2013年职称英语考试卫生类(A级)新增阅读和完型填空及译文.doc

阅读理解Sauna Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath , or sauna, which may be taken , usually in an enclosed room , by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heat bath. The Japanese , Greeks , Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americas used sweat lodges. The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, savusauna is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, althongh gas and wood-burning stoves are available. Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving. Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the beat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time. The body s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna , thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the old saying feed a cold , starve a feverr , The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place. Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body s physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system, gets a work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute. A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctors advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to thig type of bath.词汇：sauna n. ( 芬兰式) 蒸汽浴，桑拿浴 congestion n. 阻塞；拥塞odor n. 气味，味道 grime n，污垢；尘垢artbritis n. 关节炎 cardiovascular adj. 心血管的inflammation n. 炎( 症) asthma n. 气喘 diabetes n. 糖尿病注释：1. ceremonial bathing ：仪式性的沐浴。许多宗教都有这种以沐浴作为仪式的习俗。2. pre-Columbian Americans ：哥伦布前的美洲人。Columbian 是Columbus 的形容词形式，意思是“哥伦布的”；pre- 是前缀，意思是：在前。pre-Columbian Americans，其完整的意思是：哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人。3. fire-pit：火槽4. relaxing and stress relieving:能使人放松并消除压力。5. alleviate congestion and speed recovery time：减轻胸闷感，加快康复的速度。6. imitate ：to appea:like ：工esemble ：像：类似7. feed a cold . starve a fever ：谚伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿；伤风不怕吃，热病不怕锇。8. lb ：pound ( 磅） 的缩写形式。9. cardiovascular system ：心血管系统10. a work out：做名词用，意为“运动，锻炼”。11. sessions：( 做某事或进行某活动的) 一段时间练习： 1. Ceremonial bathing A) is called the sauna by Finns B) is equivalent to the steam bath C) has various forms D) is held in an enclosed room 2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience? A) Saunas in underground caves. B) Saunas with smoke. C) Saunas using wood burning stoves. D) Saunas using electric stoves. 3. According to the third paragraph ,saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT A) reducing the chance of getting cold B) speeding recovery C) relieving stress D) curing asthma 4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glow because A) pores are cleaned by sweat B) water is lost by sweating C) blood moves to the surface for heat exchange D) the heart pumps harder and faster 5. Who are advised not to take a sauna? A) Elderly people. B ) Pregnant women. C) People with heart trouble. D) All of the above.答案与题解：1. C 第一段的第一句告诉我们，ceremonial bathing 有多种形式，其中一种是sauna。 所以只有C 是正确的选项。2. B 根据文章第二段的第四句，smoke sauna 被有些人认为是真正的sauna。句中background odor 也是指烟熏的气味。3.D 该段最后一句说The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold；第四句说they may help to speed recovery time；第一句说Saunas are stress relieving 所以，A、B、C 都是桑拿可以做的。第三句说Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges airpassageways of the lung and facilitates breathing，这不足以说明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。 因此，应选择D 项。4. A 该段第三句提供了答案。5. D 文章最后一段告诫几种人不能蒸桑拿浴，包括心脏病患者、老人、糖尿病患者、孕妇等。所以D 是正确的选项。参考译文 桑拿浴仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并S有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”， 才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电妒。桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升12摄氏度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中:的污垢Y使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100 -150下。健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。完型填空 Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ ScoresYoung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more(1)-to go on to university, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital.The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyses the _2_ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link _3_ good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for _4_ thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a _5_ in the results for the IQ test, and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung _6_ and that your brain gets plenty of (7).” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons(8)we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular _9_. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been _10_ to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a(11) IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who _12_ their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, researcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at a health centre. “This being the case, physical(13) is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must _13_ we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests (14) national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in (15). Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.词汇：proceedings n.学报，论文集 comprehension n.理解Swedish adj. 瑞典的 muscular adj. 肌肉的注释：1.IQ：智商。IQ是intelligence quotient的缩写。2.reveals a major new study：一项主要的新研究显示。这是一个倒装句，主语是a major new study，谓语是reveals。第三段出现的“says Michael Nilsson”和第五段出现的“says Maria Aberg”也是同一类型的倒装句。3.Sahlgrenska Academy：瑞典歌德堡大学健康科学研究院4.the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences（PNAS）：美国国家科学院学报5. But it is only fitness that plays a role in the results for the IQ test:“it isthat”是强调式句子结构，被强调的部分是only fitness。 强调前的句子是：“But only fitness plays a role in theresults for the IQ test ”。第四段中出现的“it is primarily environmental factors and not genesthat explain the link between fitness. ”也属强调式句子结构。6. This being the case： 倘若情况果真如此，因此7. must：用作名词、意思是“必须”。8. national service：兵役，国民服役练习：1. A carefully B secretly C likely D happily2. A. answers B. works C. scores D. results3. A. behind B. between C. among D. without4. A. logical B. critical C. typical D. positive5. A. place B. game C .role D. trick6. A. capacity B. disease C. shape D. treatment7. A. change B. hydrogen C. oxygen D. memory8. A. what B. whyC. how D. where9. A. exercise B. training C. strength D. movement10. A. able B. clever C. lucky D. clear11. A. moderate B. average C. lower D. higher12. A. ignore B. improve C. like D. determine13. A. examination B. labour C. movement D. education14. A. before B. after C. without D. during15. A. marriage B. life C. residence D. service答案与题解：1. C 本文第一句就将主题和盘托出：Young adults who are fit have a higher IQ ( 身体健康的年轻人智商也高) 。根据此论断可以推断，智商高的人进入大学学习的可能性也高。读完全文便可知这个推断是对的。所以，本题的答案只能是此likely。2. D 第二段第二句说明，该项研究的样本是1950-1976年之间入伍的120万新兵。新兵们报到时接受了体格测试和智商测试。研究人员对这两类测试的数据进行了分析。 四个选项只有results 符合这层意思。answers ( 答案) 、works ( 作品) 、scores ( 分数) 都不合适。3. B 上文多次论及身体健康与智商之间的关系。本句又重述两者的联系。 四个选项中有个between ，答案非它莫属。among 是“在之中” 数量超过2 个人或2 件事时才用among。 本句只说两者的关系，所以不能选among。 选项behind 和without 的意思与上下文搭配不上。_4.A 填词所在的句子的意思是，身体健康与某种思维和语言理解能力有关。某种思维是哪一种思维呢？我们可能会想到科学思维、逻辑思维、抽象思维等等。一查四个选项，发现有logical，它就是答案了。其他三个选项critical ( 临界的，评论的) 、typical( 典型的) 和positive(正面的)与上下文的意思相去甚远，不会是答案。5. C play a role 是固定词组，填入所在句子后上下文的意思连贯，所以是答案。play a place没有这种搭配。play a game ( 玩游戏) 和play a trick ( 恶作剧) 与上下文的意思搭不上。6.A 由于“Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung”说的是，健康意味着心肺功能好，所以选项disease( 疾病) 和treatment ( 治疗) 可以排除，而good -heart and lung后接shape（形状），意思是”好的心肺形状“，这与健康的关系也远了一些。本题只有capacity（能力）才是答案。7.C 如前所述，身体健康意味着心肺好，这与大脑有什么关系呢？常识告诉我们，呼吸顺畅，通过肺部进入血液的氧气也多；心功能良好，就能有效地将带有氧气