BEC高级图表题背诵.doc

大家学习网bbs.TopSp61 Q47 曲线图的写法审题:曲线图是average income, 要analyze and predict 的是living conditionreport on living condition of china peasantsIntroductionThe purpose of this report is to discuss and predict the changes of the Chinese peasants living conditions (based on a graph of their average income).Findings (这里有几点可以选择， 总的幅度， 最大最少的幅度.)From the diagram attached, we can see that within the 8 years, 1978-1986, the income of Chinese peasants has increased dramatically: from 133.57 in 1978 to 500 in 1986, nearly 4 times.It can be explained that living condition is improving. 这句不能少， 否则就不是在讨论change of living condition.Conclusion & PredictionBased on the analysis above, with the promising average income, the living condition of Chinese peasants will keep improving in the future. In addition, a relatively stable growth is expectable.这里主要总结一下图表的用语A slight increase, a sudden collapse, a dramatic/sharp/strong rise, a steady decline, a gradual rise, a jump, remain stable/steady, stay/level off总结:猛升：Skyrocket, Soar, jump 猛降：plunge, dive, collapse下降：fall, drop, decline, 上升：increase, grow, rise, 升幅：growth rate, scale of increase/decline平稳：stable, steady, same, level off, stay， remainp64, Q47审题：you are responsible for arranging traveling lines.资料：different percentage of people spend their holiday in different way目的：Emphasize changes of the main business for your companyreport on change of tourism businessIntrothe aim of this report is to analyse the changes of tourism business trend in order to shed some light on (illustrate/illuminate) our own business.Findings （合并同类项， 因为字数不允许你一个一个来）The table of where people spend their holidays shows that the number of people who choose “T” and “C” both increase sharply. On the contrary (in contrast with), the population staying at home during holiday drops dramatically. Only the figure for “G” stays. All of them show (imply/indicate) that people are more and more willing to go out during holiday (见解). ConclusionFollowing the study of the table, it is necessary that we should arrange more foreign travelling lines (回应身份)， more camping activities in order to move with the trend.1. the number of people who choose, 这里还可以说 the percentage of “t” and “c”2. move with the trend还可以说move with times/respond to the market change. p59 Q47 针对信的report.这种类型的题比图表简单， 因为对概括能力要求不高， 基本是有碗数碗， 有碟数碟。目的： recommend if you should deal with the supplier.Report on Ludova Technologies SlovenskoIntroThe report I submit is to see if we should use Ludova Technologies as our supplier.Summary of the info (事实罗列， 稍加见解)From what I have noticed, Ludovas production equipment is obsolete (out of date/outdated) to some extent, although facilities upgrade has been scheduled by the management. 或者说 The latest machines havent been put to use (put into practice) yet, although such idea is being considered. As a result (due to this), low production capacity is expected.Nevertheless, the product range is broad and their quality explain their good reputation, although inconvenient location really affect their delivery efficiency (这个理由可以随便编， 航班少，not enough demand).RecommendationOn the basis of my research, 肯定的答案：Though their production capacity is limited, we can still give them a trial period because of the planned upgrade and their good quality. However, less delivery time must be realized (achieved) before a contract is granted.