2015职称英语教材新增文章卫生A,B,C全部新增文章带中文word.doc

2015职称英语教材新增文章 卫生A补全短文新增文章第十二篇The Enemy Within 内部的敌人Allergy has become more and more common over the last 30 years. Now one-third of us are affected by allergy at some point in our lives and half of these sufferers are children. In the UK, three million people suffer from asthma, and five per cent of children suffer from food allergy.人体内部的敌人 过敏症在过去30年中，已经变得越来越普及。目前有三分之一的过敏症患者于不同时期内生活在我们之中，其中半数患者为儿童。在英国有300万人受哮喘病的折磨，并有5%的儿童患有对事物的过敏症。 Allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system has a strange and unnecessary reaction to a substance which is normally harmless, such as pollen or peanuts. _ The immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites._ 过敏症指的是机体免疫系统对于通常无害的物质（如花粉、花生）所做出的奇怪且不必要的反应。免疫系统能够保护我们的身体免受外界物质的侵袭，这些物质包括病毒、细菌以及寄生虫。To defend your body against an attacker, the immune system remembers these dangerous micro-organisms and attacks them if it meets them again. This work is done by antibodies. The immune system in allergy sufferers makes antibodies against harmless substances, because it mistakenly believes them to be dangerous.为了保护人体免受外界侵扰物的袭击，免疫系统会记忆这些危险的微生物，并在再次遭遇它们时对其进行攻击。这一功能是由我们体内的抗体完成的。过敏症患者的免疫系统会对无害物质产生抗体，错误地认定这些物质是危险的。 An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen (the substance causing the reaction, such as pollen, milk or strawberries). Sometimes people can eat nuts for years and then suddenly become allergic to them. What has happened is that the immune system has now decided the substance is dangerous and has made an allergy antibody. This antibody then attaches itself to cells, which contain histamine. _When the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it._ 过敏反应在患者首次接触过敏源（造成过敏反应的物质，如花粉、牛奶、草莓）时可能不会发生。有时，人们会在多年正常食用坚果后，突然变得对其过敏。其免疫系统在这一过程中认定该类物质为危险物质并针对其产生了免疫抗体。这种抗体于是将其自身与人体中含有组织胺的细胞相连接。当此抗体再次遭遇这类过敏源时，其就会试图摧毁它。As they do that, the surface of the cells is broken, and histamine is released. The histamine and other chemicals inflame the tissues. This leads to the symptoms of allergy, such as swelling, rashes, sneezing, sore eyes and breathlessness. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction of all and is most often triggered by wasp or bee stings or peanuts. This must be treated immediately.当抗体发挥功效时，与其连接的细胞表面会破裂并释放出组胺。组胺以及其他化学物质使得人体组织产生炎症。这就导致了过敏病症的发生，如浮肿、疱疹、打喷嚏、眼痛以及呼吸急促。全身性过敏反应是最严词汇：allergyn.过敏，过敏症sufferern.患者，受害者asthman.哮喘substancen.物质pollenn.花粉micro-organismn.微生物antibodiesn.antibody的复数形式，意为抗体allergenn.过敏源nutn.坚果histaminen.组织胺，组胺tissuen.人体组织symptomn.病症，征兆rashn.疱疹sneezingn.打喷嚏breathlessnessn.呼吸急促，气喘吁吁anaphylaxisn.全身性过敏反应，过敏反应waspn.黄蜂stingn.蟄，咬hayfevern.枯草热，花粉病additivesn.添加剂，食品添加剂curen.治疗，解药注释：1suffer from.忍受的折磨2be devoted to sth. .