学校初三英语考前指导.doc

洋思中学初三英语考前指导 班级 姓名 2010-6-8一选择填空单项选择内容涉及语法、词法、惯用法、句型、口语交际等诸多方面，题目比较灵活，覆盖面广，但多数题目都源于课本，一改过去只考查语法知识的传统.分析起来主要有以下一些特点：1 题目重视语境的创设，解答必须首先吃透语境，把握题干的全部信息，进行合理的推断，作深层的理解，并从词法语法和惯用法，搭配等角度全方位考虑.如：例1：My English is very poor.I_maths_English.A.prefer ;to B.like;than C.learn;than D.have;by解析：选A.前一句，“我英语很差”，为后一句的比较提供了依据.强调在情景对话场合中考查语言知识，许多题目是由对话构成题材，使语言知识的考查更灵活更生活化.如：例2：-When shall we meet again?-Make it _day you like;its all the same to me .A.one B.anyone C.some D.any解析：选D.这里make it是用来约定时间，从下文知（这对我来说都一样来看，只能选择D，any,任何，任意）.题目命题时注意干扰和迷惑，通过各种手段考查综合运用语言的能力.如：例3：The schools in China are different from_.A. America schools B. that of America C. America D. those in America解析：选D.考查“比较级要在同类事物之间进行比较”和“替代”（the schools用those来代替.）做题时容易受汉语的习惯思维定势的影响选C，题目的迷惑性很大.4题目的综合性增强，同时考查两个或两个以上的知识点；有些题目设计了两个或两个以上的空格；有些题目虽然只有一个空格，但涉及多个考点.如：例4:I dont know if it_ tomorrow . If it _,I wont go.A. will rain ; rains B. will rain ;will rain C. rains; rains D. rains; will rain解析，选A.这里考查了if引导宾语从句和条件状语从句两种不同的用法.前面一句中的if引导的是宾语从句，由于主句的时态是现在时态，因此宾语从句根据需要用一般将来时，而后一句if引导的条件是状语从句，因主句是一般将来时，从句只能用一般现在时.When也是如此.学会排除外，首先确定第一空，排除两个答案，然后再通过两个答案排除第二个空格.所以做题时要看清题干，注意常用的语法现象，语言环境和习惯用语，常采用择优法，排除法，比较法，运用逻辑推理法，固定结构判断法.在做题的过程中，务必看清句子的干扰项.1.冠词：字母（单词）里以元音开头的，如果表示一个（件、只）则用 “an”An “f” “I” “m” an hour an orange an eight-year-old boy an eight /eleven/-metre-wide river字母（单词）中以辅音开头的，如表示一个（件、只）则用a“u”A useful book a university an unusual day 冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，归纳起来，同学们应该掌握以下几点： 1.冠词指不定冠词a,an和定冠词the 2.不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，被an修饰的字母或单词有 ：a,e i,o, f,l m,n s,x,h,r,hour, uncle, American, egg, evening 等。不定冠词a 常用于辅音发音开头的词前，被a 修饰的字母或单词有 ：b,c d,g, j,k,p,q,t,v,u,w,y,z, European, one, university等。请区别：a useful machine , a European country, a university, a one- month-old baby； an honest boy, an 800-word composition , an 11-year-old boy, an unuausal thing, an unlucky day3. 不定冠词的基本用法1）用于单数可数名词前，表示 “一 ” ,但数的概念没有one强。如：I have a nose, a mouth and two eyes.2)第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。如：This is a pen. The pen is red.3)泛指人或事物的某一类。如：A car runs faster than a person.4)表示“每”，其意义相当于every, 如：每日、每周、 每月、每公斤等。You should take this medicine three times a day.5)特殊用法及习惯用法a. 可以和序数词连用，修饰名词，表示“再、又”。如：Though you have failed two times, I think you had better try a third one.b. 可以和形容词最高级连用，修饰名词，表示“非常”。如：It is a most interesting story.c.用在“how ( so, too, rather, quite)+adj.+a/an+名词”结构中。如：Its too hot a day.She is so good a girl. Its quite an interesting story.d.在习惯用法中：a little , have a rest/ cold/ look/ , make a face, in a hurry, for a while, want a go , give me a hand. 4.特指某人或某物，或指双方都知道的人或物，或指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the 。如：The dictionary on the desk is mine. Yesterday I bought a bike. The bike is black. 5.在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun,the moon,the earth 6.定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如： The third is the tallest of all. Guangzhou is in the south of China. 7在复数姓氏前加the，表示 “一家人”，或“夫妇”， 常看成复数以及某些形容词前，使其名词化，代替“一类人”。如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer. The nurse takes good care of the old in the hospital.8.用在乐器名称前，如：She plays the piano very well.9. 特殊用法及惯用法a.用于adj,/adv.比较级前构成“thethe”句式，表示“越越”.如：The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make in your exams.b. 用在某些句型结构中代替物主代词。如：Tom hit Mary in the face.c. 