林老师初中英语语法梳理介词讲义.doc

2011林老师初中英语语法梳理介词讲义1.介词是一种虚词，用来表示它后面的名词或代词同句中其他某个成分之间的关系。介词在句中不能单独使用，必须连用它的宾语即后面的名词或代词构成介词词组后才能作句子成分。2.介词for的常见用法 1）.动词+for a）动词+for account for解释；说明, answer for对负责,apply for申请；请求,apologize for为而道歉, beg for请求, call for要求,care for在意, enter for报名参加, fight for为而战, hope for希望,inquire for查询；求见, leave for离开某地到另一地, look for寻找, long for盼望,mistake for误认为, plan for计划做某事, prepare for为作准备,provide for为提供, reach for伸手去拿, run for竞选, stand for象征,search for搜寻, send for派人去请, speak for陈述意见、愿望, take for当作, wish for希望, wait for等待。 b)动词+sb.+ for +sth. ask for要求得到,blame for因责备, excuse for宽恕, forgive for谅解, pardon for原谅,pay for花钱买, praise for称赞, punish for对进行惩罚,push for催逼，reward for酬谢, thank for对表示谢意。 2）. be +形容词+for be anxious for急于做, be eager for渴望, be bad for有害于,be convenient for便于, be good for利于, be famous for以出名,be fit for适合于, be grateful for对心存感激, be impatient for对不耐烦,be late for迟到, be necessary for有必要, be ready for作好准备,be sorry for为而后悔, be responsible for对负责,be suitable for适合于, be unfit for不适合, be useful for对有作用。 3）.for+名词构成的词组 for all尽管，for a song非常便宜地，for certain确切地，for company陪着，for ever永远，for example例如，for fear以免，for fair肯定地，for free免费，for fun为了好玩，for good永远，for instance比方，for luck祝福，for life终身，for long长久，for nothing白白地，for once有生第一次，for oneself替自己，for pleasure为了消遣，for reason因为理由，for sale供出售，for shame真不害臊，for short简称，for sport好玩，for sure确切地。 4）.动词+副词/名词+for构成的短语 be in for将遇到，make up for弥补，go in for从事，look out for提防，take sth. for granted把当作理所当然,have an ear for音感好,have a gift for有某方面的天赋。 3.介词from的常见用法 from的用法可不能小瞧，你不一定知道下面这些词组意义。 1）.动词+from a)动词+ from come from来自,date from追溯, depart from违背, die from死于, escape from逃出,fall from自跌落, hang from垂挂, hear from收到来信,learn from向某人学习, return from自某地返回，rise from自冒出, result from起因于, suffer from忍受。 b)动词+ sth./sb. +from + sth./ sb. /a place borrow from向借, choose from选自, excuse from免除, keep from阻止做,prevent from不准做, protect from不受之害, receive from收到,remove from移动；除去, save from保全；拯救, separate from分离开来,stop from阻止。 2）. be +形容词+ from be absent from缺席,be different from与众不同, be far from更不用说, be hidden from躲避,be made from用制成, be tired from因而疲倦。 3）.fromto from bad to worse每况愈下，from beginning to end自始至终，from cover to cover从头到尾，from China to Peru到处，from day to day一天一天地，from door to door挨家挨户，from end to end从头至尾，from first to last自始至终，from hand to mouth勉强糊家，from head to foot从头到脚，from mouth to mouth广泛流传，from sun to sun从日出到日落，from start to finish从头开始，from top to toe从头到脚，from time to time不时地，from top to bottom彻底地。 4.介词in的常见用法 1）.动词+in a)动词+ in believe in信任, break in碎成，bring in引起；产生；带来, call in下令收回, fill in填充,get in收获, hand in上缴, involve in涉及, lie in在于, result in导致, share in共享,succeed in成功, take in卷起；订阅, turn in归还当局。 b)动词+sb./time/money+ in help sb. in帮助某人做某事, spare time/money in匀出时间或钱做某事,spend time/money in花时间或钱做某事,waste time/money in浪费时间或钱做某事。 2）. be +形容词+ in be active in活跃于,be absorbed in专心致志, be busy in忙碌, be born in出生于,be concerned in牵涉, be clothed in穿着, be disappointed in对失望,be diligent in勤于, be experienced in在有经验, be employed in任职于,be engaged in忙碌, be expert in某方面的专家, be excellent in在优秀,be interested in对有兴趣, be lacking in缺乏, be rich in富有,be slow in迟缓, be successful in在某方面成功, be skilled in精于,be strict in严于, be weak in弱于。 