argument模板、句型、错误段落final.doc

开头1. The author claims/concludes/predicts/forecasts2. Seems reasonable/plausible/appealing/make sense3. It omits some significant concerns which should be addressed to substantiate the argument4. The argument rests on a series of/ a host of/ a myriad of unsubstantiated/dubious assumptions/ several critical flaws/ several statistical and logical problems, as discussed below.5. None of them lends credible support to6. Is therefore unconvincing/unpersuasive7. Render/make it entirely/wholly/totally unconvincing8. However, the argument relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands. /However, the argument/editorial relies on a number of doubtful assumptions and is therefore unconvincing. 结尾1. To sum up/In conclusion, is not well supported as it stands2. The argument fails to validate the conclusion that3. The author cannot justify his recommendation on the basis of the scant evidence provided in the editorial.4. To solidify the conclusion should provide concrete/clear/detailed/precise evidence to demonstrate that 5. To better assess/evaluate the soundness/accuracy/reliability of it would be helpful/useful to know6. Without actual cost and income estimates, this argument is based on nothing more than pure speculation and perhaps wishful thinking. The argument at best is unconvincing - at worst it reeks of conflict of interest that may warrant investigation into the motives behind the argument.7. In summary, this argument is based on a very narrow study of only two subjects, in two school subjects, with ambiguous results. To strengthen the argument, the arguer needs to directly compare all aspects of the two different districts with his or her own school district before jumping to the conclusion that8. In summary, this argument is based on mere speculation with absolutely no cause and effect evidence presented to show that the 论证段句式A 展开模式1. The threshold problem with this argument is that 2. Another fundamental point worth considering is that 3. A third problem involves a fact that/the authors account of 4. Before I come to my conclusion, it is necessary to point out another flaw appeared in the argument.B 论证句式1. given the possible scenarios/explanations2. The mere fact that hardly suffice to prove3. Nor does the mere fact that lends significant support to 4. The author unfairly equates with5. This scenario accord with my observation/common phenomenon thatC 小结句式1. Lacking/absent/without evidence that/of the author cannot justifiably conclude that2. Without considering and ruling out/exploring such possibilities/accounting for other factors that might contribute to 3. the study/survey is simply unreliable4. In other words/in short, without ruling out other alternative causes of /reasons for the author cannot justifiably conclude that merely by would 5. would serve to diminish/cast a considerable doubt on/undermine/seriously weaken the claim6. The author must provide evidence that otherwise he cannot confidently rely on it to draw any general/sound conclusions about7. The strength of the claim of/thatdepends on a cost-benefit analysis which the author does not provide.8. Sincethe authors assertion/recommendation cannot be taken seriously.9. Without weighing revenue against expenditure, the authors claim is premature at best.10. It is presumptuous/illegitimate/arbitrary to judge according to11. This is nowhere more ridiculous than12. Since the author fails to indicate that. the evidence is far too vague to be meaningful13. Without better evidence that, the author cannot convince me with the hasty/cursory/incogitant generalization/ assertion/conclusion that14. Only if the arguer can provide more substantiated information can this argument be fully accepted. 增强逻辑关系的句式：A. 让步1. Even if/Even though/Assuming/Granted that/Even I were to concedethe argument rests on further/additional assumption that2. Even if the author can substantiate the foregoing assumptions the author unfairly assumes that/overlooks the possibility that3. Even assuming that the survey data/result accurately reflect the the author assumes too hastily that would suffice for 4. Admittedly, Now that, after allB. 转折：yet, but, however, nevertheless, while, whereas, although, actually, in fact1. Yet, it contains no evidence to support2. Yet, we are not informed3. However, this is not necessarily the case4. However, the author provides no credible evidence that this is the case5. However, the author offers/provides no evidence to substantiate the assumptionC. 递进besides, moreover, additionally, furthermore, in addition, whats more, let alone(much less), particularly, most importantly, what really matters/counts isD. 假设unfairly/falsely assumes, implies, infers, reasons 相关词汇形容词：无理/不可靠的：unreasonable, dubious, premature, unjustified, unsubstantiated, questionable, problematic, unwarranted, unfair, ramshackle摇摇欲坠的, indefensible , unfound, groundless, ridiculous, suspicious, unsound可靠的：reliable, supporting , firm, valid, feasible, sound, forceful, compelly其他：lacking, insufficiently, unrepresentative, crucial, recommended, false, confidentlyPressing/urgently important 最迫切的Inaccurate/ vague/ imprecise evidence/definitionOversimplified好：vital, crucial, essential, overriding, profound, play a key role明显的：conceivable, obvious, apparent, conspicuous, notable, striking天生的：by nature, inherited, inherent, intrinsic, innate, in origin名词：Proposal, result, assurance, reliability, trial, participant, assumption, acquisition, scenarioprerequisite/premise先决条件Preponderance/ advantage/predominance 优势方面：angles, aspect, facet, viewpoint,副词：表面上：on the surface, superficially, ostensibly, apparently事实上：in itself; in reality; realistically; as a matter of fact程度：highly; greatly; inescapably不可避免的; to some extent; somewhat; thoroughly; seriously; spectacularly; indeed; completely; wholly;Comparatively; relatively; relevantly; as to; ideally; presumablyConversely 相反的动词：导致：account for说明, contribute to, cause, serve to, be responsible for, contribute to, lead to, result in, attribute to归咎于被导致：be due to, result from, owing to, on account of, as a consequence of, be a response to, derive from.