生物专业英语课程教学大纲.docx

生物专业英语课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息【课程简介】 生物专业英语是面向生物科学专业本科生开设的必修课程，本课程的教学从大一持续到大三一共六个学期，教学计划为：一年级两个学期教学内容主要涉及生物学各大分支领域的基础知识，二年级上学期主要讲授详细的植物学、动物学、微生物学、遗传学、生态学、分子生物学以及生物化学等专业知识，二年级下学期分步讲解英文文献各个部分的撰写技巧和SCI杂志投稿要求，三年级上学期教学内容为生物实验常用的几大技术，三年级下学期教授如何阅读英文文献并培养学生撰写英文摘要的能力。整个三年的课程设置是由浅入深、从易到难，先理论后技术，最后到应用，力求使学生们成为懂理论熟操作会写英文论文的生物专业优秀人才。【课程类别】必修课【课程归属】生物专业英语教研室【开课学期】第一学期至第六学期【学 时】总学时：96学时；讲授学时：96学时。【学 分】5.5学分【撰 写 人】邓锴【教学方法】课堂讲授【考核方式】理论考试【教学目的、要求】通过对本课程的教学，学生在医学研究中对实验动物的基础知识有了全面和系统的了解，并具备初步进行医学研究动物实验的标准设计和规范操作的能力。【教学目的要求】 本课程的教学目的是帮助已有一定英语基础的学生提高其阅读、翻译专业英语的能力。旨在拓宽学生的专业词汇量和阅读量，力求将英语与专业紧密结合，了解科技论文的文体特点和写作方法，为将来的学术论文的阅读写作和交流打下坚实的基础。通过本课程的学习，首先要使学生扩大专业英语的词汇量，掌握大量的生物英文文献中的常用句式；其次配合其他生物专业课的中文课程，要让学生们通过英文原版课文将专业知识再次学习一遍，加深他们对专业内容的学习和理解，紧接着通过对生物学几大基本实验技术的讲解，要让学生对如何进行生物学研究有一个初步的概念，并要求他们了解各大技术的基本原理和技术路线，最后通过大量的最新英文文献的阅读和训练，希望学生了解如何撰写科技论文、投稿等方面的知识，掌握专业英语书刊的阅读技巧、熟悉文献检索及写作知识。【教学手段】 本课程采用自学与讲授相结合，理论与实践相结合的教学方法。教学中突出以学生作为主体，运用多媒体等教学手段对其进行专业英语的学习指导。同时为了提高学生英语听说读写的基础能力，可采取小组讨论式等灵活多样的教学形式，调动其学习积极性。【考核方式】 本课程为必修课，期末闭卷考试。总成绩满分一百分，包括平时成绩占20期末考试成绩80。【指定教材】姜巨全主编，生物专业英语，化学工业出版社，2001年。蒋悟生主编，生物专业英语（第三版），高等教育出版社，2000年。侯燕芝主编，医学生物学实验(英文版)，高等教育出版社，2012年。【教学参考书】1 Joseph Sambrook主编，Molecular Cloning（III），Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press，2001年。2 本杰明卢因主编，Gene VIII，科学出版社出版，2005年。【教学环节安排】 本课程包括课堂讲授、课堂讨论课、辅导或习题课、课外作业等教学环节。通过各个教学环节的教学，学生重点掌握生物学各大二级学科与生物技术的基础词汇、基本理论的英文描述，并掌握科技论文摘要写作的基本方法，撰写课程小论文，提高写作能力，为后续课程与毕业实践，打下坚实的基础。在课堂教学中将采用灵活的教学方式，教师应力求将英语与专业紧密结合，详细讲授课程中的重点及难点部分，并要求学生在课后进行大量的阅读，以达到熟悉专业词汇、提高对专业英语的理解能力的目的。另一方面，应启发和创造环境使学生在用英语理解问题的同时，用口语表达讲解，力求体现英语学习中听、说、读、写有机的整体。同时在整个授课过程中应贯穿讲解科技英语与日常英语在用词、修饰、语法等方面的不同之处。二、教学时数分配情况教学时数分配表序号教学内容理论学时1What is Biology22The origin of life23The Scope and relevance of Microbiology24The future of microbiology25The Discovery of Cells26The concepts in mammalian cell culture27What is Zoology28Transgenic animals29Gene and Chromosomes210Functional structure of a gene211Enzymes212Protein crystallization213Biotechnology214Recombinant DNA Technology215The first sequenced genomes216The functional genomics217Inside the living cell: structure and function of internal cell parts 218Photosynthesis219Cellular reproduction: mitosis and meiosis220Foundations of genetics221Discovering the chemical nature of the gene 222The origin and diversity of life 223Animal development224The origin of species225Skills for Writing and Publishing Manuscripts (I)226Skills for Writing and Publishing Manuscripts(II)227Skills for Writing and Publishing Manuscripts(III)228How to Write References229Journal of Experimental Botany Instructions to Authors (I)230Journal of Experimental Botany Instructions to Authors (II)231ISI Web of Science/ Journal Citation Reports232With output and impact rising, Chinas science surge rolls on233Polymerase Chain Reaction （PCR）234Recombinant DNA235Cell culture and protein expression236Preparation of chromosome sample237Quantitative determination of protein concentrations238SDS-PAGE239Western blot/Southern blot/Northern blot/Elisa240Yeast two-hybrid system241The latest paper (I)242The latest paper (II)243The latest paper (III)244The latest paper (IV)245The latest paper (V)246The latest paper (VI)247The latest paper (VII)248The latest paper (VIII)2三、教学内容理论课教学大纲目的要求（掌握/熟悉/了解：掌握内容要求教师应精讲，使学生理解、牢记，并能联系实际加以应用；熟悉内容教师应重点讲授，使学生在全面了解的基础上抓住重点；了解内容教师可以概括讲解，使学生有一般的理解和认识。）教学内容（或自学内容）Lesson one What is Biology（2学时）教学目标一、掌握生物学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。二、掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。教学重点生物学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。教学难点英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解讲授内容一、介绍课程二、Professional Words and phrases Prominently, category, deliberately, refinement三、精读课文(一)Besides classifications based on the category of being studied，biology contains many other specialized sub-disciplines（二）Much excitement in biology has centered on the sequencing of genomes and their comparison, called genomicsLesson two The Origin of Life（2学时）教学目标一、掌握生物学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。二、掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。教学重点生物学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。教学难点英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解教学内容一、背景介绍二、Professional Words and phrasesStromatolite， paleontologist， inorganic， microorganism三、精读课文（一）Quintillions of these molecules would randomly collide and combine, eventually making a rudimentary proto-genome of some sort.