第十一章并列和从属.ppt

第十一章 并列和从属 复习重点 名词性从句 连词 并列连词从属连词 并列连词的基本用法 1 Takeexerciseeveryday you llbecomestrongerandhealthier A orB andC butD while2 I msureyou llenjoyyourholidayinaplacesuchasVeniceFlorenceorsomewherelikethat A andB butC orD though3 Canyouplayfootball Yes Ican Ican tplayitverywell A orB andC soD but4 Thedresswasveryexpensive Ididn tbuyit A orB andC soD but B C D C 四组关联并列连词的用法归纳 和 都 不但 而且 既 又 ShebothspeaksandwritesJapanese Hespokewithbothkindnessandunderstanding 说明 作为关联并列连词 通常应连接两个性质相同的句子成分 另外 若连接两个成分作主语 谓语要用复数 如 Bothbrotherandsisterarecollegestudents BothsheandSophiawerepleasedwiththegirl 不但 而且 Notonlymenbutalsowomenwerechosen Henotonlyreadthebook butalsorememberedwhathehadread 说明 该结构中的also有时可省略 或与but分开用 或用too aswell代替 位于句末 Notonlyishefunny butheiswittytoo aswell 若连接两个成分作主语 其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致 Notonlyyoubutalsohehastoleave 既不 也不 和 都不 Ihaveneithertimenormoney Ineithersmokenordrink Heneitherknowsnorcareswhathappened Thisisneithermyfaultnoryours 说明 通常应连接两个性质相同的句子成分 但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词 若连接两个成分作主语 其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致 如 Maryneitherlikesmathsnor likes history NeitherJimnorJackwasathome 但在非正式文体中也可一律用复数 NeitherJimnorJackwereathome 要么 要么 不是 就是 Eithercomeinorgoout IwanttovisiteitherParisorLondon 说明 通常连接两个性质相同的句子成分 但有时后一成分可能省略与前一成分相同的词 若连接两个成分作主语 其谓语通常与靠近的主语保持一致 Youcaneitherhaveteaor have coffee EitheryouorIamwrong 表示转折的并列连词用法归纳 but yet表示转折 but和yet可以互换使用 but yet可以连接词 短语 分句 Theyarepoorbut yetproud I mobjectingtohismorals but jetnottohismanners Wehadintendedtocomeandseeyou but jetitrained while whereas表示对比 while和whereas可以互换使用 while whereas只能引导分句 Youlikesports while whereasI dratherread Theyarehavingtroubleathome while whereasabroadthingsareevenworse while whereas可以出现在句首 但but yet不能 While Whereastheywantahouse wewouldratherliveinaflat 从属连词 名词性从句 NominalClauses 关系从句 定语从句 RelativeClauses 状语从句 AdverbialClauses 名词性从句 表语从句主语从句宾语从句同位语从句 名词性从句 由that和wh 词引导 表语从句由连接代词who what which等引导的表语从句 Whatconcernsmemostiswhowillbemyteachernextterm Chinaisnotwhatshewasyesterday 由不充当任何句子成分的连词that whether引起的表语从句 WhatImeanisthatweshouldhelpeachother Theproblemiswhetherwecanfinishtheworkontime 由连接副词when where why how引导的表语从句 ThisiswhenIreallygettoknowAmericans Thequestionunderdiscussioniswherewewillholdthemeeting 由连词as because asif asthough引导的表语从句 Itlooksasifitisgoingtoraintonight Themistakehappenedbecausewearecareless 主语从句从属连词that Thattheywereintruthsisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem 当that引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时 要以it作形式主语 而把主语从句后置 Isittruethatthescientistwillgiveusalecturenextweek 当that引导的主语从句出现在感叹句中时 要以it作形式主语 而把主语从句后置 Howstrangeitisthatthechildrenaresoquiet 从属连词whether Whetherhe llcomehereisn tclear 连接代词who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever连接副词where when how why Whatshedidisnotyetknown Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone Whoevercomesiswelcome Whereveryouareismyhome 注意连接代词whoever whatever whichever等引导主语从句的含义 Whoevercomeswillbewelcome