生物与制药工程专业英语第二三五单元翻译.doc

Biologistsandchemistsdividecompoundsintotwoprincipalclasses,inorganicandorganic.Inorganiccompoundsaredefinedasmolecules,usuallysmall,thattypicallylackcarbonandinwhichionicbondsmayplayanimportantrole.Inorganiccompoundsincludewater,oxygen,carbondioxide,andmanysalts,acids,andbases.生物学家和化学家分裂成两个主要种类化合物、无机和有机。无机化合物被定义为分子,通常小,通常缺乏的碳离子束缚,那么它就能起到重要的作用。无机化合物包括水、氧气、二氧化碳和许多盐、酸、和根据地。Alllivingorganismsrequireawidevarietyofinorganiccompoundsforgrowth,repair,maintenance,andreproduction.Waterisoneofthemostimportant,aswellasoneofthermostabundant,ofthesecompounds,anditisparticularlyvitaltomicroorganisms.Outsidethecell,nutrientsaredissolvedinwater,whichfacilitatestheirpassagethroughcellmembranes.Andinsidethecell,wateristhemediumformostchemicalreactions.Infact,waterisbyfarthemostabundantcomponentofalmostalllivingcells.Watermakesup5%to95%ormoreofeachcell,theaveragebeingbetween65%and75%.Simplystated,noorganismcansurvivewithoutwater所有生物体需要多种无机化合物的增长、维修、维护、和繁衍。水是其中一个最重要的、也是最丰富的,这类化合物,这是特别至关重要,微生物。细胞外,营养溶解在水中,有利于他们通过细胞膜。和进入细胞,水介质对大多数化学反应。事实上,水是迄今为止最丰富的组件几乎所有的活细胞。水产生的5%95%或更多的每一个细胞,平均在65%和75%之间。简单的说,没有生物能生还,没有水。Waterhasstructuralandchemicalpropertiesthatmakeitparticularlysuitableforitsroleinlivingcells.Aswediscussed,thetotalchargeonthewatermoleculeisneutral,buttheOxygenregionofthemoleculehasaslightlynegativechargeandthehydrogenregionhasaslightlypositivecharge.Anymoleculehavingsuchanunequaldistributionofchargesiscalledapolarmolecule.Thepolarnatureofwatergivesitfourcharacteristicsthatmakeitausefulmediumforlivingcells水具有的结构和化学特性使得其尤为适合在活细胞中发挥作用。像我们讨论过的一样,总金额在水分子是中立的,但氧区域的分子都有稍微否定的电荷和氢地区稍微正电荷。有这样一个任何分子分配不均等的指控被称为一个极性分子。极地自然的水给它有四个特点,使它成为一个有用的活细胞中。First,everywatermoleculeiscapableofformingfourhydrogenbondswithnearbywatermolecules.Thispropertyresultsinastrongattractionbetweenwatermolecules.Becauseofthisstrongattraction,agreatdealofheatisrequiredtoseparatewatermoleculesfromeachothertoformwatervapor,thus,waterhasarelativelyhighboilingpoint(1OO).Sincewaterhassuchahighboilingpoint,itexistsintheliquidstateonmostoftheearthssurface,Furthermore,thehydrogenbondingbetweenwatermoleculesaffectsthedensityofwater,dependingonwhetheritoccursasiceoraliquid.forexample,thehydrogenbondsinthecrystallinestructureofwater(ice)makeitmorespacious.Assresult，icehasfewermoleculesthananequalvolumeofliquidwater.Thismakesitscrystallinestructurelessdensethananequalolumeofliquidwater.thismakesitscrystallinestrucrurelessdensethanliquidwater.Itisforthisreasonthaticefloatsandcanserveasaninsulatinglayeronthesurfacesoflakesandstreamsthatharborlivingorganisms.