故此：hence, therefore, thereby+现在分词, thus, as a result, so that, eventually, correspondingly, accordingly, consequently, resultantly(必然的), namely;为了：so as to; for the purpose of; for the sake of; in an attempt to; in efforts to;弱因果(考虑到)：for fear of; bearing in mind; be blamed on; considering; knowing; take into accountin consideration of; in face of; in light of; in view of; in favor of; concern with; object to 关于： in relation to; with respect/regard to; with/in reference to; within the context of; with the guise of;作者主张：address, draw, offer, substantiate, infer, assume, claim, advocate, predict , project, forecast, expect, anticipate, recommend, suggest, advice, advocate ,propose, conclude consider, weigh, explain, inform, assert, allege, state, contend, maintain, overstate显示,表明: show/imply/prove/indicate/illustrate/demonstrate其他：aside from除之外, have no bearing with与无关, rest on, serve ones goal, eliminate, exceed/excel/surpass面临：confront, encounter, witness限制：restrict, circumscribe, confine, limit加快、促进：accelerate, facilitate, advance, boost获得：acquire, gain, attain, achieve, pursue影响：have/exert a profound influence on ; have a dramatic/undesirable effect on满足：meet, satisfy, Comply with 遵守鉴于此：for that matter; in that case应该：would have to; should; ought to;伴随着：along with, keep pace with, consistent with, in harmony with, in accordance with.Either efficiency or quality of Openly encourage patients feedbackVocational instruction and training职业化培训Demographic makeup ofAn influx of residents or businessesGenetic propensity / genetic predisposition Genetically more/less disposed toPhysical constitution 体质Physically/naturally/innately/inherently/inherited/initially/genetically healthy/salubrious/salutary by nature有益健康Be detrimental to health/affect health adversely/injurious 有害健康 Ideology意识形态 Cultural awareness文化意识 Value consciousness 价值观aesthetic and historical culture valueThe will offset/compensate.Jeopardize/ do harm to/ do bad to/adversely affect不利于Counteract the effect of.Do good to/benefit to / be conductive to有助于 Have/Pose an indirect/negligible impact on 影响很小Peripheral /superficial element/factors insignificant part / amount scant significance Cardinal最重要/principal /primary / most important/significant Proposed incentives.As opposed to 而不是大学就业方面Increase its enrollment finda particularly enticing featureGraduate-level study career flexibilitya high success rate amongin finding jobsA high percentage ofdoes not mean that might be far more concerned aboutthanarebe oriented toward the needs of studentsjob placement rateSeek employment be exceptionally bright or resourcefulhire eminent facultyAchieve its intended resultBoost the employment rate of Lower demand on scoring systemperhaps last year was an aberrationbe content in current position and at her current salary levelconsider employment for spouses a key factor in choosing among job offersMake decisions responding to its own situationdue to the nearing of winter vacationAttract donations from alumni 有用单词与短语：Popularity plummeting 民众支持率降低Amount to 导致，发展成；相当于 等于Aggravating 加重的，恶化的Seminal 萌芽的 潜在的 开创性的 有重大影响的ForgoIntuitionResort to Hinge on 以为转移, 靠转动Dimensions of the problemProvide necessary impetus forParadigmObscure vNascent : in a nascent condition/stage/state a nascent industry/ literature/artIrrespective of whether 无论如何Draw a distinction betweenCatalystProviso 限制性条款，附带条件 Aside from the two forgoing provisos, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speakers claimThwart v 反对 妨碍 挫败Inexorable adj 不可阻挡的；坚持不懈的；无情的Take precedence over 居先于。优先于Serve as a substitute forBe superseded byExorbitant 过度的 过高的Undue 过度的 过分的Pose 引起某事物，造成，提出Breed 致使 造成 breeding groundBurgeon 迅速发展，发芽 burgeoning cities/ Internet commenceOurgrowth资助 赞助:Subsidize: subsidizing cultural traditions is not a proper role of government.Patron: on the patronage of under the auspices of 实施Carry out, implement增强、提高：Escalate 增强，提高，升级 the escalating cost of addressing these problemsEnhance/promote/augment/elevate: v.降低、减少：Decrease/decline/reduce/cut down 分类错误段落A 调查类错误1. 样本大小和代表性People inclined to were more willing to respond to the survey than other people were the sample is statistically significant to be representative of / reflect the general attitude of The number of participants, 100, might constitute an insufficiently small sample to The sample must be sufficient in size and representative of the overall population of in generalIts very likely that the respondents only stand for a tiny proportion of the wholeThe survey results would be less reliable than if the survey embraced a wider range of Additional sample from diverse geographic locationsMany teachers were actually excluded from the survey.Even assuming that ., it is nevertheless unfair to infer that. Perhaps.; for that matter.Also, perhaps.(have certain other habits or certain inherited/inherent traits/characteristics/timber/features/2. 