（二）Now, free-floating amino acids are a far cry form self-replicating, metabolism-imbued microorganisms, but they at least give a suggestion as to how things might have gotten started.Lesson three The Scope and relevance of Microbiology（2学时）一、本章要求1、熟悉微生物学的专业知识2、了解微生物学相关专业词汇和写作特点二、重点和难点：1.重点：The scope of microbiology 2.难点：Relevance of Microbiology三、讲授内容和要点：1.1 What is a microbe?1.2 The importance of Microbiology1.3 The scope of microbiology 1.4 Relevance of Microbiology1.5 The history of microbiology1.6 Important events in the development of microbiology1.7 TheTaxonomy of MicrobiologyLesson four The future of microbiology（2学时）教学目标了解微生物学现阶段面临的问题，解决这些问题的思路和方法。掌握本节中免疫和分子生物学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。本章重点微生物学的发展和应用现状及新出现的问题。专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。本章难点专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法以及英语原文的翻译。 讲授内容一、单词：infectious disease 传染病hemorrhagic fevers出血热tuberculosis 结核病Microbiologist 微生物学家antibiotic 抗生素multiple drug resistance 多种抗药chronic disease 慢性病autoimmune自身免疫cardiovascular disease心血管病diversity 多样性二、词组：microbial population生物种群requiring considerable research需要进一步探索environmental control 环境控制profound importance非常重要in its infancy 起步阶段三、重点句型分析：（一）Research on biofilms is in its infancy; it will be many years before we more fully understand their nature and are able to use our knowledge in practical ways. 生物膜研究刚刚起步，需要很多年我们才能较好地了解它们的本质，才能（将我们的知识）应用（在实践中）（二）In general, microbe-microbe interactions21 have not yet been extensively explored.总之，微生物与微生物的相互作用有待进一步探索（还未进行全面的探索）。（三）Similarly, it has become clear that microorganisms are essential partners with higher organisms in symbiotic relationships同样，微生物是微生物与高等有机体的共生关系中必不可少的合作者，这一点已很清楚。（四）Greater knowledge of symbiotic relationships can help improve our appreciation of the living world. 共生关系的知识的深入有助于我们对生命世界的了解。（五）Because of their relative simplicity, microorganisms are excellent subjects for the study of a variety of fundamental questions in biology. 由于微生物相对简单，所以它是研究生物学中各种基础性问题的极好材料。Lesson five The Discovery of Cells（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握细胞的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：细胞的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，细胞相关专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、细胞是如何被发现的，细胞起源的假说有哪些。 2、单词：microscope, microscopist, animalcule, botanist, embryo, zoologist, cellular, noncellular, pathologist3、词组：the Royal Society, cell wall, a handful of, be credited to, earn a living, arise from 4、句子理解：For 50 years, Leeuwenhoek sent letters to the Royal Society of London describing his microscopic observations- along with a rambling discourse on his daily habits and the state of his health. Leeuwenhoek was the first to examine a drop of pond water under the microscope and, to his amazement, to observe the teeming microscopic ”animalcules” that darted back and forth before his eyes. He was also the first to describe various forms of bacteria, which he obtained from water in which pepper had been soaked and from scraping of his teeth. His initial letters to the Royal Society describing this previously unseen world were met with such skeoticism that the society dispatched its curator, Robert Hooke, to confirm the observations.Lesson six The concepts in mammalian cell culture（2学时）教学目标了解细胞培养的基本过程和步骤。掌握细胞培养的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。本章重点细胞培养的基本过程。专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。本章难点专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法以及英语原文的翻译。 讲授内容一、单词：Isolation of cells 细胞分离Maintaining cells in culture培养中细胞的维 护Cell line cross contamination 细胞系交叉污染Manipulation of cultured cells 培养细胞的操作 Passaging cells 细胞传代Transfection and transduction 转染和转导sterile technique 无菌技术morphology形态学,生态学二、词组：Pose a question (claim)提出问题(要求). Three-dimensional environment 三维环境Explant culture 外植体培养 块培养法doubling time(肿瘤)倍增时间,倍加时间,(对数期细胞)倍增时间,加倍时间三、重点句型分析：（一）Cells can be isolated from tissues for ex vivo culture in several ways.用来进行体外培养的细胞可以通过多种途径从组织上分离（二）Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are known as primary cells.从组织直接获取细胞进行培养叫做原代培养（三）Studies suggest that anywhere from 15%-20% of the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated with another cell line. 研究表明，在用来做实验的细胞中，有15%-20%的情况下，细胞系被错误地辨认或者存在其他细胞系的交叉污染。（四）Passaging（also known as subculture or splitting cells) involves transferring a small number of cells into a new vessel.细胞传代（也可以说继代培养或者分细胞）是指将少量的细胞转移到一个新的容器中。