工商管理专业英语unitPPT课件.ppt

可编辑 作者 南开大学商学院李桂华 UnitOneTheEvolutionofManagementasaFieldofStudy 2020 3 18 1 可编辑 Glossary evolution n Theprocessofdeveloping 发展generalize v Toinferfrommanyparticulars 概括 autobiography n Thebiographyofapersonwrittenbythatperson 自传memoir n Anaccountofthepersonalexperiencesofanauthor 自传extreme n Beinginorattainingthegreatestorhighestdegree veryintense 极度的anthropology n Thescientificstudyoftheorigin thebehavior andthephysical social andculturaldevelopmentofhumanbeings 人类学anthropologist n someonewhostudiesAnthropology人类学家perspective n Subjectiveevaluationofrelativesignificance apointofview 观点 2020 3 18 2 可编辑 approach n Themethodusedindealingwithoraccomplishing方法contingency n Apossibilitythatmustbepreparedfor afutureemergency 变化的情况confrontation n Discordoraclashofopinionsandideas 不和观点或思想的不和或冲撞 compromise v Somethingthatcombinesqualitiesorelementsofdifferentthings 折衷turnover n Thenumberofworkershiredbyanestablishmenttoreplacethosewhohaveleftinagivenperiodoftime 人员更替数dynamic adj Characterizedbycontinuouschange activity orprogress 不断变化的incur v Toacquireorcomeinto somethingusuallyundesirable sustain 获得interdependent adj Mutuallydependent 互相依存的 Glossary 2020 3 18 3 可编辑 Glossary popularity n Thequalityorstateofbeingpopular especiallythestateofbeingwidelyadmired accepted orsoughtafter 普及sole adj Oforrelatingtoonlyoneindividualorgroup exclusive 单独的 reliance n Theactofrelyingorthestateofbeingreliant 依赖依靠sufficient adj Beingasmuchasisneeded 充足的characteristic n Afeaturethathelpstoidentify tellapart ordescriberecognizably adistinguishingmarkortrait 特性alliance n Theactofbecomingalliedortheconditionofbeingallied 结盟demographic n Oforrelatingtodemography 人口统计complement v Toserveasacomplementto 补足 2020 3 18 4 可编辑 KeyTermsandConcepts ClassicalApproach toManagement alsocallclassicalschool 管理学 古典 研究 方法 Abodyofliteraturethatrepresentstheearliestattemptstodefineanddescribethefieldofmanagement Theapproach smainfocusisonformallyprescribedrelationships Itsprimarymeansforacquiringknowledgearepersonalobservationandcasestudies BehavioralApproach toManagement alsocalledbehavioralschooltomanagement 管理学 行为 研究 方法hereitreferstoabodyofliteraturecharacterizedbyitsconcernforhumanbehaviorintheworkenvironment Theschool sprimarymeansforacquiringknowledgeisscientificmethod withemphasisonresearch Chronologically thebehavioralapproachtomanagementthoughtfollowedtheclassicalapproach Itsfirstphasewasidentifiedwithhumanrelationstheory popularinthe1940sandearly1950s Itssecondphasewasthebehavioralscienceapproach whichcameintopopularuseintheearly1950s 2020 3 18 5 可编辑 ManagementScienceApproach AlsoknownasManagementScienceSchool管理学科学 研究 方法 Abodyofliteraturecharacterizedbyitsuseifmathematicalandstatistictechniquestobuildmodelsforthesolutionofproductionandoperationsproblems Theapproach sprimarymeansforacquiringknowledgeismathematicaldeduction ContingencyorSituationalApproach toManagement 管理学 权变 研究 方法 Ananalysisofmanagementthatemphasizesthefactthatwhatmanagersdoinpracticedependsonuponagivensetofcircumstancesorthe situation andthatthereisnosingle bestway tomanage KeyTermsandConcepts 2020 3 18 6 可编辑 Text Themoderneraofmanagementbeganearlyinthe20thcenturywhenclassicaltheorists economists andindustrialengineersofferedaclassicalapproachtoincreasetheproductivityofindividualsandorganizations Bothorganizationalgrowthanditsincreasinginfluenceonoureconomyandstandardoflivingarerelativelyrecentinhistory thusthestudyofmanagementisrelativelynew Manyofthefirstindividualstostudyandwriteaboutmanagementwerepracticingmanagers Theydescribedtheirownexperiencesandtriedtogeneralizetheprinciplestheybelievedcouldbeappliedinsimilarsituations Eventoday agreatdealofwhatweknowaboutmanagementcomesfromtheautobiographiesandmemoirsofmenandwomenwhoareorhavebeenpracticingmanagers 2020 3 18 7 可编辑 Now however otherindividualsalsoareinterestedinmanagementforscientificreasons Socialandbehavioralscientistsviewthemanagementoforganizationsasanextremelyimportantsocialphenomenonworthyofstudythroughscientificinquiry Asscientists thesemenandwomenmakenovaluejudgmentsregardinggoodorbadmanagementpractices Theirobjectiveistounderstandandexplainthepracticeofmanagement Betweenthetwoextremesofmanagementpracticeandmanagementsciencearemanyindividualswhohavecontributedtothestudyofmanagement Theyincludeengineers sociologists psychologists anthropologists lawyers economists accountants mathematicians politicalscientists andphilosophers Text 2020 3 18 8 可编辑 Suchdifferingperspectivesonthesamesubjectcannotbeneatlyclassified