调查的可靠性、可信程度A threshold problem with the argument involves the statistical reliability of the survey the respondents reports were both truthful and meaningful Forthright and honestThe respondents would not be inclined to provide authentic and believable answer out of consideration for their privacy or personal affairs.As we all know, due to the advanced ideation to human beings人类的高级思维能力, people are always response in the consideration that whether their reply will be highly approbated or at least not be scoff at rather than give out the response utterly/accurately reflect what is really in their minds.3. 比例和总数关系If a comparatively small percentage of attend, then the comparatively small amount of might be well justified despite an equal level of A % increase does not necessarily indicate a sufficient demand forAlthough a % increase seems significant, the actual level of might nevertheless be very low.Even though the number of is smaller, the percentage of might be relatively higher.Its possible that is no more than half that of Is tantamount to相当于/is commensurate to相称/is directly proportional to成正比于4. 其他Undermine the surveys relevance inWho conducted the survey?调查的进行机构B 错误因果Even assuming, a direct correlation between and does not necessary prove/indicate that the former causes the latter. While a high correlation is a strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself it is insufficient,Similarly, a correlation between and does not necessary infer a causal relationship.A mere positive correlation between and does not necessarily prove a causal relationship.The mere fact that precedes is insufficient to conclude that the former is the cause of the latter. In all likelihood many other causes could also bring about the same result.Since the author fails to account for this alternative explanation for the he cannot make any sound recommendations to based on C 概念差异The arguer does not differentiate between _ and _The author falsely/simply equates A with BThe argument depends on the assumption that A is representative of BD 过去推将来The trend in will continue in the foreseeable futureThe strategy would ensure similar result nowadaysIt is most likely that many background conditions upon which the trend/strategys effectiveness depend have changed over this time span.It is assumed without justification that During a sufficiently long interim period the demographic makeup of might have changedBesides, this assertion ignores the possible influx of residents or businesses in the future, thereby increasing the demand for electricity beyond what the existing plants can meet.E 错误类比cultural, educational, religious, regional, environmental difference / discriminationdifferent age, gender, and occupationfinancial statistics about the profitability of the two industriesthe jewelry business is an entirely different industry dealing with a much different target market and totally different products.Without accounting for such differences/dissimilarities/disparities, any analogy between these two cities is premature and any conclusion based on that analogy is unjustified.The disparity/difference/dissimilarity can readily be explained by other possible factors other than, such as changing economic condition (宏观经济的变化).perhaps or perhapsThe article unfairly assumes that similar (incentives) will carry a similar result for B/will bring about the same result. It is entirely possible that the two cities are different in ways that would undermine the effectiveness of similar (incentives) for B.the increase in A does not necessarily promise/guarantee a correspondent increase in BAdmittedly, this might be the case under particular conditions especially when the two places embrace same characteristics to some extent. However, an awareness of inherent distinctions between the two locations will inform us the existence of another possibility that;Its likely that there are inherent differences between A and B which might make the same course of action ineffective and insufficient to ensure the similar result at B. but would not come into play in other cities.F 整体规律用于个体Although this assumption is might generally be sound, it might not hold true forThe nationwide study showing clear trends among does not resultantly apply to It is quite possible that do not follow the general trends. For that matterthe trend might be just opposite. reflect this general tendencyG 单个事例草率推广The arguer attributes the characteristic of an individual member of a group to the group as a whole.The authors claim that this success can be repeated elsewhere might nevertheless be unwarranted.This single sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion about are not typical of are more concerned than the average person about.H 其他影响因素The primary or even a contributing course of themight be explained by a variety of factorsPopulation and demographic shifts, unreasonably poor weather, reduced law enforcement measuresMotivation and natural abilityThe author also overlooks the possibilities that one or more other factors other than除了 would instead responsible for Logic and common sense/experience inform me that the result might has been due instead to one or other factorsUnfairly infers that the proposed course of action is the only mean of achieving the desired result.Either scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the 品牌因素: It is most likely that A has advantage of brand that B does not possess, which is impossible to duplicate, if so, the increase of the sales of A is the result of the advantage of brand other than the price竞争因素: It is possible that the competitive opponents will manufacture similar products with higher quality but priced at lower level in the instant future insomuch that these products will be more popular with consumers and diminish As sales sharply.旅游因素: It is most likely that is a tour resort which makes the most of consumers may be tourists instead of local residents.地形因素: Moreover,