主语与谓语动词的一致.doc

主语与谓语动词的一致江苏沛县湖西中学 鹿俊先 221611英语谓语动词的形式必须随其主语的人称及数的不同而变化，这就叫作主语与谓语动词的一致，简称主谓一致。在现代英语中除动词be有不同的人称形式(am, is, are, was, were)以及动词have有特殊的单数第三人称现在式形式(has)外，其余的动词只有单数第三人称现在式形式加-s / -es，其他形式则无区别。因此对于学习者而言，主谓 一致问题主要是注意单数第三人称现在式动词形式加-s / -es的问题。处理主谓一致问题可依照不同的原则，即从不同的角度着眼。以下对这些原则及容易产生困惑之处加以分析、归纳。1语法一致，即主语为单数，就使用单数形式的动词，主语为复数，就使用复数形式的动词。11单数及复数名词的辨别。某些名词单数词尾，却用作复数，如：people (人们), police, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。People have the right to defend themselves. The police are investigating the murder of a six-year-old girl.The poultry have been fed.某些名词复数词尾，却常用作单数，如：news, mathematics / maths, physics, politics等。Mathematics / Maths（数学学科）is the science of pure quantity.(Her mathematics / maths（数学能力）are / is rather shaky.) The news is favourable this morning.某些名词单数、复数形式相同，都是单数词尾，如：fish, sheep, deer, craft, Chinese, Swiss等。In summer the red dear has a reddishbrown coat.A baby deer is able to stand up as soon as it is born.Baby deer are able to stand up as soon as they are born.某些名词单数、复数形式相同，都是复数词尾，如：means (=way), works (=factory), crossroads, series, species, barracks, headquarters 等。All means have been tried.Every means has been tried.12避免主语的同位语及其它修饰语语义上的干扰。容易产生干扰的同位语：each, one of, like , such as, including, especially, particularly, for example,等。Some rubbish, such as / like food and paper, rots away over a period of time.Practical lessons, such as / like woodwork, are not considered to be as important as maths.We each have a different point of view. (each作同位语)对照：Each of the houses is slightly different.(each作主语)Many students in our class, especially David, are fond of music. Playing football, one of his hobbies, has brought him many friends.常见容易产生干扰的前置修饰语：more than one, many a, every以及被同化为相当于many / much / most意义的口语中常用短语：a lot of, lots of, a (great / good / large) number of, a great / good deal of, the majority of, a large quantity of等。正式书面语中的 large quantities of的谓语动词为复数形式。A lot of / Lots of problems are caused by unemployment.A lot of / Lots of trouble is caused by racism.Many a famous pop star has been ruined by drugs.对照：Many famous pop stars have been ruined by drugs.The majority of the damage is easy to repair.A /The majority of criminals are non-violent. 对照：The majority was /were in favour of the proposal.A (large) number of books have been stolen from the library.对照：The number of my telephone is 62239988. The number of students in the school is large.（以上两句中的The number的意义分别是号码、数量） Large quantities of oil have been discovered in that area.常见容易产生干扰的后置修饰语：with, together with, along with, as well as, but / except, besides, in addition to, apart from, other than, instead of, rather than, like, unlike,等。在one / two/ some / much /（表示部分）+of the（表示整体）的结构中of the属于后置修饰语。 数学中运算方式的表达也存在这类修饰语问题。Peter, rather than his children, is to blame for the accident.The children, rather than their father, are to blame for the accident.The Minister, as well as / as much as the trades unions, is responsible for the present impasse.He, like / unlike his brothers, is interested in reading.Nobody but / except/ apart from a few teachers knows about it.A library with a great many books was given to the state. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, is working on the project day and night to meet the deadline.One of my ear rings is lost.30 divided by 6 is / equals 5.13不定代词everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something 作主语视为单数。Everyone thinks it wrong.neither / none或 neither / none of+复数代词或复数名词作主语，正式英语中按语法一致的原则，用单数形式动词；口语中可以按语义一致的原则，用复数形式动词。any / either 或any / either of+复数代词或复数名词在否定意义的句子中有时也遵循以上原则。none (of +不可数名词) 用作单数。Neither of them /the girls are / is likely to come.None of the drivers has /have turned up.None of the money is mine.I sent cards to Marvis and Margery, but neither (of them) have / has replied. I doubt if either (of them) are / is coming. (I dont think either of them are / is coming.)Ive ordered the coal, but none (of it) has arrived yet.Ive ordered the tickets, but none (of them) have / has arrived yet.14关系代词作主语时动词与先行词一致，使用强调结构强调主语时动词与所强调的主语一致。在类似a / this /that kind of book(s)结构中，kind作主语；books of this / that kind (=these / those kind of books) 结构中，books作主语。