用在某些专有名词前或某些习惯用语中。如：the Great Wall, in the end, look the same, in the middle of10.特别注意不用冠词的情况：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer,in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2)一日三餐、球类运动、学科以及称呼语名词前不用冠词。 如：have breakfast ,play football,Mother, I dont like math at all.(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed ,go to school,by bus ,at night.9.在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面 in the hospital 在医院里 in bed躺在床上 in the front of 在范围内的前部 in hospital (生病)住院 on the bed在床上at table 在桌旁吃饭 in/ at school 在校读书 go to school 上学at the table 在桌旁 in/at the school在学校里 go to the school到学校去2.名词关于名词，我们必须掌握：1. 名词的单、复数；2名词的所有格（s形式、of形式、双重属格）；3名词作定语的情况；4. 名词作主语时主谓一致的问题；单数可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an，而不是a 1.复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s，如：dog-dogs。(2)以s、x、ch、sh结尾的名词加es，如：watch-watches。例外：stomach-stomachs(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es， 如：country-countries。请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s。 如：monkey-monkeys。 (4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato ，tomato mango, hero（有生命）加es构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es， 如：knifeknives, half-halves, leafleaves. 2.单复数形式相同的词：sheep-sheep，fish-fish , Chinese-Chinese，JapaneseJapanese, deer 3.特殊变化的单词有：(1)tooth-teeth，foot-feeth(2)man-men，woman-women，policeman-policemen,FrenchmanFrenchmen, Englishman-Englishmen请区别：German(德国人)Germans , human-humans, walkman-walkmans, RomanRomans（罗马人） (3)childchildren ，mouse-mice （但mouse 作为“鼠标”解释时复数为：mouses） 4.常以复数形式出现的名词：people(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子) glasses(眼镜) ,police(警察)，这些名词作主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。 如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours. 5.有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理) : No news is good news. 6.可用how many，many，a few，few，a lot of，lots of，some，any等来修饰可数名词复数。 How many_ are there in your pencil-box?(knife) knives 不可数名词：1.常见的不可数名词有：water，rice，fish，meat，等。应特别记medicine,news,work,homework,housework,money,chalk,weather,cotton,wood,等 2.不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread_over there.(be) is 3.常用how much,much,a little,little,a lot of,some,any等来修饰不可数名词。 4.常用a piece of,a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s，而piece则可加s。即：two pieces of bread 请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示， 如：三箱苹果three boxes of apples 例： 1、These two pieces of bread _over there.(be) are2、Could I have three _,please？ C A.piece of bread B.piece of breads C.pieces of bread D.pieces of breads 名词的格 名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“ s”。如：TomToms译为“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则在s后加“ ”即可。如：Teachers Day , two weeks holiday，而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例加s 。如：Childrens Day 关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点： 1.可用名词所有格表示地点。 如：my aunts 我姑姑家。 go to the doctors 去医生家。 2.表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加s 如：Lucy and Lilysroom (共有，即两人同住一间房) 如不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“s”.如： Lucys and Lilys rooms(每人个有一间房) 3. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西也可加s构成所有格。如：todays newspaper, five minutes walk., in a few years time 4. 表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组作后置定语表示所有关系。