全身心投入于练习：AThe immune system is there to protect the body against outside attackers, including viruses, bacteria and parasites.BIn other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive.CAllergies run in families.DInternational differences have been associated with the number of individuals within a population have allergy.EWhen the antibodies meet the allergen the next time, they attempt to destroy it.FExperts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens.答案与题解：1A该是对机体免疫系统功能的介绍，而文中对免疫系统的首次提及是在该选项的上一句话，即描述过敏反应是免疫系统的活动，该选项故而可被视为是对上一句话的补充与说明。2E本题做题线索有两点，首先是上下文，本段前几句都是对抗体的描述与介绍，故与选项E主题相符，同时第二个做题点为逻辑顺序词，本段的第一句话中提到了An allergic reaction may not happen the first time a sufferer meets an allergen，而该选项中又有了the next time，这两个逻辑顺序词也构成了解题线索。3C该选项在文章的第四段，讲的是过敏反应在特殊人群中的反应，选项C的意思为“过敏反应是具有遗传性的”，与该段后一句some people are born with the ability.相对应。4F文章第五段主要讲的是能导致过敏反应的两个例子，缺少中心句，而选项C恰好能对这两个例子进行概括说明，故答案为选项C。5B该选项为概括总结项，是对前文说的内容进行总结，该段的前面部分提及的是抗生素与过敏反应之间的关系，即其对于人体免疫系统的影响，而该选项则是一个结果性的描述，即免疫系统变得过于敏感了，其可对前文中抗生素的作用进行总结说明。重的过敏性反应，其最常由蜂类蜇刺或食用花生引反。这类过敏反应必须立即医治。_ Allergies run in families._ Some people are born with the ability to make lots of allergy antibodies, and they are more likely to develop allergies and allergic disorders such as hay fever and asthma. 过敏症会在家庭成员中传播。有些人生来就能产生多种过敏抗体，他们因此更可能会罹患过敏症或者过敏性失调，如花粉病以及哮喘。_ Experts believe more people have developed allergies because of changes in our lifestyle which have exposed us to more allergens._ We eat more processed foods, with a wide range of additives and colourings; more and more people have central heating and double glazing, making our houses warmer and less draughty-an ideal environment to breed the house dust mite. 专家们相信，会有越来越多的人出现过敏症状，因为我们生活方式的变化使我们暴露在越来越多的过敏源之中。越来越多精加工过的食物被纳入了我们的饮食中，这些食物中加入了多种添加剂与色素；越来越多的人采用了集中供暖系统并使用夹层玻璃，这使得我们的房子变得更加温暖且更加密闭，为屋尘螨提供了绝佳的繁育环境。There may also be a link between allergies and antibiotics. At one time our immune systems were kept busy fighting off disease and trying to win the battle for health, but antibiotics have reduced the amount of work our immune systems have to do. 过敏症还可能与服用抗生索有关。我们曾一度依靠自身的免疫系统为我们的健康与疾病抗争并试试图消除其影响，但抗生索的服用削减了我们口身免疫系统本应该承受的工作量。Now experts think they may direct spare energy to harmless substances such as strawberries. _ In other words our immune systems have become over-sensitive._ 现在专家认为这些我们免疫系统中被节省下的能量被用到了一些无害物质身上，如草莓。按句话率说，我们的免疫系统变得过于敏感。_A good deal of research is being devoted to finding a cure for allergies. Sufferers may be given medicine to control symptoms, and they may also be offered tests to find out what substances trigger an allergic reaction so that they can avoid contact with these in future. 人们正在为寻找治疗过敏症的方法而展开大量的研究。患者可以通过药物治疗以抑制并发症，其还可以通过各种检查球确定引起过敏反应的物质，这样一来他们就可以在今后的活动中尽量避面与这类物质接触。