首先,每个水分子的氢键能力四个形成与附近的水分子。这个属性导致水分子间有强烈的吸引力。因为这个强烈的吸引力,大量的热被要求从彼此分开的水分子形成的水蒸气,因此,水有一个相对高沸点(1OO)。由于水有这样一个高沸点,它存在于液体状态对大部分的地球表面,此外,水分子间的氢键的密度与水的影响,取决于它是冰或液体。例如,氢键在水晶结构水(冰)使它更宽敞。结果作为年代,ice已经比少与等体积分子液态水。这使其晶体结构体积密度要小于同等的液态水。这使其水晶全部的密度要小于液态水。正是因为这一原因,冰漂浮的,也可以作为隔热层表面的湖泊和溪流滋生的活的有机体。Second,thepolarityofwatermakesitanexcellentdisolvingmediumorsolvent.manypolarsubstancesdissociate(separate)intoindividualmoleculesinwater-thatis,dissolve-becausethenegativepartofthewatermoleculeisattractedtothepositivepartofthemoleculesinthesolute(dissolyingsubstance),andthepositivepartofthewatermoleculesisattractedtothenegativepartofsolutemolecules.Substances(suchassalts)thatarecomposedofatoms(orgroupsofatoms)heldtogetherbyionicbondstendtodissociateintoseparatecationsandanionsinwater.Thus,thepolarityofwaterallowsmoleculesofmanydifferentsubstancestoseparateandbecomesurroundedbywatermolecules.第二,极性的水使它成为一个优秀的disolving中型或solvent.many极性物质(独立)游离water-that中的个别分子,dissolve-because消极部分的水分子被吸引到积极的分子的一部分溶质(dissolying物质),积极的部分水分子被你吸引溶质分子的消极作用。物质(如盐)组成的原子(或群体中的原子)通过离子债券维系在一起的倾向于分开成单独的阳离子和阴离子在水里。因此,水分子的极性允许许多不同的物质分离,成为水分子包围。Third,polarityaccountsforwaterscharacteristicroleasareactantorproductinmanychemicalreactions.Itspolaritvfacilitatesthesplittingandrejoiningofhydrogen(H+)andhydroxide(OH)ions.Waterisakeyreactantinthedigestiveprocessesoforganisms,wherebylargermoleculesarebrokendownintosmallerones.Watermoleculesarealsoinvolvedinsyntheticreactions-waterisanimportantsourceofthehydrogenandoxygenthatareincorporatedintonumerousorganiccompoundsinlivingcells.第三,极性占水的特性作为反应物或产品在许多化学反应。它有利于分裂和重新polaritv氢(H+)和氢离子(哦)。水是一个关键的反应物在消化过程的有机体,因此更大的分子分解成较小的分子。水分子也参与水是合成反应的重要来源,氢气和氧气纳入许多有机化合物在活体细胞。Finally,therelativelystronghydrogenbondingbetweenwatermoleculesmakeswateranexcellenttemperaturebuffer,Agivenquantityofwaterrequiresagreatgainofheattoincreaseitstemperatureandagreatlossofheattodecreaseitstemperature,ascomparedwithmanyothersubstances.Normally,heatabsorptionbymoleculesincreasestheirkineticenergyandthusincreasestheirrateofmotionandtheirreactivity.Inwater,however,heatabsorptionfirstbreakshydrogenbondsratherthanincreasingtherateofmotion.Therefore.muchmoreheatmustbeappliedtoraisethetemperatureofwaterthantoraisethetemperatureofanonhydrogen-bondedliquid.Thereverseistrueaswatercools.Thus,watermoreeasilymaintainsaconstanttemperat最后,较强的水分子间的氢键使水成为优秀的温度缓冲区,给定数量的水需要一个重大收获的热增加它的温度和一个伟大的热量损失降低温度,相比而言,许多其他的物质。正常情况下,由分子吸收热量增加,从而增加动能的运动速度和反应。在水里,然而,第一个打破氢键吸收热量的速度,而不是增加运动。因此。更多的热量必须应用水的温度升高的温度升高一个nonhydrogen-bonded液体。事实正相反作为冷却水。