现在分词的用法.doc

现在分词的用法1. 分词的定义 现在分词是由动词+ing构成的。 现在分词具有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可以带自己的宾语或受状语修饰，现在分词和自己的宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语。2. 现在分词的语法作用；现在分词在句中可以作主语、表语、定语、补足语和状语。1. 作主语1. 通常被看作是单数不可数名词，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。Driving fast is very dangerous. Swimming is my favourite sport.Painting is an art. Hearing the bad news made him cry.2. 现在分词作主语时，常常用it作形式主语，而把现在分词放到句末。It is no good/use talking with him Its no good smoking. You should give it up.It is no good crying over split milk.It作形式主语，现在分词作真正主语时的常用句型：It +be+ a waste of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间 It +be+ fun doing sth. 做某事很有趣 It +be+ no good/no use/useless doing sth. 做某事没有用 It +be+ expensive doing sth. 做某事很昂贵 It +be+ dangerous doing sth. 做某事很危险 It +be+ a pleasure doing sth. 做某事是一件愉快的事 eg. Its no use complaining. Its no good smoking a lot.Its a waste of time doing such a thing.3. There +be+ no sense in doing sth.做某事没有道理 There +be+ no point (in) doing sth.做某事毫无意 There +be+no use in doing sth.做某事没有用 Nothing worse than doing sth.没有比.更糟糕的 eg. There is no point (in) doing so.这么做，毫无意义。4. 前后平行 Teaching is learning. Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.二、作表语：1. 动名词作表语相当于名词，说明主语的内容。主语和表语位置可互换。My job is teaching English.=Teaching English is my job.Your task is studying hard. = Studying hard is your task.2. 现在分词作表语，一般表主动或主语的性质和特征，主语多数情况下是物，一般跟在联系动词be, get, become, look, sound, feel, keep, remain, grow, seem, appear等词后， eg. His speech is exciting.他的演讲令人兴奋。 This story is very interesting. 这个故事很有趣。 The news sounds encouraging.这个消息听起来令人鼓舞。 而作表语用的现在分词，已经完全变成了形容词，常见的现在分词如下： moving, interesting, encouraging, exciting, inspiring, boring, surprising, puzzling, amusing, astonishing, missing, promising等，这些词可以放在系动词后做表语。3、 作宾语1. 作动词宾语英语中，有相当一部分动词后，只能接-ing分词作宾语：admit承认、 advise、suggest建议 、escape逃避、 quit停止做、deny否认 、miss错过、 avoid避免做、keep保持、appreciate感谢、practise练习、 enjoy、mind介意、 consider考虑做、risk冒险做、 excuse原谅、imagine、finish等。I enjoy reading newspapers. I enjoy chatting with them.I suggest you should practise speaking English every morning.注意：有一类动词后即可跟不定式作宾语，也可跟-ing分词作宾语。可以把这类动词分为三种类型：1）两种形式意义基本相同。2）两种形式略有差别。3）意义完全不同。A）两种形式意义基本相同的动词有：attempt, begin, cease(停止), continue, intend, start.如：She started to cry/crying. He continued to work/working.What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下来做什么？B)两种形式意义略有差别的动词主要有：hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等。如：I like playing basketball. I hate to trouble you. I prefer to go for a walk. I prefer singing songs.C)后跟不定式和-ing分词时，意义完全不同的动词有：remember, forget, regret., try, mean, chance(碰巧),cannot help.等。它们后面跟不定式表示动作还未发生，而跟现在分词表示动作已经发生。remember doing sth 记得做了某事 remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事 forget doing sth忘记做了某事 forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事mean doing sth意味着/意思是 mean to do 打算/意欲做某事regret doing sth 后悔做了某事 regret to do sth.遗憾的要去做某事chance doing冒险做某事/碰运气试着做某事 chance to do碰巧做某事stop doing sth停止做某事 stop to do sth停下来做另一件事go on doing sth继续做同一件事 go on to do sth继续做另一件事try doing sth 试着做某事 try to do sth 努力/试图做某事cannot help doing sth 禁不住做某事 cannot help to do sth 不能帮忙做某事I regret to do this thing. I regret doing such a thing.I mean to buy a house. Fighting means killing.He chanced to meet his old friend in the street. He chanced taking part in that race.I cannot help to do homework for you. I cannot help laughing.