2015职称英语教材新增文章 卫生A阅读判断新增第十二篇Inquest told of hospital error 尸检揭示医疗事故A HOSPITAL error left a dying man on the wrong ward for two days as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ravaged his body, an inquest heard. Stephen Melvin Newbold suffered massive brain damage when a blood clot formed in his veins. Now his families are considering legal action against York Hospital, saying that his death was “untimely and unnecessary”. 经尸检确认，由于过失疏忽，一家医院将一名饱受深静脉血栓折磨、生命垂危的男性患者安置在错误的病区内达两天之久。当其血管内形成血栓之后，史蒂芬马尔文纽博得便饱受大面积脑部损伤的折磨。他的死被其亲属认为太过突然但却并非完全不可避免，其亲属目前正考虑对约克医院采取法律手段。Mr Newbold, a 52-year-old maintenance worker, went to York Hospital on November 3 complaining of a swollen right foot. He should have been sent to a surgical ward where he would have been treated with1Fragmin, a drug which counters the effects of DVT. However, hospital staff wrongly admitted him to2an orthopedic ward, where he stayed for two days, before finally being transferred to the care of a consultant vascular surgeon. Twenty-four hours later, on November 6, doctors decided they would have to operate to remove his leg below the knee.纽博得先生现年52岁，生前是一名维修工人，其因感觉右脚胀痛于11月3日前往约克医院就诊。其本该被送往外科病区去接受一种名本法安明的药物治疗，该药物的主要功效在于抑制深静脉血栓的形成。但是，在其最终被转送到心血管外科医生诊室之前，医院医护人员却错误地将其送到了骨科病区，并让其在那儿住了两天。11月6号，在其被转送至心血管病区24小时后，医生们决定通过手术切除其右腿膝盖以下部分。The operation went ahead on November 10, but two days later Mr Newbold suffered a cardiac arrest. A scan revealed he had had a pulmonary embolism, a condition related to DVT. Mr Newbold suffered brain damage and died in the hospital on November 16.手术于11月10号进行，但是两天后，纽博得先生的心脏却出现骤停症状。对其进行的扫描结果显示其患有肺动脉栓塞，发病原因与深静脉血栓相关。在经受了大面积脑损伤折磨之后，纽博得先生于1l月16号在医院死亡。Giving evidence, the surgeon said he could not explain why Mr Newbold had been admitted to an orthopedic ward where it was not policy to administer Fragmin. He did not know why his medical team had not given Mr Newbold the drug later.基于现有证据，纽博得先生的主治外科医生称其不能解释为何院方在开始时将纽博得先生送至骨科病区，该病区并无开售法安明的处方权。其不能理解其医疗团队为何没能在之后及时给纽博得先生提供药物治疗。词汇：wardn.病房veinn.血管thrombosisn.血栓clotn.凝块maintenance n.维修，维护Fragminn.法安明（又名片段化蛋白）staffn.员工；职工consultantn.顾问，咨询，会诊医师surgeonn.心血管外科顾问kneen.膝盖embolismn.栓塞；栓塞形成verdictn.裁决misadventuren.灾难，不幸遭遇，意外事故sympathyn.同情注释：1be treated with.被用.药物进行治疗2be admitted to.被收容至，被移送至(本文中是“被送至病房”)答案与题解：1A从文中第二段的第一句话可以看出，病人是因为感觉右脚胀痛而去医院的（a swollen right foot），而从文章第二段的第三行最后一句话（However, hospital staff.)可以看出他是被医院容留住院了，只不过是去错了病房。2B从文章第二段第三行最后一句话可以看出，病人起初并未被直接送至外科病房，而是被送去了骨科病房，从第二段第四行整句话可以看出，病人在骨科病房被观察了两日后才被转送进行心血管诊断。3A本题答题线索有两点，首先在文章第二段的第二行第二句话中提到了病人本应该被给予法安明这种药物进行治疗的，should have done有“本应做却没有做”的意思，后面第三句话中however这个转折词也进一步说明了这一点。其次是从第四、五段中对法安明这种药物进行介绍时可看出，病人并没有及时被给予正确的药物治疗。4B文章第三段进行了介绍，即手术是11月10号进行的，而本段最后一句话说明病人在11月16号因大脑创伤而死亡，故不正确。5A文章第三段中最后一句话说明了在饱受脑创伤折磨后，病人于11月16号在医院中死亡。6B从文章的第一段第一句话就可以判断出，病人是由于医院的失误而致死的（a hospital error left a dying man.)，并非意外致死。7C文章中的第六段讲到，Newbold一家的律师转达了其希望医院从这次事故中汲取教训，从而使更多其他家庭免遭类似的不幸,但是并没有说起律师不合格这样的信息。