如：a map of China, the door of the classroom. 4. 双重所有格：of+s式所有格修饰前面的名词，这种结构叫名词的双重所有格，它表示部分概念。如：a friend of mine ( hers, his, theirs, ours , Marys fathers), some books of Marys名词作定语的情况:名词作定语时数的变化名词作定语一般用单数，如：car factories, boy students, girl students,shoe shops,apple trees, a 6-year-old boy, an 8-metre-tall tree, a one-way ticket.但有例外情况：1）用复数名词作定语，如：sports meeting , clothes shop.2) 当修饰词是man, woman 时，将这两个词同被修饰的名词同时变成复数。如：a man doctor-two men doctors, a woman teacher- three women teachersthe Green family ,the Greens,class,two months(注意谓语动词)The number of 和a number of (使用谓语动词的区别)名词所有格：Jims two months(two-month)holiday someone elsesTom and Jacks room each others others Toms and Jjacks rooms Its 15minutes walkIts 15minutes on foot.A friend of Marys fathers/his/mineIn a few years(days months weeks)timemen/women teachers shoe factories apple trees3.代词:注意人称代词的主宾格，形、名词性物主代词以及不定代词.a)one the other(two three)someothersb)some,any,little,alittle,few,afew ,something,anything,nothing,somebody,anybody,nobody,both,all,each,none,neither,either (注：形容词修饰不定代词位置后置，else修饰疑问代、副词，不定代词位置后置)c) on both =2sides of the street/river/road on every 3side/all sides of the lake/square on each 2 side of on either =2side of d) not only but alsoneithernor there be(谓语动词用就近的原则)eitherorboth and4.数词a)数词的读法1， 000 ， 000 ， 000 billion million thousand一万ten thousand 一亿 one hundred million 10亿 one billionb)数词的表达法概数hundreds of many thousands of确数three million several hundredTens of thousands of序数词：1st 2nd 3rd 4th 11th 12th 13th 14th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 与9有关的词:ninetieth ninety ninth nineteenth与4有关的词:four fourteen forty fortieth fourteenththousands of workerstwo thousand workerstwo thousand of the workersC)分数的表达法：分子用基数，分母用序数词，分子大于1，分母的序数词加s,分数后名词，谓语动词依据名词而定.d)two and a half days=two days and a half one or two hours =an hour or two基数词，序数词， onefirst eleven-eleventh twosecond twelve-twelfth twenty-twentieththreethird thirteen-thirteenthfourfourth fourteen-fourteenth forty-fortiethfive-fifth fifteen-fifteenth fifty-fiftieth nine-ninth nineteen-nineteenth ninety-ninetieth twentyone-twentyfirst固定词组in his forties nine ninths the first lessonon his fortieth birthday in the eighth century Lesson Oneat the age of forty in the1970s in a 1970s style100 one hundred 1000 one thousand 10,000 ten thousand 100,000 one hundred thousand1,000,000 one million 1,000,000,000 one billon 101,101,101 one hundred and one million, one hundred and one thousand, one hundred and onefive hundred tourists many hundreds /thousands/ millions/ billions of students five hundred of the tourists several hundred/thousand/million/ billion students5.动词a)同义词辨析when take borrow borrowfrom look for hear hope to do sthwhile bring bring lend.to find listen to wish sb to do must see be made of (from, in ,by)have to hear be used for (by, in ,as)say (to) arrive stealfrom search pleasedspeak (to) reach robof search for pleasanttell sb sth get grab pleasuretalk (to,with, about )either either see lend some time spendtoo all hear borrow some times costalso both watch keep sometime pay foras well none look return sometimes buy sth fpr money neitherIt took me two hours to do the work.I spend two hours in doingon sthI spend two yuan on the coat.The coat cost two yuan.I paid two yuan for the coat.I bought the coat for two yuan The coat is worth two yuan ( )1.What did the teacher _ you to _at the