Thus asamanager youwillhaveatyourdisposalmanywaysoflookingatmanagement stasks Eachmaybemoreusefulforsomeproblemsthanforothers Forexample amanagementtheorythatemphasizesemployeesatisfactionmaybemorehelpfulindealingwithahighemployeeturnoverthanwithdelaysinproduction Becausethereisnosingle universallyacceptedmanagementapproach youshouldbefamiliarwiththevariousmajortheories Text 2020 3 18 9 可编辑 Thethreewell establishedapproachestomanagementthoughtaretheclassicalapproach whichfocusesonthetaskofmanagingworkandorganizations thebehavioralapproach whichfocusesonthetaskofmanagingpeople andthemanagementscienceapproach whichfocusesonthetaskofproductionandoperations Althoughtheseapproachesevolvedinhistoricalsequence laterideashavenotalwaysreplacedearlyones Rather eachnewapproachhasaddedtotheknowledgeofthepreviousones Atthesametime eachapproachhascontinuedtodeveloponitsown Text 2020 3 18 10 可编辑 Duringthelast30yearsorso therehavebeenattemptstointegratethethreeapproachestomanagement classical behavioral andmanagementscience Oneoftheseattempts thesystemsapproachstressesthatorganizationsmustbeviewedastotalsystems witheachpartlinkedtoeveryotherpart Another thecontingencyapproach stressesthatthecorrectnessofamanagerialpracticeiscontingentonhowitfitstheparticularsituationinwhichitisapplied Text 2020 3 18 11 可编辑 Thesystemsapproachtomanagementisreallyawayofthinkingaboutmanagementproblems Itviewsanorganizationasagroupofinterrelatedpartswithasinglepurpose Becausetheactionofonepartinfluencestheothers managerscannotdealseparatelywithindividualparts Insolvingproblems managersusingthesystemsapproachmustviewtheorganizationasadynamicwholeandmusttrytoanticipatetheintendedaswellasunintendedimpactsoftheirdecisions Suchmanagersdonotsolveindividualproblems Rather theyinterveneinatotalsystemofintegratedparts usingthemanagementfunctionsofplanning organizing coordinatingandcontrolling Text 2020 3 18 12 可编辑 Theage oldconfrontationbetweentheproductionobjectiveoflowcostsandthemarketingobjectiveofabroadproductlineisagoodexampleoftheinterrelatednatureofmanagementproblems Eachobjectiveconflictswiththeother Forexample toincurthelowestproductioncosts afirmwouldproduceonlyonecolorandonestyle Toachievethemarketingobjective however severalmodelsandseveralcolorswouldberequiredbutatahighercosts Inthissituation acompromiseisnecessaryfortheoverallsystemtoachieveitsobjective Theobjectivesofindividualpartsmustbecompromisedtomeettheobjectiveoftheentirefirm Text 2020 3 18 13 可编辑 Thesystemsapproachforcesmanagerstorecognizethatorganizationsaresystemsmadeupofinterdependentpartsandthatachangeinonepartaffectsotherparts Itseekstoidentifythecharacteristicsofjobs people andorganizations allowingmanagerstoseetheinterdependencebetweenthevarioussegmentsofanorganization Thebasicideaofthecontingencyisthatthereisnobestwaytoplan organize orcontrol Rather managesmustfinddifferentwaystofitdifferentsituations Amethodhighlyeffectiveinonesituationmaynotworkinothersituations Inotherwords thecontingencyapproachseekstomatchdifferentsituationswithdifferentmanagementmethods Text 2020 3 18 14 可编辑 Actually theideaofcontingency orsituational thinkingisnotnew Duringthe1920s anearlywriterintheclassicalapproachmentionedthe lawofsituation Onescholarandwriterinmanagementnotedthat differentsituationsrequiredifferentkindsofknowledge andthemanpossessingtheknowledgedemandedbycertainsituationtendsinthebestmanagedbusinesses otherthingbeingequal tobecometheleaderinthemoment Text 2020 3 18 15 可编辑 Thecontingencyapproachhasgrowninpopularityoverthelasttwodecadesbecauseresearchhasfoundthat givencertaincharacteristicsofajobandcertaincharacteristicsofpeopledoingthejob specificmanagementpracticestendtoworkbetterthanothers Forexample rigidplans clearlydefinedjobs autocraticleadership andtightcontrolshaveattimesresultedinhighproductivityandsatisfiedworkers Atothertimes theoppositecharacteristics generalplans vaguelydefinedjobs democraticleadership andloosecontrols haveproducedthesameresults Text 2020 3 18 16 可编辑 If forinstance productivityneedstobeincreased themanagershouldnotautomaticallyassumeanewworkmethodisneeded aclassicalsolution orthatanewmotivationalapproachneedstobetried abehavioralsolution Instead themanagershouldstudythecharacteristicsoftheworkersandthenatureofthejob andhisownleadershipapproachbeforedecidingonasolution Text 2020 3 18 17 可编辑 Text Managersaroundtheglobeusemoreofacontingencyapproachtosurvive Solerelianceonaclassicalorabehavioraloramanagementscienceapproachisnotsufficientfororganizations Theapproachesthatwork