动词与主语的形式一致。She is one of the girls who live in the countryside.She is the only one of the girls who lives in the countryside.It is I that / who am to blame.Cars of that sort/ kind/ type are tremendously expensive to run.That sort/ kind/ type of car(s) is tremendously expensive to run.Those sort/ kind/ type of cars are expensive to run.（随便的口语形式。）2语义一致，即主语数的形式与其所表达的意义出现矛盾时，可以按其意义确定动词的形式。21集体名词作主语。在美国英语中单数集体名词总是与单数动词连用，除非句中其他相关成分明确具有复数意义时。在英国英语中如果把集体名词看作不可分割的整体，则与单数动词连用，如果把集体名词看作集合在一起的许多个体，则与复数动词连用。所以在美国英语中单数集体名词与单数动词连用的现象更为常见。The team are playing magnificently, arent they?The family all live together.Her family is composed of three generations. The audience are requested to remain in their seats during intermission.The audience is / are requested to remain seated during intermission.The audience was / were enthusiastic on the opening night of the play.The committee has / have decided to dismiss him. The committee has / have considered your request.The committee are divided in opinion.The public is / are not allowed to enter the court room.The public consists of you and me. The government (内阁政府) is made up of senior members of the four main right-wing parties.The government (内阁官员) have been discussing the matter for a long time, but they have shown no sign of reaching agreement.The government welcomes / welcome the proposal. 22以and连接的并列名词作主语。并列名词一般表示一个以上的人、物、概念，可以看作所两个两个以上的并列句的简化，所以通常看作复数。Tom and Mary are ready.(=Tom is ready and Mary is ready.)在这种情况下即便是不可数名词作主语，谓语动词仍用复数。Dutch (beer) and American beer are lighter than British.(= Dutch beer is lighter than British and American beer is lighter than British.)但当并列名词指同一个人、物，或可以看作一个概念时则与单数动词连用。这种并列称作同位并列。同位并列名词往往共有冠词、物主代词、名词所有格等修饰语，而非同位并列名词仅仅在意义十分明显不至于引起误解时才共用冠词、物主代词、名词所有格等修饰语。His lawyer and former college friend, Max Fairford, was with him at his death. （律师、大学时代的朋友为同一人，共用His修饰）A poet and an artist are coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. （诗人、画家为两人，为避免误解，各有冠词修饰）The sixth and last paragraph was written by Mr. Smith.（第六章即最后一章）The sixth and the last paragraph were written by Mr. Smith.（第六章及最后一章）Whisky and soda is my favorite drink.（威士忌与碳酸饮料混合而成的饮品）Care and patience is needed for the job. （把细致、耐心看作一种品质）(Both) imagination and patience are needed for the job.（把想象力、耐心看作品质的不同方面）A cart and horse was seen in the distance.（一架马拉的车）2 and four is / are 6.（一组数/两个数）Bread and butter is served for breakfast.（涂了黄油的面包，一种食品）以bothand连接的并列名词作主语看作复数。Both bread and butter were sold out in that shop.（两种商品）Both industry and agriculture have been greatly developed in recent years.以and连接的并列单数名词作主语被every, each, many a, no等修饰时，与单数动词连用。No teacher and (no) student has come yet.Soon every boy and (every) girl was talking about the concert.Each boy and (each) girl has a different point of view.23当单词、短语作名词的同位语或修饰语而省略该名词，以单词、短语代替该名词时，应按其代替的名词意义确定动词的形式。(团体、机构、国家、书籍、电影等的)名称、标题、引文、习语、字母、数字、符号、重量、长度、时间、速度、价格、金额等意义的主语,定冠词与形容词连用做主语， some, all, most, enough, the rest, the remainder,等作主语都遵循这一原则。The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third were used regularly.More than a dozen students in that school were sent abroad to study medicine last year.Fourteen (people) were absent from the meeting.The rest of the lecture is dull.The rest of the bicycles are on sale today.(The letter) I is the ninth letter in the English alphabet. (The amount of money)Four thousand dollars is more than she can afford.D.H. Lawrences (novel) sons and lovers is a landmark among the novel of its time.The (country) United States is the most developed in the world.(The number) Fourteen means four and ten.对照：Fourteen (people) were absent from the meeting.The (paper) Times is a paper of long standing.(The saying) Too many cooks means if too many people are involved in something, it will not be done properly.24不定式短语、分词短语、名词性从句（句子层次）作主语时，往往表示行为、状态、事实、观点等抽象概念，所以视为单数。Playing with fire is dangerous.To listen to music is my greatest pleasure. When and where to go for the holidays has not been decided yet?Whether we can finish the work on time is not clear yet. 但名词性关系分句等同于名词短语，所以单、复数依语义而定。What has been said about the Smiths is also true of the Johnsons.What were once human dwellings are now nothing but piles