meeting?A. tell, say B. ask, speak C. tell, speak D. ask, talk b)动词短语及物动词 ask sb. to do sth. /ask sb. not to do sth.tell sb. to do sth./ tell sb. not to do sth.want sb. to do sth. /want sb. not to do sth.get sb. to do sth. /get sb. not to do sth.warn sb. to do sth. /warn sb. not to do sth.give/pass/show/send/lend sb sth= give/pass/show/send/lend sth to sbborrow sb sth= borrow sth from sballow sb to do sth be busy doing/with sthencourage sb to do sth expect (sb) to do sth同义词辨析take/bring borrow/lend/keep look for/ find/find outhear/ listen to hope/wish see/hearmust/have to search/ search for steal/ robanswer/ reply to arrive/ reach/ get tosee/ watch/ look spend/cost/pay/buy非延续性动词延续性动词borrowkeep buyhave open be open die be dead go outbe out leave be away (from) begin be on end(finish) be over get up be upcome/go/arrive/get to/reach/movebe in joinbe in (a member)begin/start to dodo make friends be friendsget married/ marry be married come backbe backfall asleep be asleep catch a cold have a coldget to know know wake be awakeget(receive) a letter from have a letter frombecome interested in be interested in要特别注意的时态1.主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句要用一般现在时表将来。2.表示永恒的真理，用一般现在时。3.表示按规定、计划或时间表要发生的事，通常都有一个表示未来时间的状语，用一般现在时。4.主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，其后接的since引导的从句通常要用一般过去时。5. 主句是过去将来时，时间或条件状语从句要用一般过去时。6.go,come,leave,arrive,leave等（多为位置移动的动词）常用现在进行时表示按计划发生的动作，用过去进行时表过去将要发生的动作。7.表示经常反复的动作，常与always连用，表示赞扬、厌恶、不满等情绪时，要用进行时态。非谓语动词：ing分词：feel like doing sth(想做.), make a contribution to doing sth（为.做贡献）preventstopkeep sb from doing sth（阻止.做.） , be well worth doing sth （非常值得做.）, keep on doing sth （继续做.）, carry on doing sth（继续做.）, pay attention to doing sth（注意做.）, look forward to doing sth （期盼做.）, devote to doing sth （奉献.做.）, prefer doing sth to doing sth（宁愿做.而不做.）, be busy doing sth（忙于做.）, give up doing sth（放弃做.） , getbe used to doing sth（习惯做.）, cant stop doing sth（不能停止做.）,insist on doing sth（坚持做.）,put off doing sth（推迟做.）, depend on doing sth（取决于.）, succeed in doing sth（成功做.）, consider doing sth（认为做.）, mind doing sth（介意做.）, imagine doing sth（想象做.）,suggest doing sth（建议做.）, enjoy doing sth（喜欢做.）, practice doing sth（练习做.）, finish doing sth（完成做.）, miss doing sth(错过做.), allow doing sth（允许做.） , hate doing sth（讨厌做.）, forget remember doing sth （忘记、记得做.）, stop doing sth（停止做.）, mean doing sth（意味着.）, stand doing sth（忍受做.）, have fun great fun good time doing sth(做.很高兴), have problemsdifficulty doing sth （做某事有困难）, be used for doing sth（被用来做.）, thank you for doing（感谢你做.） , go on doing sth(继续做.), cant help doing sth(情不自禁做.) forgive sb for doing sth（原谅.做.）, need doing sth to be done（需要被做.） , spend on in doing sth（花费时间做.）,keep sb doing sth（让某人一直做.）, find sb doing sth(发现.做.) 含现在分词和过去分词的短语：a shopping list， the following week, the coming trip, the flight number leaving Beijing , a sleeping bag, a missing necklace, the living things,a book written by Luxun, a little time left, a borrowed book, a book borrowed from the library,see many dinosaurs discovered by you, a lost book, find road covered with snow,a used book, a book sold on the train , the worker called (named)Tom , The photos taken on the Great Wall havent come out yet. The books based on Zhang Yunquan are popular among the people in China The woman feeding the chicken in the yard is my aunt.I cant remember the words beginning with “L”.