因此,水更容易建立保持不变wheninorganicsaltssuchassodiumchloride(NaCl)aredissolvedinwater,theyundergodissociation,orionization.Thatis,theybreakapartintoions.Substancescalledacidsandbasesshowsimilarbehavior.当无机盐如氯化钠(盐)溶解在水中,他们经历了分离、或游离。也就是说,他们分裂成离子。物质称为酸和碱显示类似的行为。Anacidcanbedefinedasasubstancethatdissociatesintooneormorehydrogenions(H+)andoneormorenegativeions(anions).Thus,anacidcanalsobedefinedassprotonCH+)donor.Abasedissociatesintooneormorepositiveions(cations)plusonormorenegativelychargedhydroxideions(OH-)thatcanaccept,orcombinewith,protons.Thus,sodiumhydroxide(NaOH)isabasebecauseitdissociatestoreleasehydroxideions,whichhaveastrongattractionforprotonsandareamongthemostimportantprotonacceptors.Asaltisasubstancethatdissociatesinwaterintocationsandanions,neitherofwhichisHorOH酸可以被定义为一种物质dissociates成一个或多个氢离子(H+)和一个或多个负离子(阴)。因此,一个酸也可以被定义为s质子CH+)捐献者。基地dissociates成一个或多个正离子(阳离子)加上或更多的带负电荷的氢离子(哦-),可以接受,或者结合、质子。因此,氢氧化钠(氢氧化钠)是一个基地,因为它dissociates氢离子的释放,这有一个很大的吸引力,为质子质子中最重要的杂质。盐是一种物质dissociates阴离子在水变成阳离子,这两者都是H或哦历史老照片不能说的秘密慈禧军阀明末清初文革晚清Wherethedefinitioninamonographstatesthetolerancesasbeingcalculatedonthedried(oranhydrousorignited)basis,thedirectionsfordryingorignitingthesampleptortoassayingaregenerallyomittedfromtheAssayprocedure.Assayandtestproceduresmaybeperformedontheundriedorunignitedsubstanceandtheresultscalculatedonthedried,anhydrous,orignitedbasis,providedatestforLossondrying,orWater,orLossonignition,respectively,isgiveninthemonograph.Wherethepresenceofmoistureorothervolatilematerialmayinterferewiththeprocedure,previousdryingofthesubstanceisspecifiedntheindividualmonographandisobligatory.在美国的定义中公差的专著是“干计算(或无水或点燃)的基础上,发展的方向ptor干燥或点燃,样品分析测试通常是被检测程序。检测、试验程序可以进行物质或unignited未晒干的话,计算结果在干燥、无水,或点燃的基础上,提供了一个测试损失干燥、或水点火或损失,分别在专著。在存在水分或其它挥发性物质可能干预程序,以前是指定的干燥物质n个人专著,是必须的。ThroughoutamonographthatincludesatestforLossondryingorwater,theexpres,sion+previouslydriedwithoutqualificationsignifiesthatthesubstanceistobedriedasdirectedunderLossondryingorWater(gravimetricdetermination).在一篇有关,包括试验干燥或水损失、表情,“以前干“未经资格意味着要干物质是按照损失干燥或水(重力坚定)。UnlessotherwisedirectedinthetestorassayintheindividualmonographorInageneralchapter,USPReferenceStandardsaretobedriedbeforeuse,orusedwithoutpriordrying,specificallyinaccordancewiththeinstructionsgiveninthechapterUSPReferenceStand,ards,andonthelabeloftheReferenceStandard.Wherethelabelinstructionsdifferinde.tailfromthoseinthechapter,thelabeltextisdeterminative.除非特定,在测试或分析个人专著或一般章,USP参考标准要干在使用前,或者使用未经干燥,特别是按照指示USP参考站在这一章里,ards,并在标签上的参考标准。在不同的标签上的说明de.尾巴的一章,标签文本是决定性的。