York coroner Donald Coverdale said, “From November 3 until the day of the operation, no Fragmin was given to Mr Newbold. If he had been admitted to a consultant vascular surgeons care from day one, it is clear that Fragmin would have been prescribed. Fragmin reduces the risk of DVT, but does not eliminate it. It is impossible to say whether Mr Newbold would have suffered this DVT if he had received the Fragmin.” He recorded a verdict of death by misadventure.约克医院验尸员唐纳德克夫戴尔表明，从11月3日一直到手术之前，纽博得先生一直都没能接受法安明治疗。如果能够在入院第一天就接受心血管外科医生的会诊，那么其肯定会被要求使用法安明。法安明这种药物能够减少深静脉血栓形成的风险，但是其无法彻底根除它。目前还不能得出结论，即如果在最初就接受法安明治疗，纽博得先生是否仍会遭受深静脉血栓折磨。该验尸员记录了这次由不幸引起的死亡。Kim Daniells, Mr Newbolds familys lawyer, said, “The family hope that the hospital will learn from the errors, and that no other families will have to suffer in the future.”纽博得先生一家的律师金丹尼尔斯声称，纽博得先生的家人希望医院能够从这次事故中吸取教训，以避免之后类似不幸事件再发生在其他家庭。A spokeswoman for York Hospitals NHS Trust said, “We would like to extend our sincere sympathies to the family of Stephen Newbold during this difficult time.” 约克医院国民保健服务基金会的一名女发言人在声明中指出：“我们在这一艰难的时刻，向史蒂芬，纽博得一家表示最深切的同情。”练习：1The patient was admitted with an injured foot.ARight BWrong CNot Mentioned2The patient was admitted to the surgical ward.ARight BWrong CNot Mentioned3The patient did not get the correct medication.ARight BWrong CNot Mentioned4The patient died before he could be operated on.ARight BWrong CNot Mentioned5The patient died of brain damage.ARight BWrong CNot Mentioned6It was decided that the patients death had been an accident.ARight BWrong CNot Mentioned7Mr Newbolds familys lawyer was not qualified.ARight BWrong CNot Mentioned卫生B补全短文新增文章*第七篇 Power Napping is Good for the I.Q. 午睡有利于智商 Today we hear more and more about the importance of getting enough sleepabout eight hours a night. Sleep can help heal and give energy to both the body and the brain. _ Medical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise._ It seems almost certain that the third of our lives that we spend asleep has a great effect on the two-thirds that we are awake. Sleep affects our emotions, memory, focus, and behavior. 今天，我们听到越来越多的有关充足睡眠重要性的讨论，即每日保证8小时的睡眠。睡眠能有助于我们修复损伤并为我们的身体和大脑提供能量。医学专家相信，睡眠比起饮食和锻炼来说，对于我们的健康更重要! 几乎可以肯定的是，我们一生中所耗费的那三分之一部分的睡眠时间对于另外三分之二的清醒时间的影响是巨大的。睡眠影响着我们的情绪、记忆、注意力集中度以及行为。 Studies show that people in developed countries spend less time asleep and more time at work or commuting. Dr. Karine Spiegel, at the University of Chicago, has found that the average length of sleep has gone down from nine hours a night in 1910 to seven-and-a-half hours a night today. However, our bodies cannot function well without enough sleep. _ Losing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problems._ 研究显示，发达国家的国民在睡眠上花费的时间少于其花在工作中或上下班路上的时间。芝加哥大学博士克林施皮格尔发现，每晚的平均睡眠时间从19lO年的9小时降至今天的75小时。但是，我们的身体在缺少充足睡眠的情况下是无法正常工作的。每晚少睡一两小时，这样长此以往的话，会对健康产生严重影响。 