下列动词可接v-ing 形式的主动形式表被动意义(相当于不定式的被动形式)need/want/require/deserve doing=need/want/require/deserve to be doneYour shirt needs washing. Your suggestion deserves considering.v-ing形式作宾语时，有使用it作形式宾语。I found it no use talking with him. We think it good forbidding smoking in public places. 2. 作介词宾语能用-ing分词作介词宾语的短语：listen to, be interested in, pay attention to, look forward to, turn to, be afraid of, dream of, insist on, stick to, object to, be good at, lead to, feel like, devote to, get used to, give up, be/get accustomed to等。Ive been looking forward to hearing from you.3. 作形容词宾语be busy+(in) doing sth be worth doing sthI am busy in doing my homework. The book is worth reading.4.注意：有一类-ing分词和go搭配，表示“去（干。）”，这些分词大多与休闲娱乐的户外活动有关。go boating去划船 go camping去野营 go climbing去爬山 go driving驾车去兜风 go dancing去跳舞 go hiking徒步旅行 go hunting去打猎 go fishing垂钓 go running go jogging慢跑 go ridding骑马 go sailing航行 go shopping购物 go sightseeing观光 go skating滑冰go swimming go walking散步 go window shopping逛街如：We went boating yesterday.四、作定语：现在分词做定语，表示中心词是该动词的动作发出者，此时的现在分词充当形容词的作用，用来修饰中心词。1. 单个分词作定语时放在中心词前面。说明所修饰名词的用途及有关动作swimming pool 游泳池 waiting room 候车室 walking stick 拐杖 dinning room 餐厅washing machine 洗衣机 drinking water 饮用水 reading room 阅览室表示所修饰的名词进行的动作或状态，它和所修是名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句. a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping eg. We see the rising sun every morning. 每天早晨我们都可以看到东升的旭日。 China is a developing country. 中国是个发展中国家。 2. 分词短语作定语时放在中心词后面,可以转化为一个进行时的定语从句. The girl sitting next to him is his sister. Did you see the girl dancing with your brother?五、作宾语补足语或主语补足语。现在分词在主动语态句子中作宾语补足语（在被动语态句子中就是主补）。A、 在感官动词feel, hear, notice, observe, find, see, smell, watch等之后作宾补或主补。如： I heard my sister singing that song .（宾补）My sister was heard singing that song outside.（主补） I found John reading that book .（宾补） John was found reading that book.（主补）B、在使役动词get, have, bring(致使), keep(使), leave(使), set(使开始)等之后作宾补或主补。表示“使某人/某物处于某种状态; 使某人/某物一直做某事” They kept me waiting for a long time. I won”t have you shouting at me the way. 我不容许你这样对我喊叫。 The children kept the fire burning all the time. 孩子使火一直燃烧着。C、在其他动词catch，detect，discover，want等之后作宾补或主补。如： The manager caught me smoking in the office again. 经理又抓住我在办公室抽烟了。 We don”t want you becoming too confident. 我不希望你变得太自信。六、作状语：现在分词作状语成分，可以置于句子主体之前或之后。 A：一般来说，表示原因、时间、条件、让步等意义的状语成分多置于句子主体之前，用逗号和主体部分隔开，通常可以转化成相应的状语从句。 1、表示时间，可以转化成时间状语从句：Walking in the street, I saw him.在街上走路时，我看见了他=When I was walking in the street, I saw him.Hearing this good news, he jumped with joy.=When he heard this good news, he jumped with joy. 2、表条件，可以转化成条件状语从句：Working hard, you will succeed.只要努力，你就能取得成功 =If you work hard, you can succeed.Buying this clothes, you can get that T-shirt for free.= If you buy this clothes, you can get that T-shirt for free. 3、表原因，可以转化成原因状语从句Being ill, she did not go to school yesterday. =Because she was ill, she did not go to school yesterday.Having Left the key at home, he could not enter his office.=Because he had left the key at home, he could not enter his office.