Instatingtheappropriatequantitiestobetakenforassaysandtests,theuseofthewordaboutindicatesaquantitywithin10%ofthespecifiedweightorvolume.However,theweightorvolumetakenisaccuratelydeterminedandthecalculatedresultisbasedupontheexactamounttaken.Thesametoleranceappliestospecifieddimensions.在适当的量,说明采取截流式合流制、测试法等研究方法,使用的词“大约”量在10%以内,显示指定的重量或体积。然而,重量或体积可以准确地确定了,计算结果是基于准确的数目缠住了。同样的宽容适用于指定的尺寸。WheretheuseofapipetisdirectedformeasuringaspecimenoranaliquotinconductingatestoranassaythepipetconformstothestandardssetforthunderVolumetricApparatus,andistobeusedinsuchmannerthattheerrordoesnotexceedthelimitstatedforapipetofitssize.Whereapipetisspecified,asuitableburet,conformingtothestandardsforthunderVolumetricApparatus,maybesubstituted.Whereatocontainpipetisspecified,asuitablevolumetricflaskmaybesubstituted.在使用移液管直接衡量一个或一个能整除的标本进行检测或检测符合标准的移液管提出在容积仪器,应该是用在如此的方式误差不超过极限,以求一个移液管它的大小。一个移液管指定,一个合适的滴定管,必须符合以下标准容积装置发出,可以替换下场。一个“遏制”移液管指定,一个合适的容积瓶可以替换下场。Expressionssuchas25.0mLand25.0mg,usedwithrespecttovolumetricorgravimetricmeasurements,indicatethatthequantityistobeaccuratelymeasuredoraccuratelyweighedwiththelimitsstatedundervolumetricapparatusorunderweightsandbalances表现形式,如“25。0毫升”和“25。0毫克,”使用就容积或重力测量、显示数量为“精确”和“准确”规定的范围与重下机器或重量和体积下平衡thetermtransferisusedgenerallytospecifyaquantitativemanipulation,thetermconcomitantly,usedinsuchexpressionsasconcomitantlydetermineorconcomitantlymeasured,ctionsforassaysandtests,isintendedtodenotethatthedeterminationsormeasurementsaretobeperformedinimmediatesuccession.术语“转向”是指定一个普遍使用定量操作,术语“相符”,用于这样几条:“与此同时决定”或“与此同时测量”,为检测和测试。可是审稿人,是用来指示出时或尺码立即履行涌现。BlankDetermination-Whereitisdirectedthat.Canynecessarycorrectionbemadebyablankdetermination,thedeterminationistobeconductedusingthesamequantitiesofthesamereagentstreatedinthesamemannerasthesolutionormixturecontainingtheportionofthesubstanceunderassayortest,butwiththesubstanceitselfomitted.在空白,是为了确定。藤制的必要的纠正”是由一个空白的决心,自觉进行使用相同数量的同一试剂处理在相同的方式,溶液或混合物的下部分的化验或物质的测试,但是与物质本身省略。Desiccator-Theexpressioninadesiccatorspecifiestheuseofatightlyclosedcontain.rofsuitablesizeanddesignthatmaintainsanatmosphereoflowmoisturecontentbymeansofsilicagelorothersuitabledesiccant.干燥机表达在干燥机”指定使用密闭容器尺寸合适的气氛和设计,保持低水分通过硅胶或其他适合的干燥剂。Avacuumdesiccatorisonethatmaintainsthelow-moistureatmosphereatareducedpressureofnotmorethan20mmofmercuryoratthepressuredesignatedintheindividualmonograph.Desiccator-Theexpressioninadesiccatorspecifiestheuseofatightlyclosedcontain.rofsuitablesizeanddesignthatmaintainsanatmosphereoflowmoisturecontentbymeansofsilicagelorothersuitabledesiccant.是一种“真空干燥机”就是在保持low-moisture减压的气氛不超过20毫米汞或指定的个人专著的压力。