According to Canadian scientist Dr. Stanley Coren, every hour of lost sleep at night causes us to lose one I.Q. point the next day. For example, when someone gets only five or six hours of sleep each night for a week, the persons I.Q. could go down 15 points or more. _ Thats why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks.Most sleep experts say that humans need at least eight hours of sleep every day, but it should be in two stages: a long sleep at night and a shorter nap in the afternoon. Some companies help their employees follow this advice. _ They allow them to “power nap” in the afternoon, if only for 20 minutes. They say this makes the workers much more efficient. 根据加拿大科学家斯坦利科伦博士的说法，每晚少睡l小时会导致第二天智商下降一个百分点。举例而言，如果某人一周每晚仅睡5至6小时的话，那么其智商就有可能下降15个百分点甚至更多。这就是为什么一个原本聪慧的人，在睡眠不足的情况下会发觉做一些日常事务都有困难。 大多数研究睡眠的专家认为，人们一天至少要睡够8小时，但是这样分两个阶段来完成，即每晚的长时睡眠外加每天中午的短暂午休。一些公司遵循该建议并在此方面对其员工进行协助。他们允许员工中午进行午休以恢复精力，哪怕仅有20分钟。他们声称，这样能使员工的工作效率更高。 词汇：emotionn.情绪commutingn.乘公交车上下班，通勤I.Q.n.智商（全称为intelligent quotient）deprivationn.剥夺，匮乏Sleep Latency Testn.睡眠潜伏期注释：1have/has an effect on. 对有效果的2go down from. to.从降至练习：AThey allow them to “power nap” in the afternoon, if only for 20 minutes.BLosing just one or two hours of sleep a night, over a long period of time, can cause serious health problems.CPeople usually sleep longer in the winter, sometimes as much as 14 hours a night.DPeople in power are more intelligent because they take naps.EMedical experts now believe that sleep is even more important for health than diet or exercise.FThats why, without enough sleep, a normally intelligent person may start to have difficulty doing daily tasks.答案与题解：1E本题的做题线索为其之前的一句话，即“睡眠能有助于恢复补充身体和大脑的能量”，其描述的是睡眠的功能，选项E说的也是睡眠的功能，与前文形成补充说明。2B该选项对睡眠减少的后果进行了描述，与前一句中“在缺少足够睡眠的情况下，我们的身体无法正常运作”形成呼应，是一个结果性的解释，虽然选项F也是对睡眠不足人群后果的解释，但是选项F在此不符合上面一句话的语境，其主要是在描述睡眠和智商直接的关系，在下文才有所提及，故答案为选项3F从第三段最后一句话看出，选项F描述的是睡眠和智商之间的联系，其做题线索和上一题一样，都是对前面一句话的结果性补充描写。4A该题的做题线索也是对其前一句的话的补充说明，前文中提到了一些公司在睡眠方面对其员工进行了帮助，该选项则简短介绍了这些公司都采取了哪些具体方案。5C本题的做题线索为上下文搭配，在最后一段的第一句中明显提及了睡眠和一年中的不同时期有关，后面最后一句话又讲到了夏季的睡眠时间，那么从中可以判断出，这里描述的应该是另外一种季节的睡眠时间，从而与段首观点句呼应并与下句形成对比，而选项C描述的便是冬季的睡眠时间，故符合要求。To study sleep deprivation (not getting enough sleep), scientists use a test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). During the test, a person stays in a darkened, quiet room during the daytime. Scientists believe that a sleep-deprived person will fall asleep quickly. If it takes ten minutes or longer to fall asleep, the person is probably getting enough sleep. 为了研究“剥夺睡眠”(睡眠不足)所产生的影响，科学家采取了一种称为“多重睡眠潜伏测试”的试验方法。在测试中，实验对象白天身处一个黑暗寂静的房间中。科学家相信，一个睡眠不足的人会很快进入睡眠状态。如果入睡时间大于等于10分钟，那么测试对象很有可能是充足的。Scientists have also found that the time of year seems to affect how much sleep we need. _ People usually sleep longer in the winter, sometimes as much as 14 hours a night._ However, in the summer, people sometimes sleep as little as six hours, without having any problems. 