whoever thepersonwho Whateverhedidwasright whatever thethingthat Whicheverofyoucomesinwillreceiveaprize whicheverofyou anyoneofyouwho 宾语从句从属连词that Hetoldusthathefeltill Iknow that hehasreturned 注意 that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略 在以下情况下 that不能省略 and连接两个宾语从句 that宾语从句放在and的后面时 that不能省略 EverybodycouldseewhathappenedandthatTomwasfrightened that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时 that不能省略 Iknownothingabouthimexceptthatheisfromthesouth that从句位于句首时 that不可省略 ThatheeversaidsuchathingIsimplydon tbelieve 主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语 that不可省略 Wedecided inviewofhisspecialcircumstances thatwewouldadmithimforaprobationaryperiod 从属连词if whether Idoubtwhetherhewillsucceed Idon tknowifyoucanhelpme 连接代词who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever连接副词where when how why Whoorwhathewas Martinneverlearned Iwonderwhathe swritingtomeabout I lltellyouwhyIaskedyoutocome Youmaydowhatyouwill 同位语从句同位语从句的先行词多为fact news idea thought question reply report remark promise possibility information doubt message等 关联词多用从属连词that Theywereallverymuchworriedoverthefactthatyouweresick WheredidyougettheideathatIcouldnotcome EarlyinthedaycamethenewsthatGermanyhaddeclaredwaronRussia 同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导Ihavenoideawhetherhe llcomeornot 连接代词who which what和连接副词where when why how亦可引导同位语从句 Thequestionwhoshoulddotheworkrequiresconsideration Wehaven tyetsettledthequestionwherewearegoingtospendoursummervacation Itisaquestionhowhedidit 名词性从句练习 1 isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage A ThereB ThisC ThatD It2 Acomputercanonlydo youhaveinstructedittodo A howB afterC whatD when3 Heasked foraviolin A didIpayhowmuchB IpaidhowmuchC howmuchdidIpayD howmuchIpaid D C D 4 Whatthedoctorsreallydoubtismymotherwillrecoverfromtheseriousdiseasesoon A whenB howC whetherD why5 Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachild heorshewants A howeverB whateverC whicheverD whenever6 leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights A AnyoneB ThepersonC WhoeverD Who C B C 7 Sarahhopestobecomeafriendof sharesherinterests A anyoneB whomeverC whoeverD nomatterwho8 IdrovetoZhuhaifortheairshowlastweek Isthat youhadafewdaysoff A whyB whatC whenD where9 Istillremember thisusedtobeaquietvillage A whenB howC whereD what C A A 10 Ireadaboutitinsomebookorother doesitmatter itwas A whereB whatC howD which11 Informationhasbeenputforward moremiddleschoolgraduateswillbeadmittedintouniversities A whileB thatCwhenD as12 Ithinkitisgoingtobeabigproblem Yes itcouldbe Iwonder wecandoaboutit A ifB howC whatD that D B C 定语从句 关系代词有 who whom whose that which等 关系副词有 when where why等 Themanwhoissmokingacigarisafilmdirector Herefusedtoreturnthemoneytohisauntwhichshehadsavedforrepairingthehouse Theytoldmethatshestolethemoney whichturnedtobetrue Ithinkhetoldmeallthatheknew 状语从句 时间状语从句 adverbialclauseoftime 地点状语从句 adverbialclauseofplace 原因状语从句 adverbialclauseofcause 条件状语从句 adverbialclauseofcondition 目的状语从句 adverbialclauseofpurpose 让步状语从句 