Dilution-Whereitisdirectedthatasolutionbedilutedquantitativelyandstepwise,heproportionindicated,inoneormoresteps.Thechoiceofapparatustobeusedshouldtakeintoecounttherelativelylargererrorsgenerallyassociatedwithusingsmall-volumevolumetricapparatus.它在哪里下令稀释溶液和定量稀释”,一个精确的逐步部分被摊薄加入水或其他溶剂。在职业分表示,在一个或多个步骤。选择设备应考虑使用相对较大的误差一般用其有关容积装置。DryingtoConstantWeight,thespecificationadriedtoconstantweightmeansthatthedryingshallbecontinueduntiltwoconsecutiveweighingsdonotdifferbymorethan0.50mgpergofsubstancetaken,thesecondweighingfollowinganadditionalhourofdrying.烘干恒重、干重规格恒”意味着干燥应一直持续到连续两个不同的称重量不高于0.50毫克每克的物质,第二个称重后采取额外的小时的干燥。Feltration-Whereitisdirectedto.Cfilter,withoutfurtherqualification,theintentisthattheliquidbefilteredthroughsuitablefilterpaperorequivalentdeviceuntilthefiltrateisclearFeltration在那里它是针对“过滤”,没有进一步的资格,意愿液体的过滤或同等适用滤纸过滤装置,直到是清楚的(indentificationTests)ThePharmacopeialtestsheadedidentificationareprovideda3aidinverifyingtheidentityofarticlesastheyarepurportedtobe,suchasthosetakenfromlabeledcontainers.Suchtests,howeverspecific,arenotnecessarilysufficienttoestablishproofofidentity:butfailureofanarticletakenfromalabeledcontainertomeettherequirementsofaprescribedidentificationtestindicatesthatthearticlemaybemislabeted.Othertestsandspecificationsinthemonographoftencontributetoestablishingorconfirmingtheidentityofthearticleunderexamination.(识别测试)为首的Pharmacopeial识别测试提供援助的身份核实a3文章为他们据称是,如那些取自标记的容器中。这些测试,不过具体,未必足以建立的身份证明:但失败的一篇来自标示容器符合要求的规定的识别实验表明,可能mislabeted条。其他测试规格通常有助于在专著建立或确认身份的文章在审查中。indicators-Wheretheuseofatestsolution(TS)asanindicatorisspecifiedinatestoranassay,approximately0.2mL,or3drops,ofthesolutionshallbeadded,unlessotherwisedirected(指标),使用一个测试解决方案(“TS”)作为一个指标是指定的测试或检测,约为0。2毫升或者3滴,要加的解决方案,除非另有指挥Logarethms）Logarithmsusedintheassaysaretothebase10.(Logarethms)用于使用对数基本10。（microbilestrains）whereamicrobialstrainiscitedandindenfiedstrainshallbedirectlyor,ifsubculturedd,shallbeusednotmorethanfivepassagesremovedfromtheoriginalstrain.microbile系)微生物菌株在表彰和indenfied应变应当直接或者,如果subculturedd,应不超过五个章节使用取出原菌株。Negligible-Thistermindicatesaquantitynotexceeding0.50mg.可以忽略,这个术语表明量不超过0。50毫克。Odor-Termssuchasodorless,practicallyodorless,afaintcharacteristicodor,rvariationsthereof,applytoexamination,afterexposuretotheairforlSminutes,ofeitherOrafreshlyopenedpackageofthearticle(forpackagescontainingnotmorethan25g)or(forlargerpackages)ofaportionofabout25gofthearticlethathasbeenremovedfromitspackagetoanopenevaporatingdishofabout100mLcapacity.Anodordesignationisdescriptiveonlyandisnottoberegardedasastandardofpurityforaparticularlotofanarticle.Odor-Terms如“无嗅、无味,几乎”、“微弱的气味,变化特点,r组合,适用于考试,在暴露于大气,或动物分钟一个新拧开包的文章(包包含不超过25克)或(更大的包)部分约25克的文章已被删除从它的包装,开放的蒸发盘大约100毫升容量。