3）. in +名词 in advance提前,in all总共，in balance总而言之，in bed卧床，in body亲自，in brief简明扼要，in case万一, in charge主管，in danger有危险, in debt负债, in despair失望,in force大量地；有效，in full全部地, in flower开花,in general一般说来,in itself本身, in love恋爱, in order井然有序, in person亲自,in public公开地, in progress有进展, in practice从实践上看, in rags穿着破衣,in research探索, in return作为报答,in ruins一片废墟,in short总之,in theory从理论上看, in trouble有麻烦, in tears眼泪汪汪,in time及时, in turn按顺序, in vain白白地，in view看得见。 5.介词on的常见用法 on的用法比较重要，本文介绍它的一些常见用法： 1）.动词+on a)动词+ on要认真区分下面一些词组 act on对有作用, bring on促使；导致, call on拜访某人,count on依赖, carry on执行,depend on取决, feed on以为生,figure on料想；推断, go on继续,have on穿着, insist on坚持,keep on继续, lean on依赖, live on以为生, pull on迅速穿上,put on穿上, switch on接通（电源）, take to喜欢；养成；轻易学会，turn on接通（电源）, work on操作, wait on侍候。 b)动词+sb.(sth.)+ on +sb.(sth.) base on以为基础, congratulate on恭贺, fix on固定, have mercy on怜悯,have pity on怜惜, keep watch on监视, spend on把时间、精力花在某方面。 2）.be+形容词+on的词组 be dependent on依赖, be hard on对某人苛刻,be impressed on对印象深刻, be keen on渴望, be strict on对严格。 3）.on+名词构成的词组 on board乘（车,飞机）,on call听候召唤, on duty值班, on earth到底, on fire着火, on foot步行，on guard在岗，on hire雇用，on holiday度假 6. at的常见用法 1）.动词+ at arrive at抵达,call at访问某地, catch at(it)当场抓住, come at攻击, fire at向开火,glance at瞟一眼, glare at怒目而视, grieve at忧伤，knock at敲,laugh at嘲笑, look at看一眼, pull at拉扯, rejoice at对高兴，smile at向某人微笑, shoot at朝射击, stare at怒目而视,thrust at刺向, tear at撕, tremble at颤抖，wonder at吃惊，work at工作。 2）. be +形容词/过去分词+ at be angry at恼怒于, be alarmed at对保持警觉,be astonished at对吃惊, be bad at不擅长, be clever at对某事很灵巧,be delighted at高兴，be disgusted at厌恶, be disappointed at对失望，be good at擅长, be impatient at对不够耐心, be mad at狂热于,be pleased at对感到高兴, be present at出席, be satisfied at满意,be surprised at吃惊, be shocked at对非常震惊，be terrified at受到的恐吓,be quick at对很机敏。 3）.at+名词构成的词组 at a distance在一定距离，at a loss不知所措， at a time一次，at all一点也不，at any cost不惜一切代价，at best最好也只是，at first起初，at hand手头，at heart在内心里，at home在家；无拘束，at last最后，at least至少，at most最多，at once马上，at present目前。7.介词to的常见用法 1）.动词+to a)动词+ to adjust to适应, attend to处理；照料, agree to赞同, amount to加起来达， belong to属于, come to达到, drink to为干杯， get to到达, happen to发生在某人身上, hold to紧握, lead to通向, listen to听, occur to想起, object to反对, point to指向, respond to回答, refer to参考；指的是；涉及, reply to回答, see to负责, stick to坚持, turn to求助, write to给某人写信。 b)动词(+sth.)+to+sb. announce to通知某人, describe to向某人描述, explain to向某人解释, express to对某人表达, mention to提及, nod to向某人点头, report to报告, say to告知, shout to对某人大叫, suggest to对某人提建议,speak to与某人交谈, talk to跟某人谈话, whisper to和某人低声耳语。 c)动词+sth./sb.+ to +sth./sb. add to增加, compare to比作, carry to运送至, devote to致力于,introduce to介绍给, invite to邀请参加, join to连接到, leave to委托给,reduce to下降至, sentence to判处, take to带到。 