adverbialclauseofconcession 比较状语从句 adverbialclauseofcomparison 程度状语从句 adverbialclauseofdegree 方式状语从句 adverbialclauseofmanner 结果状语从句 adverbialclauseofresult 状语从句 时间状语从句由when while as引导的时间状语从句 Whenyouthinkyouknownothing thenyoubegintoknowsomething Strikewhiletheironishot Ourheadmasterlaughedasshespoke 由before和after引导的时间状语从句 Itwillbefourdaysbeforetheycomeback Theyhadnotbeenmarriedfourmonthsbeforetheyweredivorced Afteryouthinkitover pleaseletmeknowwhatyoudecide 由till或until引导的时间状语从句 Ididn tgotobeduntil till myfathercameback ItwasnotuntilthemeetingwasoverthathebegantoteachmeEnglish Iworkeduntilhecameback Ididn tworkuntilhecameback 由since引导的时间状语从句 IhavebeeninBeijingsinceyouleft ItisfouryearssincemysisterlivedinBeijing ItisfivemonthssinceourbosswasinBeijing 由assoonas immediately directly instantly themoment theinstant theminute 等引导的时间状语从句 这些连词都表示 一 就 IwillgotheredirectlyIhavefinishedmybreakfast ThemomentIheardthenews Ihastenedtothespot AssoonasIreachCanada Iwillringyouup 注意 hardly scarcely rarely when nosooner than相当于assoonas之意 主句用过去完成时 从句用一般过去时 当hardly scarcely rarely和nosooner位于句首时 主句应用倒装语序 Hehadnosoonerarrivedhomethanhewasaskedtostartonanotherjourney Hehadhardlyfallenasleepwhenhefeltasofttouchonhisshoulder HardlyhadIsatdownwhenhesteppedin 由bythetime引导的时间状语从句 Bythetimeyoucameback Ihadfinishedthisbook Bythetimeyoucomeheretomorrow Iwillhavefinishedthiswork 由eachtime everytime和whenever引导的时间状语从句 EachtimehecametoHarbin hewouldcallonme Wheneverthatmansays Totellthetruth Isuspectthathe sabouttotellalie YougrowyoungereverytimeIseeyou 由aslongas和solongas引导的时间状语从句 这两个连词表示 有多久 就多久 Youcangowhereyoulikeaslongasyougetbackbeforedark Iwillfightagainsttheseconditionssolongasthereisabreathinmybody 地点状语从句 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where wherever等引导 已经形成了固定的句型 句型1 Where 地点从句 there 主句 哪里 哪里就 WheretheCommunistPartyofChinagoes therethepeopleareliberated Wheretheywent theretheywerewarmlywelcomed Wherethereisawill thereisaway 句型2 Anywhere wherever 地点从句 主句 Wherevertheseais youwillfindseamen Whereverthereissmoke thereisfire 原因状语从句because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后 because表示直接原因 语气最强 最适合回答why引导的疑问句 IdoitbecauseIlikeit 注意 not because 结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句 Ididn tgobecauseIwasafraid Ididn tgo becauseIwasafraid Thecountryisnotstrongbecauseitislarge since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的 显然的理由 通常被翻译成 既然 较为正式 语气比because弱 Sinceyouarefreetoday youhadbetterhelpmewithmymathematics 注意 seeing that now that considering that inthat这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近 都表示 既然 Seeing that herefusedtohelpus there snoreasonthatweshouldnowhelphim Now that youaregrownup youshouldnotrelyonyourparents Considering that everybodyishere let sbeginourdiscussion Inthatheisill hefeelsunabletodoit as引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的 双方已知的原因 语气比since弱 较为正式 位置较为灵活 常放于主句之前 Asitisraining you dbettertakeataxi Asyouaretired youhadbetterrest Iwenttobedearly asIwasexhausted for引导的原因状语从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开 