学术英语写作课件-Academic-writing.ppt

AcademicWriting ResearchPaperResearchReportDissertation Thesis GeneralFormat IMRADIntroduction MaterialsandMethods ResultsandDiscussion PreparingforaResearchPaper ChoosingaTopicPreparingtheReferencesAnalyzingtheDataMakingtheOutline TheStructureofaResearchPaper TitleAbstractIntroductionMaterialsandMethodsResultsDiscussionAcknowledgementReferences CharacteristicsofAcademicWriting CreativityScientificityStandardization Requirements FormatLanguageexpressionAvoidanceofPlagiarism Abstract ThetypesofAbstractInformativeIndicativeSamplesonP 238SamplesonP 240 Fourbasicunitsofanabstract Objectivesoftheresearchpaper 论文所研究的具体对象 Methodologyyouusedintheresearch 运用的具体方法 Thefindingsfromtheresearch 得出的具体结果 Conclusionsinducedfromthefindingorexperiments 结果进行剖析而得出的具有创新性的结论 以上述四要素为依托 找出每部分专指度高的主题概念词 然后正确地组织好这些反映主题内容的主题概念词 用逻辑性强的关联词将其贯穿起来 就构成一篇完整的摘要 再以表现论文的主题内容为主旨 以主题词为工具 经过耐心地推敲 简化 力求使摘要简明扼要 逻辑性强 结构完整 usesoneormorewelldevelopedparagraphs theseareunified coherent concise andabletostandalone 英文摘要的写法除了具有中 英文摘要的共性外 还有自己独特的个性 一般应符合以下几点要求 1 尽量用简 短的句子 避免句形单调 组织好句子 使动词尽量靠近主语 尽量用简短 词义清楚并为人熟知的词 E g thepaperexplores 2 用过去时态叙述作者所做的工作 用现在时态叙述作者得出的结果 结论 尽量用主动语态代替被动语态 不出现人称主语 客观事实作主语表态时 要用被动 Iinducedthreefindings theexperimentinducedthreefindings Threefindingsareinducedfromtheexperiment 3 可用动词的情况下尽量避免用动词的名词形式 E g thefindingsoftheseinvestigationssuggests makeasuggestion transientadaptationreferstotherapid isthereferencetothe 4 避免使用一长串形容词或名语为修饰名词 可将这些词分成几个前置短语 用连字符连接 作为单位形容词 一个形容词 E g heaskedwithafather knows besttone 不使用俚词外语表达概念 慎用行话和俗语 应用标准英语 对那些已经为大众所熟悉的缩写词 可以直接使用 对于那些仅为同行所熟悉缩略语 应在题目 文摘或关键词中至少出现一次全称 Suggestionsonwritingabstracts Makeyourabstractsinformative notdescriptive Thatis makeyourabstractsshortsummariesofyourpaper includingespeciallyanyconclusionsyoumayhavedrawnorrecommendationsyoumayhavemade Agoodinformativeabstractmaystatetheproblemyouareexaminingortheprocedureyouhavecarriedout yourpurposeindoingit yourresults andyourconclusionsorrecommendations Mostabstractsarelimitedtooneparagraphandmustthereforebeconstructedwithcare Anabstractconsistsof3parts purpose result conclusion andrecommendation Thepresenttense pasttenseandthepresentperfecttenseareoftenusedinanabstract thethirdpersonshouldbeusedinwritinganabstract Avoidusing firstperson like Istudied wethinkthat I weconcluded youneedtowatchon don ts Donotcommencewith thispaper thisreport orsimilar Itisbettertowriteabouttheresearchthanaboutthepaper Avoidsentencesthatendin isdescribed isreported isanalyzed orsimilar Usefulexpressions Inthefirstpartofanabstract 1 theauthortellsaboutthewriterdescribesthepaperexploreslooksatrefersto 2 thepurposeofthispaperistoV presents aninvestigationwasdesignedtoV prove generalize theconceptof isusedtodetermine 3 thepaperdealswith 2 如果需要简略回顾历史 然后再说明自己文章的内容 则可参考采用下面的句子 Theproblem wasfirsttreatedby andlater improvedby Thepurposeofthispaperistoprovethatitholdsinamoregeneralcase firstraisedtheproblemwhichwaslaterpartlysolvedby Wenowsolvethisprobleminthecaseof Inthesecondpartofanabstract 1 ItisfoundthatTheauthorconcludesthat S V Thepaperconcludes 2 ItisseenfromFig 4that theresultsaregiveninFig 4 Inthelastpartofanabstract 1 ItissuggestedItisrecommended that S V 2 Theresultssuggest showthat Itisrecommendedthat TaskDiscusswithyourpartnerandtranslatethefollowingabstract 本文首先从严复的著名翻译三原则出发 对当今的中国翻译研究现状做出批评性描述 然后就中英互译中的一些问题做出新的范式 作者认为 由于中英两种语言属于不同的文化传统 因而不存在决对的对应 但是通过认真的比较研究 相对的对应仍可获得 ThearticlepresentsacriticalsurveyofthestateoftheartofcontemporaryChinesetranslationstudiesbyquestioningYanFu sfamousprincipleregardingliterarytranslation ItoffersanewparadigminregardtotranslationfromEnglishintoChineseandviceverse namelythat toanauthor thereisnosuchthingasabsoluteequivalenceinthecontextofChinese