科学家还发现一年中的季节变化对于我们所需睡眠时间的长短也有影响。人们通常在冬季睡的时间更长，有时可达每晚14小时。但是在夏天，人们有时每天仅睡6小时，并且不会产生任何问题。卫生C阅读理解新增文章 第五篇Tracking Down HIV 追踪艾滋病毒In the summer of 1980, a patient had a strange purplish spot removed from below his ear.1980年的夏天，一名患者将一颗略带紫色的斑点从其耳下处移除。. It was Kaposis sarcoma, a rare form of skin cancer.这种斑点是一种极其罕见的皮肤癌，被称为“卡波西”肉瘤。. This patient also had lymph node swelling and exhaustion该患者同时还患有淋巴结肿大及衰竭。In November 1980, a Los Angeles immunologist examined a young man who had diseases linked to immune system malfunctions. 1980年11月，洛杉矶的一名免疫学家对一名年轻男子进行了检查，并发现其病症与其免疫系统失常有关。The doctor had T-cellT count taken of patients blood.该医生对该患者的血液进行了T细胞（胸腺衍生细胞）计数检测。T-cellsT are a type of white blood cell that plays key role in immune responses.T细胞是白细胞的一种，在人体免疫机能中发挥关键作用。. The patient had no helper T-cellsT.该患者血液中并未发现有益T细胞。 By the end of 1980, 55 Americans were diagnosed with infections related to immune system breakdown, four had died.至1980年年底，共有55名美国人被确诊感染这种与免疫系统崩溃相关联的病症，其中4名患者死亡。 A year later the death toll was 7474人.一年之后，死亡人数变为74人。 Intravenous drug users had T-cellT abnormalities.接受了静脉药物注射的患者，出现了T细胞异常的现象。 People who had received blood transfusions showed symptoms of immune system breakdown.接受输血的患者出现了免疫系统故障的症状。 By July 1982, 471471 cases of the disease, now called Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)获得性免疫力缺陷综合症, had been reported, 184 people had died.据报道，至1982年7月，这种被称为“获得性免疫力缺陷综合症”的患者，已经增加至471例，其中184人已经死亡。 In April 1984, , American virologist Dr. Robert Gallo isolated the pathogen, or disease producer responsible for AIDS.：在1984年的4月，病毒学家罗伯特加洛博士成功分离出了艾滋病的致病病原体。. He called it HTLV-IIIT.：他将其称为“人体T细胞白血病病毒”。. In Paris, Dr. Luc Montagnier identified a virus he called LAV.在巴黎，吕克蒙塔尼耶博士发现了一种其称为“淋巴结相关疾病”的病毒。. An international panel of scientists determined that both men had found the same. virus：经过一国际科学家组织鉴定，二人发现的为同一种病毒。. It became known as Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)人体免疫缺损病毒（即艾滋病）.该病毒开始被人们知晓为“人体免疫缺损病毒”（即艾滋病）。. Blood banks began screening for HTV in 1985, but by then about 2900029000 people had been infected through blood transfusions.血库于1985年开始对其存血进行艾滋病审査，但是到那时，已有大约29000名患者通过血液传播而感染上了艾滋病。 Some 12000 hemophiliacs had contracted HIV through blood-clotting products.：其中约有12000名血友病患者通过血液凝块产品感染上了艾滋病。. By 1995, 477900 Americans had AIDS, 295500 had died.：截至1995年，患艾滋病的美国人人数已高达477900人，其中295500人死亡。In 1996, researchers announced drugs that reduced HIV in infected people.在1996年，研究人员宣称已研制出数种能够降低艾滋病对患者伤害的药品。 Today scientists are testing vaccines and believe that if HIV can be suppressed, then perhaps it can be eradicated, but it is still a race against time.今天，科学家通过一系列测试，发现艾滋病是可以抑制的，而且进而认为根治艾滋病也是有可能的，但这一目标仍需时日。注释：1play a key role.扮演一个关键角色，有至关重要的作用2be responsible for.对负责，是的原因3can be eradicated可以被根除的练习：1