Lesson seven zoology -Animal Biology（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握动物学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：动物学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，动物学英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：What is zoology1、动物学的基本概念和发展概况以及历史由来。 2、动物学学科的研究内容以及与其他学科的关系。3、单词：pharmaceutical Ichthyologist mammalogist branch Anthrozoologists cryptozoology 4、重点词组：dates to arrived with leave out descended from 5、句子理解：Modern zoology arrived with the invention of the microscope, but it would be a mistake to leave out the extremely important contributions of Charles Darwin. With Darwins theory of evolution, understanding the relationship between humans and animals increased and further spurred interest in animals because humans were thought by some to have descended from them. As Darwins theory gained acceptance, humans became part of the animal kingdom in a way that was both inclusive and humbling.Lesson eight Transgenic animals（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握转基因动物有关的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：转基因动物的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，转基因英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：（一）单词adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine，promoter（二）重点词组in addition to， single-stranded（三）句子理解DNA consists of a chain made form four types of nucleotide subunits,each composed of:a five-carbon sugar,a phosphate group,and one of the four bases adenine,cytosine,guanine,and thymine.Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons ,or groups of genes whose products have related functions and which are transcribed as a unit .Lesson nine Gene and Chromosomes（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握分子遗传学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：分子遗传学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，分子遗传英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、词汇Heredity, genetic trait, allele, plasmid2、重点句式和段落Colloquial usage of the term gene may actually refer to an allele: a gene is the basic instruction, a sequence of nucleic acids, while an allese is one variant of that gene. Thus, when the mainstream press refers to having a gene for a specific trait, this is generally inaccurate. In most cases, all people would have a gene for the trait in question, but certain people will have a specific allele of that gene, which results in the trait vatiant.Lesson ten Functional structure of a gene（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握基因结构的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：基因结构的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，基因结构英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、词汇Subunit, adenine, pentose, uracil, operon2、重点句式和段落One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose; this is known as the 3 end of the molecule. The other end contains an exposed phosphate group; this is the 5 end. The directionality of DNA is vitally important to many cellular processes, since double helices are necessarily directional.Lesson eleven Enzymes（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握生物化学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：生物化学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，生物化学英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、词汇Catalyst, reactant, carbonic, amylase2、重点句式和段落Enzymes allow many chemical reactions to occur within the homeostasis constraints of a living system. Enzymes function as organic catalysts. A catalyst is a chemical involved in, but not changed by, a chemical reaction.Lesson twelve Metabolism（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握代谢相关的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：代谢方面的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，代谢方面英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、词汇Biotic, crystal, glycolysis, cellular function2、重点句式和段落An example of catabolism is when a cell intakes a molecule of glucose from the surroundings and disintegrates it to release energy. Immediately after the energy has been released, it is captured and stored by a specialized molecule, the adenosine triphosphate or ATP.Lesson thirteen Biotechnology（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握生物技术的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：生物技术方面的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，生物技术方面英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、词汇Bioprocess, derivative, embryology, life science, ethanol2、重点句式和段落Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeans.Lesson fourteen Recombinant DNA