B5U1课文全解.doc

Unit 1 GREAT SCIENTISTS JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” 约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”1. defeat vt. to win a victory over someone in a war, competition, game etc.打败，战胜，使受挫Ive tried to solve the problem, but it defeats me!Our team defeated theirs in the game. n.失败，输failure to win or succeedThis means admitting defeat.They have got six victories and two defeats.辨析win, beat与defeat win “赢得”赛事、战事、某物；后接人时，意为“争取赢得的好感或支持；说服” beat “战胜”“击败”比赛中的对手，可与defeat互换We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.They won the battle but lost many men.The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.I can easily beat /defeat him at golf. John Snow was a famous doctor in London so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，以至于成了照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。2. expert n. 专家，能手an expert in psychologyan agricultural expert a.熟练的，有专门技术的an expert rideran expert job需专门知识的工作He is expert in / at cooking.3. attend vt. &vi 参加，注意，照料 be present at参加attend a ceremony / lecture / a movie / school / class / a meeting I shall be attending the meeting.Please let me know if you are unable to attend the conference. attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顾，看护1.The queen had a good doctor attending on her.2.Dr Smith attended her in hospital. 治疗3.Are you being attended to?接待4.Mother had to attend to her sick son. attend to处理，注意倾听attend to the matter1.A nurse attends to his needs.2.Can you attend to the matter immediately?3.I may be late I have got one or two things to attend to.4.Excuse me, but I have an urgent matter to attend to.辨析attend, join, join in与take part inattend指参加会议、上课、上学、听报告等join 指加入某组织、团体，成为其中一员join in指加入某种活动；表示与某人一起做某事join sb. in sth.take part in指参加正式的、有组织的活动，切在活动中起积极作用1.Only 2 people attended the meeting.2.He joined the Communist Youth League in 2007.3.Will you join us in the game?4.We often tale part in the after-class activities. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但当他一想到要帮助(那些)得了霍乱的普通百姓时，就感到很受鼓舞。4. expose : to show sth. that is usually covered暴露 expose sth. to the light of day 把某事暴露于光天化日之下 I threatened to expose him ( to the police). 我威胁要(向警察)揭发他. He exposed his skin to the sun.他把皮肤暴露在阳光下. The old man was left exposed to wind and rain.When he smiled he exposed a set of perfect white teeth. This was the deadly disease of its day.霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病。deadly英dedli 词形变化: deadlier deadliest deadliness adj. 致命的，致死的Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world. 中国文明是世界上最古老的文明之一。The hospitals and health care system in the west are not equipped to handle this complicated and deadly epidemic. 西部的医院和医疗体系不够完善,很难处理这种复杂和致命的传染病。 adv.非常地，如死一般地 She was madly in love; deadly dull; deadly earnest; deucedly clever; insanely jealous. 她爱得疯狂；极为昏暗；非常认真；非常聪明；过分地嫉妒。 3.Asiatic cholera is a deadly disease. 亚洲霍乱乃致死之病 Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 对于它的起因和治疗方法人们都不清楚。neither.nor.既不也不，连接句中两个相同成分。I neither knew nor cared what had happened to him.我既不知道也不关心他出了什么事。Neither France nor Britain will attend the meeting next week.法国和英国都将不会参加下星期的会议。Neither Jim nor his parents have seen the film.Neither his parents nor Jim has seen the film.吉姆和她的父母都没有看过这部电影。 *curevt. & n. to make someone who is ill well agian治疗,痊愈When I left the hospital I was completely cured.cure sb of a diseaseA.When you have a pain in your shoulders, you will go to see a doctor. The doctor will cure you. B.The only way to cure backache is to rest.C.He will cure the pain in your shouldersD.When I left the hospital I was completely cured.E.The illness cannot be cured easily.F.Although the boy was beyond cure, his parents tried to cure him of bad habits.a cure for a diseaseA.Aspirin is said to be a wonderful cure for the pain.B.There is still no cure for the common cold.C.Is there a certain cure for cancer yet?a cure for sth.: to remove a problem, or improve a bad situation解决问题，改善困境The prices are going up every day, but there is no cure for rising prices.辨析cure与treatcure主要指痊愈，强调的是结果treat强调治疗过程，指通过药物、特别的食品或运动治疗病人或疾病，不强调结果。