2）. be +形容词/过去分词+ to be alive to觉察；晓得, be attentive to注意；留心, be awake to知晓, be blind to缺乏眼光, be close to紧挨着, be common to对某人来说很普通, be contrary to违反；反对, be devoted to致力, be deaf to不愿意听, be equal to有的力量, be exposed to暴露；遭受, be fair to对公平, be familiar to对某人来说熟悉, be grateful to对某人心存感激, be good to对有好处, be harmful to对有危害, be important to对重要, be kind to友好对待, be known to周知于, be married to嫁给, be moved to转移到, be near to靠近, be necessary to对有必要, be opposite to在对面, be opposed to反对, be pleasant to合某人之意, be proper to专属, be polite to礼貌待人, be rude to粗暴对待, be relative to与有关, be strange to不习惯, be similar to类似, be suitable to适合, be true to忠实, be thankful to感激, be useful to对有用, be used to习惯。 3）.to+名词构成的词组 to a degree在某种程度上, to date到现在为止,to ones feet跳起来，to ones mind照看来, to ones surprise使吃惊,to ones taste符合胃口, to oneself独自享用, to order定做,to the letter不折不扣地, to the point中肯地 8.介词口诀： 介词的用法 早、午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。 年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。 将来时态in.以后，小处at大处in。 有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。 特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。 介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。 日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚， 收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。 着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。 特定时日和“一就”，on后常接动名词。 年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。 步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage则用in。 at山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。 工具、和、同随with，具有、独立、就、原因。 就来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。 海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数、人类know to man。 this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。 接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下，above、below则不然， 若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。 beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。 besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。 同类比较except，加for异类记心间。 原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词 under后接修、建中，of、from物、化分。 before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。 since以来during间，since时态多变换。 与之相比beside，除了last but one。 复不定for、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。 快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。 but for否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。 ing型由于鉴，除了除外与包合。 之后、关于、在.方面，有关介词须记全。 in内to外表位置，山、水、国界to在前。 林老师课堂连词讲义第一部分：连词分类连词，主要是包括并列连词和从属连词。在句子中，连词起连接词与词、短语与短语及句子和句子的作用。它本身在句子里不单独做句子成分。 并列连词：是用来连接语法地位相同的结构、相同的单词、短语及句子。并列连词有：and, but, or, nor, so, for yet, however, as well as, both.and, not only.but also, either.or, neither.nor, still, 从属连词：用来引导状语从句。 从属连词有：after, when, before, as, while, since, until, till, if, unless, lest, because, than, that, whether, so that第二部分：连词的用法在明确的我们的目标之后，我们来具体看看这些连词的用法。 一，并列连词： 作用 举例1. and 连接单词 My brother and I study in the same school. 连接短语 Our knowledge may come from the books and from practice. 连接句子 We are singing and they are dancing. 2.But, or（or多用于否定或疑问句中） I have a pen but no pencil. Will you go there by bus or on foot? 3.Nothing but除了，只有 I did nothing but watch it. 4.Or表示否则 Hurry up or you will be late. 5.for表示后面的句子是原因He is good at math for he studies harder than others. 6.still表示后句概念由前句转折而来 The weather is very cold, still we neednt wear more clothes. 7.Not onlybut also 不仅而且。可并列主、谓、宾、表及句子。主语并列时，谓语要就近一致 Not only he but also I am a teacher. 8.As well as以及，同样。