for是并列连词 引出的原因较间接 似乎是事后所想到的补充解释的理由 只陈述一般推断的理由 不一定表示产生结果的必然原因 Hecouldnothaveseenme forIwasnotthere 条件状语从句连接词主要有if unless as solongas onconditionthat等 Let sgooutforawalkunlessyouaretootired Ifyouarenottootied let sgooutforawalk if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种 Ifitrainstomorrow wewon tgoonapicnic IfIwereyou Iwouldgowithhim 目的状语的从句可以由that sothat inorderthat lest forfearthat incase等词引导 Youmustspeakloudersothat inorderthatyoucanbeheardbyall Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat lestheshouldforgetit Bettertakemoreclothesincasetheweatheriscold 让步状语从句常用引导词 though although evenif eventhough特殊引导词 as 用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装 while 一般用在句首 nomatter inspiteofthefactthat whatever whoever wherever whenever however whicheverMuchasIrespecthim Ican tagreetohisproposal Childasheis hecandoitwell Theoldmanalwaysenjoysswimmingeventhoughtheweatherisrough Nomatterhowhardhetried shecouldnotchangehermind Hewon tlistenwhateveryoumaysay 比较状语从句常用引导词 as 同级比较 than 不同程度的比较 特殊引导词 themore themore justas so AistoBwhat asXistoY no morethan notAsomuchasBSheisasbad temperedashermother Thehouseisthreetimesasbigasours Themoreyouexercise thehealthieryouwillbe Foodistomenwhat asoilistomachine 方式状语从句as引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后 但在 just as so 结构中位于句首 这时as从句带有比喻的含义 意思是 正如 就像 多用于正式文体 Alwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneby Just Aswateristofish soairistoman asif asthough 两者的意义和用法相同 引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气 表示与事实相反 有时也用陈述语气 表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大 意为 仿佛 似的 好像 似的 Theycompletelyignorethesefactsasif asthough theyneverexisted Helooksasif asthough hehadbeenhitbylightening Itlooksasiftheweathermaypickupverysoon 结果状语从句so that如此 以至于Thescientist sreportwassoinstructivethatwewereallveryexcited Healwaysstudiedsohardthathemadegreatprogress such that如此 以至It ssuchniceweatherthatallofuswanttogotothepark so that与such that之间的转换即为so与such之间的转换 Theboyissoyoungthathecan tgotoschool Heissuchayoungboythathecan tgotoschool Mikeissohonestamanthatweallbelievehim Mikeissuchanhonestmanthatweallbelievehim 某些用法比较特殊的从属连词用法区别 当while when as引导时间状语从句时的区别while引导的状语从句中动词必须是持续性 谓语动词多为进行时 while的这些用法可用when代替 等于 duringthetimethat 例如 Pleasekeepquietwhile when othersarestudying when除可指一段时间外 还可用来指一点时间 等于 atthetime 也就是说when引出的时间状语从句中的谓语动词可以是终止性的 也可以延续性的 例如 WhenIwentintothelab theteacherwasdoinganexperiment when不能换成while HeoftenmakesmistakeswhenheisspeakingEnglish when可换成while as常可与when while通用 但强调 一边 一边 强调两个动作同时进行 用于发生时间较短时 As when while Iwaswalkingdownthestreet Inoticedapolicecarinfrontofnumber37 aswhenwhile有时这三个连词可以互换 有时不可以 Itwasraininghardwhen as Igotthere WhenIhadreadthearticle hecalledme WhenIgottothecinema thefilmhadbegun Hewasabouttoleave whenthetelephonerang when引导的状语从句中主 谓是 主语 系动词 结构时 这时主语和系动词可以省略 When hewas young heworkedforarichman She llbeheretogiveyouhelpwhen itis necessary till until作为介词式从属连词引导时间状语短语或状语从句用于否定句时 结构为not until till 主句谓语动词延续与非延续皆可 意为 直到 才 Theydidn ttalk 延续性动词 