指定准确地识别出相同的味道,而不是描述只被看作是一种标准的纯度为一个特别的许多文章。PressureMeasurements-ThetermCmmofmercuryusedwithrespecttomeasurementsofbloodpressure,pressurewithinanapparatus,oratmosphericpressurereferstotheuseofasuitablemanometerorbarometercalibratedintermsofthepressureexertedbyacolurmiofmercuryofthestatedheight,压力测量这个词的使用Cmm的水银”尊重测量血压、压力在一个设备,或大气压力指的是用一个合适的压力或气压计校准方面所发挥的压力的一个colurmn汞的规定的高度,Solutions-Unlessotherwisespecifiedintheindividualmonograph,allsolutionscalledforintestsandassaysarepreparedwithPurifiedWater.Solutions-除非个人专著中另有说明,所有解决方案的测试和分析要求的准备与纯水。AnExpressionsuchaso(1in10)meansthatIpartbyvolumeofaliquidistobedilttedwith,orIpartbyweightofasolidistobedissolvedin,sufficientofthediluentorad.enttomakethevolumeofthefinishedsolution10partsbyvolume.一个表达式如o(1在10)我一边”是指一个液体的体积是被稀释,或者我部分固体的重量解散,足够的稀释剂或广告。花使的体积溶液体积10部分完成Anexpressionsuchas(20:5:2)meansthattherespectivenumbersofparts,byvolunmeofthedesignatedliquidsaretobemixed,unlessotherwiseindicated.一个表达式,如“(20:5:2)意味着各自的编号的部件,在指定的体积比混合液体,除非另有说明。thenotationVSafteraspecifiedvolumertricsolutionindicatesthatsuchsolutionisstandardizedinaccordancewithdirectionsgivenintheindividualmonographorunderVolumetricsolutionsinthesectionReagents,Indicators,andSolutions,andisthusdifferentiatedformSolutionstedfromsolutionsofapproximatenormalityormolarity.这个符号”和“一个指定的volumertric表明这样的解决方案是标准化按照指挥在个人专著或在容积的解部分试剂、指标,和解决方案,从而解决方案从各种类型的近似常态特德或摩尔浓度。Whereastandardizedsolutionofaspecificconcentrationiscalledforinatestoranassay,solutionofothernormatityormolaritymaybeused,providedallowanceismadeforthelifferenceinconcentrationandprovidedtheerrorofmeasurementisnotincreasedthereby.在解决具体的浓度标准要求的是测试或检测、解决其他正常可以使用或摩尔浓度,提供补贴是为不同的浓度和提供了测量误差从而并未增加。SpecificGravity-Unlessotherwisestated,thespecificgravitybasisis25c/25C,theratiooftheweightofasubstanceinairat2500totheweightofanequalvolumeoiwateratthesametemperature.(具体重力)除非另有说明,比重根据25c/25c的重量之比在空气中物质在2500的重量与等体积水在相同温度下一级。temperatures-Unlessotherwisespecified,alltemperaturesinthisPharmacopeiaareexpressedincentigrade(Celsius)degrees,andallmeasurementsaremadeat25T),Wheremoderateheatisspecified,anytemperaturenothigherthan4500(1130F)isindicated.SeeStorageTemperatureunderPreservation,Packaging,Storage,andlabelingforotherdefinitions.(温度),除非另有说明,所有的温度在摄氏表达这药典(摄氏度)度,和所有测量在25吨),在适度热指定,任何温度不高于4500(1130F)治疗。看到贮藏温度下保存、包装、储存、贴标签为其他定义。（TimeLimit)Intheconductoftestsandassays,5minutesshallbeallowedforthereactiontotakeplaceunlessotherwisespecified,（Vacuum）heterminvacuumdenotesexposuretoapressureoflessthan20mmofmercuryunlessotherwiseindicated.(时间限制)在处理试验和检测,5分钟应给予反应发生,除