并列单词、短语、句子。并列主语时，动词要随前面的主语变化He works as well as he can 9.Eitheror既又，或或，并列主、谓、宾、表及状语Either come in or go out. 10.Neithernor 既不也不， 并列主、谓、宾、表、状语，并列主语时，谓语就近一致 Neither you nor he speaks French. 11.Bothand 和，既也，并列主、谓、宾及表语 I can play both football and basketball. 12.nor 也不，引导句子要倒装 He can not speak English, nor can I. 13.so 因此，所以，不合because连用 You like apples, so do I. 二，从属连词： 1，after表示“时间”，在之后 After I finished the school, I became a worker in the factory. 2，Although/though表示让步， “尽管” Although she is young, she knows a lot. 3，as表示时间，“当时”，方式“象”，原因，“由于、因为”让步，“尽管、虽然” As it was late, we must go now. 4，As if/as though 表方式，“似乎、好像” He told is such a story as though he had been there before. 5，As long as/so long as 表条件，“只要” As long as I am free, Ill go to help you. 6，As soon as 表时间，“一就” I will phone you as soon as I come back. 7，because 表原因，“因为” I have to stay in bed because I am ill. 8，before 表时间，“在之前“ You should think more before you do it. 9，Even if/ even though 表让步，“即使” You should try again even if you failed. 10，Hardlywhen表时间，“（刚）一就”Hardly I entered the gate when the bell rang. 11，if “假如”，引导条件状语从句 What should I do net if the rain doesnt stop? “是否”，引导宾语从句 I dont know if he comes back or not. 12，In case表目的，“以防，以免”You should be more careful in case there is a fire. 13.In order that表目的，“为了，以便”We study hard in order that we can pass the exam. 14，No matter +疑问词 表让步，“无论，不管”No matter what you do, you should try your best. 15，No soonerthan 表时间，“刚一就” No sooner had I come home than it began to rain. 16，Now that 表原因，“既然，因为，由于” Now that the crops are in, we can start to make preparations for winter sowing. 17.once表时间，“一旦”Once you know the rules, youll have choice to obey them. 18，since 表时间，“自从以来” He has been in this company since he left school. 表原因，“既然，由于” Since the job is dangerous, lets do it more carefully. 19，so far as/as far as 表条件，“就而言，就而论” As far as I know, it is easy for you to speak in English. 20，So that 表目的“以便” Speak loud so that everybody can hear clearly. 21，Sothat 表结果“如此,以致” He got up so late that he missed the bus. 22，than 表示比较，“比” Things were worse than we thought. 23，that 无词义，引导名词性从句 It is dangerous that we walk on the thin ice. 引导定语从句和状语从句 She hurried that she might not be late for work. 24，unless 表条件，“除非，如果不” I will go to the zoo unless it rains. 25，Until/till 表时间，“直到为止” Ill wait till he comes back. 26，when 表时间，“当时“ When they got there, the train has left. 27，whether “是否”引导名词性从句 Whether he can some to see us is unknown. 表让步，“不管/无论、是否” Whether she is ill or well, she is always happy. 28，while表时间，“当时” While he was in Beijing, he visited the Great Wall. 表让步，“尽管，既然”While I find the problems very difficult, I dont think them insoluble. 29，whenever 表时间，“无论什么时候”Whenever you meet any trouble, tell me at once. 三，中考通常涉及到的连词考点： 1.复习提示： 首先是对自己掌握不好的连词适当练习，尤其需要注意的是，一定要认真审题，分析四个选项，确定选项后再将其代入题干中看句意是否正确。并且除了选择题，在其他题型中例如：完形、完成句子、书面表达等也会涉及连词的用法。 其次，注意一些成对使用的连词。如：neithernor, eitheror, not onlybut also, sothat, notuntil等。但是在notuntil中，需要注意：如果用在until前的动词是可延续性动词，则不加not。另外，需要注意，一些在汉语中成对使用的连词如：因为所以，虽然但是，在英语中是不可以成对出现的，即because和so不连用，although和but不连用。 2.易错分析： 关于notuntil He stayed there un