A.They cured me of my influenza.B.They treated me with a new drug.treat 治疗，含义最广，包括对伤口、病人进行诊断，制定治疗方案、开药方等。eg.Cancer is difficult to treat.cure 治愈；治疗，多指病后恢复健康eg.The madicine cured her toothache.heal （伤口或断骨）愈合；复原，多指创伤，外伤，也可指矛盾，分歧eg.The wound heals rapidly. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.人们既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治疗。每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人病死。(1)本句为复合句，“So many thousands of terrified people died” 为主句，every time引导时间状语从句，意思是“每当”。(2)有些名词短语或副词可以起连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。例如：every time，each time，the last time，next time，the moment，the minute，immediately，instantly等。Every time/Each time I express an opinion，she argues back.每当我发表意见时，她总是反驳。I found myself in an entirely new world the moment/the minute/immediately I arrived here.我一到这里就感到耳目一新。The last time I saw him，he was quite well.我最后一次看到他时，他还相当健康。Give your father my best regards next time you see him.下次你见到你父亲时，请代我向他致以最好的问候。拓展延伸(1)for the first time是介词短语，常用作时间状语，而the first time是连词，引导时间状语从句。(2)It is the first time that.如果前面用is，从句动词用现在完成时；如果前面用was，则从句动词用过去完成时.(3)Its (high) time that.从句动词用过去时或should动词原形。Its high time we took immediate action to prevent pollution.该到我们立即采取措施阻止污染的时候了。Each time_they met，they would talk long hours together.Awhich BwhenCduring D/解析：句意为：他们每次见面都会谈论很长时间。each timeevery time“每当，每次”，在句中起连词作用，可直接引导时间状语从句。答案：DWhile he is still a child，he always keeps calm_ he meets difficulty.Athe moment BimmediatelyCwhile Devery time解析：考查时间副词在句中充当连词引导时间状语从句的用法。A、B两项结构虽然符合要求，但其意为“一就”；while可引导时间状语从句，但它必须和延续性动词连用；every time表示“每次；每当”。结合句意“尽管他还是一个孩子，但每当遇到困难，他总能保持冷静”，可知D为最佳选项。答案：D He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.他知道在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。 control vt.& n. vt.： to have power over, rule, direct 控制，支配，管理He cannot control his feelings / anger.You are trying to control me as though I were your slave.The government tries its best to control prices.be under the control of; be in control of; take/gain control of ; get / be out of control; lose control of; beyond control 1.George took /gained control of the business after his father died.2.The car went out of control and crashed into the pole.3.the head in control of the country 4.The driver lost control of his car and it knocked into a tree.5.Mr. Brown is in control of the shop. / The shop is in the control of Mr. Brown.6.This money is under control of Mr Brown.7.Whos in control of the project? He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.他对霍乱致人死地的两种推测产生了兴趣。 The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，像一股危险气体在空中到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。 suggest v. 建议；暗示；表明 suggest+doing / sth. / that-clause1.May suggested a picnic at the weekend.2.What did you suggest to the headmaster? 3.I suggested leaving early for the airport. 4.She suggested that her father (should) give up smoking. 他建议我们参观长城。5.He suggested to us a visit to the Great Wall.6.He suggested us visiting the Great Wall.7.He suggested that we (should) visit the Great Wall.*suggest (暗示，表明)+从句不用虚拟语气。1.The smile on her face suggested that she agreed with me. 2.The look on his face suggested that he was happy.3.His pale face suggested that he was seriously ill.4.His work suggests that he is a careful man. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。absorb vt.(1)专注，聚精会神be absorbed input ones heart into集中精力做某事I was absorbed in a book and didnt hear your call. 我正专心看书，没听到你的电话。Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.汤姆专心工作，几乎忘记了吃饭和睡觉。吸收o.把吸收入absorb sb.s attention吸引某人注意The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.那个聪明的男孩把他老师所能教他的所有知识都理解了。When I entered，I found my father _on the sofa and_in a magazine.sitting；absorbed Bsit；absorbCsitting；absorbing Dsat；absorbed解析：本题考查非谓语动词的用法。第一个动词sit与father之间是主动关系，故用现在分词。第二个动词absorb与father之间是被动关系，即父亲被杂志所吸引，故用过去分词。答案：A完成句子他专心读报，连门铃也没听见。He was_ _ _the newspaper to hear the bell.答案：too absorbed in From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.病毒从胃部开始迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。 