钥匙落在家了，他进不了办公室 4、表让步，可以转化成让步状语从句Having failed many times, he did not lost heart. =Though he had failed many times, he did not lose heart. Considering for so long a time, he had no idea about it. =Though he considered for so long a time, he had no idea about it.考虑了这么久，他也没有弄明白B：表示结果、方式、伴随等意义的状语成分多置于句子主体之后，可用也可不用逗号与主体部分隔开。 1、表结果His father died, leaving him a lot of money.他父亲去世了，给他留下了一大笔钱。 He fell off his bike, breaking his legs. 他从自行车上摔下，摔断了腿。 2、表方式Please answer the question using another way. 请用另一种方式回答这个问题。 They came into the classroom, singing and laughing.=They sang and laughed; they came into the classroom. 3、表伴随He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper. 他坐在扶手椅里读报。 He was awake，thinking of the problem. 他睡不着，思考着那个问题。注意：现在分词作状语，分词的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）必须要与句中主体部分的主语保持一致。如果逻辑上不能做到一致，必须在分词引导的状语成分中带出分词自身的主语。这种结构就叫做独立主格结构。试比较： Walking in the street, I saw him.我在街上走路时，我看见了他 He walking in the street, I saw him. 他在街上走路时，我看见了他 He stood there, his head leaning on the tree. 他站在那儿，头靠着树。C: 作独立成分：有些含有分词的固定插入语，其逻辑主语不要求与主语一致。according to根据； judging from（从.来判断）; generally(frankly/exactly)speaking 一般地（坦率地/确切地）说; considering（考虑到）; talking of（说到）; supposing that（假使)； seeing that（鉴于）等。如：Considering his health，he was made to stay at home。考虑到他的健康原因，我们让他在家。Generally speaking, boys like sports more than girls do. 一般来说，男孩子比女孩子更喜欢体育。Judging from the expression on his face, he is unhappy. 从他脸上的表情来看，他不大开心。According to the law, every person has the freedom to speech. 根据法律，任何人均有言论的自由。Practice1. _ such a good chance, he planned to learn more. A) To be given B) Having given C) Having been given D)Giving 2. _ the city center, we saw a stone status of about 10 meters in height. A) Approached B)To approach C)Approaching D) To be approached 3. _ for many years, the writer suddenly became famous. A) Having ignored him B) To be ignored C) To have been ignored D) Having been ignored 4. _ with the picture, Mary tore it to pieces. A) Dissatisfying thoroughly B) Being thoroughly dissatisfied C) To dissatisfy thoroughly D) To be thoroughly dissatisfied 5. He had a wonderful childhood, _ with his mother to all corners of the world. A) travel B) to travel C) traveling D) traveled 6. Computer works very fast, _ data at the speed of light. A) having handled B) handling C) handled D) handles 7. He picked up an envelope _ 50 dollars in it. A) which was contained B) contained C) to contain D) containing8. There was an oil painting _ in the corner. It _ there for several years. A) lying; had lain B) laying; had laid C) lain; had laid D) laid; had been lain 9. _ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. A) Having believed B) Believing C) Believed D) Being believed 10. At the age of 29, Dave was a worker, _ in a small apartment near Boston and _ what to do about his future. A)lived; wondering B) lived; wondered C)living; wondering D) living; wondered11 When I caught him _ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop. A) cheating B) cheat C) to cheat D) to be cheating 12. Your hair wants _. Youd better have it done tomorrow. A) cut B) to cut C) cutting D) being cut 13. His remarks left me _ about his real purpose. A) wondered B) wonder C) to wonder D)