMyers Squibb公司出售其中一种名为Sustiva的药品，Gilead Sciences公司在2004年把其他两种，Emtriva和Viread合成为一种单片。合成药品不仅仅是一个技术问题，当药品由不同药厂制造时，它也是一个竞争问题。这种新的一天只服一次的药丸是被称为对抗HIV病毒的过程中第一个联合项目协议的产物。在一月份，新英格兰医药杂志发表了一项关于新药丸的研究。研究者把它的效果与广泛使用的Sustiva和Combivir的合成品比较，Combivir含有两种药物，叠氨胸苷和拉夫米定。研究人员说经过一年的治疗，这种新药可以抑制更多病人的HIV水平，副作用也更少。这项研究是由Gilead Sciences公司资助的，并由在马里兰州巴摩尔的约翰霍普金斯医学院Joel Gallant教授率领。他是BristolMyers Squibb公司和Gilead Sciences公司雇用的顾问，也是Glaxo Smith Kline公司的Combivir的制造者。 对于这个研究结果，Glaxo Smith Kline认为单个的研究是没有多大价值的，它说Combivir的效果已经在超过五十个的研究中表现出来了。 这种一天一次的药丸的价格尚未公布。但是Gilead和BristolMyers Squibb都宣称他们将对发展中国家减价提供该药品。他们计划在未来几个月里向美国食品与药品管理局申请批准此药品。 这种药丸对于使用者是有限制的，因为它包含有不同的药品。例如，孕妇被告知不要服用Sustiva避免婴儿得先天性疾病的风险。专家们说全球超过四千万的人携带有HIV病毒。Once-daily Pill Could Simplify HIV TreatmentBristol-Myers Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences have combined many HIV drugs into a single pill Sometimes the best medicine is more than one kind of medicine. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS,2 for example, are all treated with _1_ of drugs. But that can mean a lot of pills to take. It would be _2_ if drug companies combined all the medicines into a single pill, taken just once a day. Now, two companies say they have done that for people just _3_ treatment for HIV,