John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.约翰斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但需要有证据。suspect vt. 1.疑有,察觉The tiger suspected danger and ran away. 老虎意识到危险便逃跑了。 2.怀疑,不信任We suspected their honesty. 我们不相信他们是诚实的。 3.怀疑(某人犯有过错)+of+(that)The police suspected that Bill did it. 警察怀疑那件事是比尔干的。 4.猜想;料想+(that)I suspect theyll come. 我想他们会来的。 不及物动词 vi. 怀疑,疑心;猜疑suspect n. 嫌疑犯;可疑分子C形容词 a. 可疑的;受到怀疑的;不可信的(+of/to/with)His motives were suspect with others. 他的动机受到其他人的怀疑。 短语suspect sb. of (doing) sth.怀疑某人做了某事句型suspect sb. to be疑心某人是suspect that疑心She suspected him of taking her money.We suspected that he had finished doing his homework.Suspect 和Doubt的区别 Doubt: to be uncertain about sth(不太相信或肯定),多指事情(的真实性) eg:I dont doubt that he will come on time.(我毫不怀疑他能准時) I doubt whether/if he is honest. =I doubt his honesty.(我不太相信他的为人) Suspect: 怀疑(某程度上的相信或认为) eg:We suspect that he was lost.(我们相信他可能失踪了) They suspect him to be the murderer.(他们怀疑他是凶手) 1. 如果后面接名词，代词或名词性词组时，两者基本都可通用。但是suspect一般是指不好的事情，使人产生“可能”的疑心。以此区别doubt。2. 如果后面接that从句，意思就截然不同。Doubt意为“无把握；不相信，”怀疑其无。Suspect意为“有存在或属实的想法；相信”，怀疑其有。3. doubt用于肯定句，多接多接多接多接whether/if引导的句子，这时意为“不敢肯定”。4. doubt可作不及物动词，用于doubt of sth; suspect 用于suspect sth to be; suspect sb of doing sth. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry.因此在1854年伦敦再次爆发霍乱时，他就着手准备对此调研。 As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. 当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延时，约翰斯诺开始搜集信息。 In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.他发现特别在两条街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。 severea. so serious, so bad严厉的，苛刻的，严格的Come on! Dont be so severe with the children. His report contains severe criticism of the companys actions.His severe looks frightened me.very harmful or painful, serious or uncomfortable（疼痛）剧烈，的严重的，I was caught in a severe storm last night and couldnt go back home in time.He has such a severe illness that he has been in hospital. I suffered a severe attack of toothache.He had a severe pain in the leg. He was determined to find out why.他决心查清原因。First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people have lived.他首先在地图上标注出所有死者曾住过的确切地点。 This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. 该图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。valuable v?ljl adj.贵重的；重要的【巧记提示】 value(价值)+-able(形容词后缀)Im sure my information is valuable.我确信我的消息很有价值。 辨析valuable，priceless，invaluable与precious：valuable指任何“值钱的、可以带来巨额利润的、非常有用的”或“受人珍视的”东西；priceless意为“无价的，贵重的”，用于加强语气、加深程度等情况；invaluable意为“无法估价的”，不用于谈金钱，通常指品质；precious指任何“昂贵的、贵重的”东西，尤其适用于失掉后无法补偿的东西。 Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 163738 and 40).许多死者都住在布洛德街上的水泵附近(尤其是这条街上的16、37、38和40号)。 He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.他还发现有些住户(如布洛德街20号和21号及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。 He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations.他未预料到这种情况，于是他做了进一步调查。* foresee: to know that sth. is going to happen before it actually happensvt. 预见，预料The method was used in ways that couldnt have been foreseen by its inventors.Few analysts foresaw that oil rice would rise so steeply.No one could have foreseen things would turn at this way.Its impossible to foresee how life will work out. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.他发现这些人是在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工。 They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.酒馆为他们供应免费啤酒，因此他们没喝布洛德街水泵里的水。 It seemed that the water was to blame.看来霍乱的流行要归罪于饮用水了. 8be to do You are not to speak loudly in the office.The driver was to blame for the accident.have sth done结构中的宾补成分He had to have his car repaired, for it broke down this morning.Mark had his hair cut yesterday. 12. blame v. 责备；谴责；把归咎于 n. 过失；责备;(过失、过错等)责任 blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.