until till theinterpretercame Hedidn tgotobed 非延续性动词 until till thehisfathercameback 用于肯定句时 只与延续性动词连用 表示 到 为止 例如 Theyplayedvolleyballuntil till itgotdark until可以放在句首 till则不行 例如 Untilthelastminuteofthematchwekeptonplaying Notuntilhefinishedhisworkdidhegohome 倒装 till until只用于时间 以下句子是错误的 Wewalkedtilltheedgeoftheforest 要用asfaras或to although和though引导让步状语从句往往用法一样 但注意以下区别 although用于各种文体 而though则多用于非正式的口语或书面语中 注意由although though引导的从句后 主句不能用but 但可用副词yet still 例如 Although Thoughitrainedallthemorning theystillwentonworking 或yettheywentonworking Although it sraining arestillworkinginthefields A theyB buttheyC andtheyD sothey A though常与even连用 eventhough表示强调 意为 即使 但不能说evenalthough 例如 EventhoughIdidn tunderstandaword Ikeptsmiling though可用作副词 意为 然而 常用逗号与句子分开 although则不能这样使用 它只作连词 例如 Itwasaquietparty Ihadagoodtime though whether if引导从句的用法区别 引导主语从句 表语从句或同位语从句时 用whether 不用if WhethertheywillgototheGreatWallisnotknown 主语从句Thequestioniswhetherwecanfinishthetaskontime 表语从句Thequestionwhetherwewilltakepartinthephysicscontesthasnotbeendecided 同位语从句whether可接不定式 而if则不可 Ihaven tdecidedwhethertoleaveornot Idon tknow tostayathomeorgoout A whetherB ifC howD where A whether可作介词的宾语或置于句首表示强调 而if则不可 Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney Whetherhewillcome Iamnotsure whether和if均可引导宾语从句 whether引导的宾语从句一般都是肯定句 if引导的宾语从句可以是肯定的 也可以是否定的 此时不能用whether Couldyoutelluswhether ifitrainsinwinterinAustralia Iwonderifitdoesn train 引导宾语从句的whether和if常可与ornot连用 连用时要注意ornot的位置 它一般与whether if分开使用 有时它可与whether合起来使用 但不能与if合起来使用 Idon tknowwhether iftheywillcomeornot Idon tknowwhetherornottheywillcome as作从属连词可引导多种状语从句as引导时间状语从句 意为 当 时 例如 As hewas ayoungman hewasastorekeeperandlaterapostmaster Hesangasheworked as引导方式状语从句 意为 象 一样 例如 WemustdoasthePartyteachesus as引导原因状语从句 意为 由于 例如 Asyouaretired youhadbetterrest as引导让步状语从句 意为 虽然 尽管 Childasheis hecandoitwell Althoughheisachild hecandoitwell 连词补充练习 MultipleChoices1 Permissionwasnotgrantedfortheinterview thereportersnevergaveuphope A consequentlyB likewiseC howeverD moreover2 awell balanceddietadequatesleepisneededforgoodhealth A neither norB Rather thanC Notonly but also D Because so 3 ThediscoveryofgoldinCaliforniacreatedthegoldrush 淘金热 thediscoveryofoilinAlaskacreatedanoilrush 石油热 A likewiseB yetC forexampleD so C C A 4 Crammingforexamsrarelyhelps manystudentsstayupuntildawn studyingonthenightbeforeabigtest A forB againC insteadD nevertheless5 Thefoodinthatrestaurantisverygood itischeap A moreoverB thereforeC infactD however6 Astronomyhastodealwiththelargestbodiesandthegreatestdistancesintheuniverse chemistryhastodealwiththesmallestparticlesandtheshortestdistanceintheuniverse A likewiseB consequentlyC ontheotherhandD so D A C 7 Lincoln asPresident appointedmentohighgovernmentpositionswhomheconsideredmostcapable someofthemopenlyscornedhim A eventhoughB ifC howD whenever8 Thefinalexaminationwillcoveralltaughtthisterm A whathasbeenB thathasbeenC thatwasD whichhasbeen9 Thebuses werealreadyfull weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd A mostofwhichB bothofwhichC fewofthemD thoseofwhi