否定答案：We have to give them a miss due to disappointed production capacity though offset(balanced) by good quality & broad product range.Proposal 讲义P17格式：1.Dear: Mr. Leesubject: 正文Your nameOr2.IntroductionReasons/support/findingsrecommendation明显的下属写给上司的请求信， 客气， 正式。 1-2-3-4ProposalDear Mr. SharkSubject: Request for extra BudgetWe are excited (pleased) to learn that the company is to choose to cut budget instead of any staff shrinkage, which we indeed appreciate very much.However, the sales department might be a exception case. In the coming season, a budget of 50,000 rmb is in great need. The following reasons will lay out a sound ground for the request. The sales department is currently running an in-service(on-job training) training course, of which the second payment (25,000) rmb is due next month. The last proposal for office refurbishment was approved last week, and the project is about to take off. Cost has turn out to be 25,000rmb more than estimatedIf you are not convinced with words above, I personally would be happy to give an in-depth presentation.DavidTest3 p68Business background: FlextimeAdvantages of flexible working hours Employees have greater freedom Can make travelling easier (e.g. avoiding commuting during the normal rush-hour) Improved morale and reducing absence and lateness Reduction in overtime and less lost time since long lunch breaks or late arrivals are not recorded as time workedDisadvantages of flexible working hours Costs involved in administering the scheme If the premises are open longer, there may be increased costs for lighting and heating Employees will not be in work at certain times and therefore it may not be suitable for organisations where continuous cover is necessary.P110 answerSample D. bad points and revises the report with the same content.Findings second paragraphDue to the fact that the majority of our staff need to take care of children, they prefer flexible working hours.Besides, some office are in poor condition. The worst is that some staff dont even have enough natural light by Health and Safety standard.Finally, complaints about less paid holiday form another issue. It is recommended that we should increase it to the average level in the industry. ConclusionIn a word, working conditions are generally acceptable according to the most staff. And it is wise to rectify the remaining problems so that we can in turn achieve a better productivity.内容概述：为了使得我们的段落在表达思想方面有效，通常对段落有四个方面的要求：第一，如上所述，一个段落只能讲述一个主题，即统一性；第二，段落应该讲述作者关于此主题所要讲述的全部内容；第三，段落应该有一个易于被读者所读懂的展开顺序；第四，段落中的句子应该是紧密地衔接在一起的。这就是著名英语语言专家James M.McCrimmon(Florida State University 1976)对于段落的写作所提出的基本要求，即“unity（统一性），completeness（完整性）,order（条理性）,and coherence（连贯性）。”BEC 2和BEC3的写作部分里所要求写的文章，从体裁（Genre）上来讲都是说明文（Expository）。而在一篇说明文里，通常一个典型段落一般只能表达一个独立完整的观点。所谓独立完整的含义是指段落里所提出的观点应该是有逻辑判断的，并且是有细节支持的。所以在BEC写作中,或者在一般的英文的说明文写作中，段落是我们表达一个独立完整观点的最小单位。为了使得我们的段落在表达思想方面有效，通常对段落有四个方面的要求：第一，如上所述，一个段落只能讲述一个主题，即统一性；第二，段落应该讲述作者关于此主题所要讲述的全部内容；第三，段落应该有一个易于被读者所读懂的展开顺序；第四，段落中的句子应该是紧密地衔接在一起的。这就是著名英语语言专家James M.McCrimmon(Florida State University 1976)对于段落的写作所提出的基本要求，即“unity（统一性），completeness（完整性）,order（条理性）,and coherence（连贯性）。”统一性的含义是显而易见的。它要求我们写出的段落要紧紧的围绕一个主题来进行写作。应该注意的是，我们在写一个段落并试图通过这个段落来表达我们的某个观点的过程，永远是一个自问自答的过程。我们首先提出一个逻辑命题，然后用为人们所了解的细节来支持这个命题。我们可以想像，在读者刚刚读到我们的这个逻辑判断时，不禁要问“为什么”。一个优秀的作者，永远是在读者们问到“为什么”之前，就回答了自己提出的命题。有时候，我们的段落写得莫名其妙，就是因为我们自己提出了一个命题而自己没有回答。而另一个方面，一个段落只可以也最多只能表达一个命题。