为某事责备某人 / 责备某人做了某事Its not fair to blame me. Its not my fault.They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.Many children are afraid of being blamed for making mistakes in speaking English. blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事归咎于某人;因某事而指责某人 The police blamed the traffic accident on jacks careless driving. be to blame for(doing)sth 因(做)某事某人应该受到谴责；注意:be to blame应受责备（主动表被动）；应负责任The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.Which driver was to blame for the accident?Either he or I am to blame. Who is to blame for the fire? accept / bear / take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任He is ready to take the blame for what had happened. put / lay the blame for sth. on sb. 将某事归咎于某人Its no use blaming our defeat on him. 辨析 blame/scold 责备 blame 责备；谴责； 归咎于强调对某种可以解释的失误或不良行为的谴责或惩罚： scold 斥责”、“责骂”指大声呵斥，责备，唠唠叨叨地说，常用于长辈对晚辈 1）Dont _ it on him, but on me. 2）The parents _ the naughty boy and asked him to leave the home at once. Keys: 1) blame 2) scolded blame / fault / guilt blame强调对某种可以解释的失误或不良行为的谴责或惩罚。 The police laid the blame for the accident squarely on the drivers shoulders. fault 是指引起或没能阻止某有害事件发生而应承担的责任。 The student failed the examination, but not through any fault of his teacher. guilt 适用于情节严重、故意的不良行为并强调道德上的过失。 The case was dismissed because the prosecution did not have sufficient evidence of the defendants guilt. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. 接下来，约翰斯诺调查了这两条街上的水源。 look into调查，了解，研究，浏览，向里看Well look into the case as soon as possible.But now the authority is looking into the cost of modifying all of its windows.The building around the corner caught fire last night. The police are now looking into the matter.look around; look after, look down upon; look for; look forward to; look like; look over浏览，过目一遍; look out; look through浏览，检查; look on; look up to; He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.他发现水来自于河里，这条河被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。 He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.约翰斯诺立即告诉布洛德街上惊慌失措的人们拆掉水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。* handle n.把手；柄ball handle球形手柄 bolt handle闩柄brake handle闸柄,制动器手柄,control handle控制旋钮,crank handle手摇曲柄cross handle十字手柄free handle活动手柄hammer handle锤柄,链球把手.handle bar车把operating handle操纵杆,操作手柄 1.I turned the handle and opened the door. 我转了转拉手,把门打开。2.With a violent twist,he wrenched off the handle. 他猛力一拧,将那把手拧了下来。v.处理；对待；操作；触；买卖1.I was impressed by her handling of the affair. 我觉得她对此事的处理很了不起。2.The speaker was roughly handled by the mob. 演说者受到暴民的粗暴对待。词义辨析deal with ，manage ，handle这些动词或短语都含有“处理”，“对付”之意。deal with:既可指处理具体事情，也可指处理或解决具有抽象意义的问题。manage:指处理日常事务与工作，也可指经营管理。handle:从原义“手柄”，转引申为作“处理”解时，其内涵是管理和操纵。 Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是通过细菌传播而非气团传播。In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在伦敦的另一地区，他从另外两例与布洛德街疾病爆发有关的死亡病例中得到了有力的证据。 Link vt. 连接；联系n. 环；连接；联系；纽带常用结构：link .to/with 将和连接/联系起来link up 连接起来The highway links Shanghai to/with Beijing.这条公路连接着上海和北京。Your story links up with his.你所说的和他所说的能联系起来。A lot of links fitted together form a chain.许多链环连在一起组成链条。Old friends are a link with the past.老朋友是连接往事的纽带。易混辨析join/connect/combine/unite join指的是任何事物的直接连接，连接的程度可紧可松，含有“还能分开”之意。常用结构join .to, join up。 connect指的是通过某种媒介物把事物连接起来，事物的特征还保持着，常表示与技术有关的连接以及火车、飞机等实行联运。常用结构connect .with/to。 combine着重指两个或两个以上的人或事物为了共同的目的而结合在一起，结合后原来的部分可能仍不改变，但也可能失去其本性，常用结构combine .with。 unite强调紧密地结合成一体，含极难分开之意,常用结构unite .with。Please join this pole to that one.请把这根竿子和那根竿子接起来。This flight connects with New York one.这班飞机在纽约可接上另一趟航班。We should combine theory with practice.我们应该理论联系实际。 A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.一个妇女，从布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜欢水泵的水，她让人每天从水泵给她家送水。 Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.她和她的女儿在喝了这些水后，都死于霍乱。 With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.利用这个额外证据，约翰斯诺就可以很有把握地宣布污染水携带病菌。16. announce vt.(1)宣布，宣告(决定、计划等)announce sth.(to sb.)(向某人)宣布、通告某事announce that.宣布；通知It is announced that.据宣布 Please announce to your class that there will be no school tomorrow.请通知你们班明天不上学。It has been officially announced that he will pay a second visit to China soon.据官方消息称，他不久将再次来中国访问。 (事情)显示；预告The bright flowers announced that spring was here.鲜艳的花朵显示春天已经来到。拓展延伸announcement n宣布；口头通知make an announcement下通知 Attention，please！I have an announcement to make.大家请注意，我有事要通知！完成句子当他宣布竞赛的优胜者时，大家都静静地倾听。Everyon