动副结构（代词作宾语必须放在动词跟副词中间）Turn on(off, up, down), try on (out), keep off ,put off, shut down, throw about, turn over, give up, look up(down, over), ring up, pick up, look over, gp over动介结构（代词必须放在后面）get on (off), look for , work on , complain about, fall off , talk aboutC)情态动词：注意may, must的否定回答，以及表猜测的情态动词may, must, maybe, must be, cant be, need作行为动词使用.1. Can / could I get my book? Sure/ok/ of course/ certainly/ Yes, you can /No, you cant2. may I ? Sure/ok/ of course/ certainly/ Yes, you may/ No, you cant3. Must I .? Yes, you must. / No. you neednt.4 Need I .? Yes, you must. / No. you neednt.5. This man cant be Jim. He has gone to England. The light in the room is on. Jim must be at home.6. 提建议：You had better take some popcorn when you go to see the film. You have to wash your hands before meals.7.必须: must 表主观 have to 表客观 My bike has broken down. I had to go to school on foot. I must go now.6介词a)注意in, on, at，with的用法.b)比较：between through in+一段时间 用将来时 over(under)among across after +一段时间 用过去时 above(below)over the river is a bridge.Children under 1.2 meters in heightc)含有一些介词的短语tie to, connect to , join to , a visit to , a key to , an entrance to , the way to , a trip to , come up with, catch up with, by bike=on a bike, in red, in the tree, on the tree(树上长果实), play against (with), in the end= at last, at the end of , by the end of , to , towards7 反意问句a)注意称述句中有hardly, never, few, little, seldom, none, not, neither, nothing等词，反意问句用肯定形式.b)注意主语后面的s(is,has)c)believe, think, suppose后面跟宾语从句，如果是否定句，否定前移.反意问句看宾语从句.Dont you think he is right? No, I dont d)unusual, unhappy, impossible等前缀的反义词，反义问句仍用否定形式.Didnt he come to school yesterday?Yes, though he didnt feel well.Its nothing serious, is it, doctor?Yes, youd better stay in hospital and you need an operation at once.8.固定结构9.特定疑问句a)对人口、机号、电话号码，到哪一年，用特殊疑问词what(what placeaddress visit)eg:Whats the populationtelephone number?By what year?Whats the longest time?不能用how long is the longest timeb)how soon (often, far away , long)11.非谓语动词a)ing分词feel like doing sth(想做.), make a contribution to doing sth（为.做贡献） preventstopkeep sb from doing sth（阻止.做.） , be well worth doing sth （非常值得做.）, keep on doing sth （继续做.）, carry on doing sth（继续做.）, pay attention to doing sth（注意做.）, look forward to doing sth （期盼做.）, devote to doing sth （奉献.做.）, prefer doing sth to doing sth（宁愿做.而不做.）, be busy doing sth（忙于做.）, give up doing sth（放弃做.） , getbe used to doing sth（习惯做.）, cant stop doing sth（不能停止做.）, insist on doing sth（坚持做.）, put off doing sth（推迟做.）, depend on doing sth（取决于.）, succeed in doing sth（成功做.）, consider doing sth（认为做.）, mind doing sth（介意做.）, imagine doing sth（想象做.）, suggest doing sth（建议做.）, enjoy doing sth（喜欢做.）, practice doing sth（练习做.）, finish doing sth（完成做.）, miss doing sth(错过做.), allow doing sth（允许做.） , hate doing sth（讨厌做.）, forget remember doing sth （忘记、记得做.）, stop doing sth（停止做.）, mean doing sth（意味着.）, , have fun great fun good time doing sth(做.很高兴), have problemsdifficulty doing sth （做某事有困难）, be used for doing sth（被用来做.）, thank you for doing（感谢你做.） , go on doing sth(继续做.), cant help doing sth(情不自禁做.) forgive sb for doing sth（原谅.做.）, need doing sth to be done（需要被做.） , spend on in doing sth（花费时间做.）,keep sb doing sth（让某人一直做.）, find sb doing sth(发现.做.)give up doing be used for doing thank sb for doing forgive sb for doinghave fun (problems, difficulty, trouble ) doing be busy doing be to