否则，阅卷的老师会认为作者有逻辑问题，思路不清晰。会认为我们在说明一个观点时，加入了一些不相关联的东西，从而干扰了读者对该观点的理解，于是该段落在表达观点时是没有效率的。完整性的要求是相对的。一个观点到底需要多少阐述是视读者的需要而定的，这从很大程度上取决于作者的主观判断。而作者的主观判断又是取决于作者对该观点的理解以及对读者需要的理解。阐述过少当然会妨碍读者的理解，过多则会显得罗嗦。而且前者肯定会比后者问题更大。我们来看一段落。As is known to all, in our routine work we are very often exposed to new technology. For instance, we need to use new computer software, such as Oracle and statistical tools; manipulate the latest multimedia player to demonstrate information and apply different and effective measures by which we communicate. On all these occasions, a good command of new technology is rather important. 这是从BEC3的同学习作文章中节选出的一个段落。这一段所要写的是为什么要从三门公司提供的培训课程中选择“Changes in Technology”这门课。作者的这个段落如果选择就此结束，那么他所呈现给他的读者们的将是一个没有结论的主题。至此所有的内容只是阐述了“工作中会经常接触到新技术。”而没有向读者们解释为什么要选修这门课程的原因。这显然是不够的。读者们还是想知道为什么工作中经常接触到新技术就非要选择这门课程呢？该交待的没有交待完，这显然违反了段落写作“完整性”的原则。下面的段落是接在上面段落的最后一句之后的。请看添加之后的效果。Unfortunately all of us are rather weak in this aspect. When we take a course like Changes in Technology, we will have a chance to learn new technology quite systematically, and in class we will have plenty of chances to learn from our teachers, who are experts in new technology. More importantly, as I find from the training programme, all the class activities are job-oriented. So I am sure, after this course, we will be able to better application of the latest technology.补足以后的段落就比较完整了。它向读者介绍了自己现在所面临的实际情况。正是因为日常的工作中需要接触到大量的新技术，同时自己在这方面又比较薄弱，而且自己在该课程上上又可以学到很多东西，所以才要选修这门课程。这样的理由才是充分的理由。值得注意的是我们很多的同学的作文得不到理想分数的原因，不是因为自己提出的问题自己没有回答，而是因为自己没有完整的回答自己的问题，有一些东西没有说透，这时可以想像当考官来看我们“点到即止”的文章时，当然就觉得郁闷了，他恨不得帮你写完，你把考官给“憋死了”。这当然是笑话了。 如果说统一性解决的是“说没说到点子上的问题”，那么完整性解决的就是“说没说完的问题”。而接下来我们要谈的“条理性”解决的就是“怎么说的问题”。这就是如何去展开段落的问题（Order of Movement）。段落的展开规定了我们所写的一个段落的发展方向和发展方式。总的说来，段落的展开有以下几种，1、from general to particular 2、from particular to general3、from the whole topic to its parts 4、from question to answer 5、from effect to cause.还是以上文中所举的范文为例，这个段落就是一个典型的“from particular to general”的类型。它交代的顺序是层层递进的，主要由三层意思来构成：工作中经常会用到新技术 自己在了解新技术的应用方面不足 该课程有很多好处。最后得出结论，觉得肯定可以在该课程中学到最新技术的应用。前三层关系构成了支持最后结论的三个细节，互为依托，互相照应。结论句干净利落。进一步的，我们可以根据对段落展开的这几个种类的了解，对这段范文进行改造。比如，如果我们想把原文转换成“from general to particular“的结构，只需在段首加一句Topic Sentence即可。它可以是“ Current situation and our necessity for the knowledge of technology make me to choose Changes in Technology.” 这样，段首一个主题句引领了这个段落接下来的发展方向，清晰明确。请同学们注意，这时，这段范文的展开结构实际上成为了“from general to particular to general”的结构，即通常意味上的“总分总”的结构。这种结构并不是一种独立的段落展开的结构，而只是“from general to particular”结构中的一种变体。因为通常上，“from general to particular”的结构正是始于general statement 然后由details展开，最后终于general statement的。（James M.McCrimmon 1976)“from particular to general” 及 “from general to particular”两种结构的比较分析：前者结构所规定的文章的进程是和同学们在写文章时思想的进程相一致的。后者则是相逆的。一般的，根据我在BEC写作教学中的感觉，同学们的写作一般还是处于即想即写的自发状态，极少有事先周密计划的。这是可以理解的，因为一来同学们总的写作时间有限，二来同学们的耐心有限，所以从这两个角度讲，“From particular to general”的结构不失为向我们提供了一个针对我们写作的实际，指导我们进行写作的理论根据。它的含义是，同学们原则上可以顺着自己的思绪自然的写，而不必强求段首一定要有主题句。只要在段尾用一个“general statement”来总结一下就可以了。1、前者结构适合“演绎”的结构，而后者结构适合“归纳”的结构。2、前者对段落中的每一句的衔接水平要求较高，而后者结构则要求较低。这一点是容易理解的，因为前者结构直到最后读者才知道段落的中心思想。这就要求作者在段落前面的支持性的细节中的每一句话都要能吸引住读者，抓住读者的心直到中心思想出来的最后一刻。它的效果应该是“恍然大悟”。而在后者结构中，反正作者在段首就交待出了中心思想，下面的文字只要能说明它就可以了。它的效果应该是“早已明白”。这实际上也是一种平衡，如前所述，既然采用前者的结构，同学们可以在开始时，相对的在段落结构上不用“操什么心”，当然就要在具体段落的写作过程中“多操一些心了”。后者结构则反之，既然在开头已经计划周详，中间部分则只需按部就班就可以了。3、前者结构的段落自然清新，容易写出优秀的段落；后者结构较死板和沉闷，段落不容易写得精彩，但也不容易犯“走题”这样的错误。同学们的写作灵感往往是在写的过程中涌现出来的，但灵感这种东西往往主观性