technology（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握重组DNA技术的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：重组DNA技术的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，重组DNA技术英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、词汇Recombinant DNA, phage, insulin, colony2、重点句式和段落Recombinant DNA is made possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure; they differ only in the sequence of nucleotides within that identical overall structure. Therefore, when DNA from a foreign source is hooked up to host sequences that can drive DNA replication and then introduced into a host organism, the foreign DNA is replicated along with the host DNA.Lesson fifteen The first sequenced genomes（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握基因组学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：基因组学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，基因组学英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、词汇DNA sequencing, initiation codon, genetic system2、重点句式和段落An example of catabolism is when a cell intakes a molecule of glucose from the surroundings and disintegrates it to release energy. Immediately after the energy has been released, it is captured and stored by a specialized molecule, the adenosine triphosphate or ATP.Lesson sixteen The functional genomics（2学时）一、目的和要求：1掌握功能基因组学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2掌握英语原文的翻译和对文章中心思想的理解。二、重点和难点：1教学重点：功能基因组学的基本专业词汇的具体含义和相关词汇的实际用法。2教学难点：对英语原文的翻译，功能基因组学英语专业术语的理解和文章中心思想的理解。三、讲授内容和要点：1、词汇Proteomics, natural variation, genetic disease, omics2、重点句式和段落The promise of functional genomics is to expand and synthesize genomic and proteomic knowledge into an understanding of the dynamic properties of an organism at cellular and organismal levels.Lesson seventeen Inside the living cell: structure and function of internal cell parts（2学时）教学目标掌握关于植物细胞各种细胞器的英文词汇、词根，熟悉相关的一些扩展词汇。本章重点各种细胞学的专业词汇。本章难点 胞质的性质，内质网、高尔基复合体以及线粒体的结构和功能。讲授内容一、单词Actin, centriole, chemotaxis, chloroplast, chromosome, cilia, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, dynein, flagella, lysosome, microfilament, microtubule, mitochondrion, myosin, nucleoid, nucleoli, nucleus, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, plastid, polysome, ribosome, stroma, tubulin, vacuole二、词组endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, golgi complex, basal body三、重点句型分析分析（一）This quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are the sits at which ammo acids are assembled into proteins for export or for use in cell processes.（二）During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand of mRNA,”reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and translating that sequence into protein.（三） Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.（四） A subset of vacuoles is the organelles known as lysosomes,which contain digestive enzymes(packaged in lysosomes in the golgi complex)that can break down most biological macromolecules.（五） It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generatating enzymes are located.Lesson eighteen photosynthesis （2学时）教学目标掌握关于植物光合作用的原理及过程、反应步骤中所涉及的专业词汇和句型。本章重点calvin-benson cycle, cyclic photophosphorylation, photon, tenna complexe的概念和生化过程。本章难点 叶绿体的结构，光反应、暗反应发生的部位和机制，以及课文中定语从句的使用。讲授内容一、单词Carotenoid, chlorophyll, chloropladt, c3plant, c4plant, photon, photophosphorylation, photorespiration, photosynthesis, photosystem, thylakoid二、词组Absorption spectrum, calvin_benson cycle, cyclic photophosphorylation, light-dependent reactions, light-independent reactions, noncyclic photophosphorylation, rebulose biphosphate三、重点句型分析（一）During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis,as the absorbing molecule returns to the ground state, the “excess”excitation energy is transmitted to other molecules and stored as chemical energy.（二）Light striking any one of the pigment molecules is funneled to a special chlorophyll a molecule, termed a reaction-center chlorophyll, which directly participates in photosynthesis.（三）This packaging takes place through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions set in motion when light strikes the p680 reaction center in photosystem2.（四）The one-way flow of electrons through photosystems 2 and 1is called noncyclic photophosphorylation;plants also derive additional ATP through cyclic photophosphorylation, in which some electrons are shunted back through the electron transport chain between photosystems 2and 1.（五）The pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrum-a statement of the amount of light