国际私法翻译.doc

1、Agents Duties（必读）代理人的义务Generally, agents owe the principal the duties as follows;一般来说，代理人的义务如下：(1) duty of performance: to perform the lawful duties expressed in the agent contract and to use reasonable care, skill, and diligence in the performance of these duties.履行的义务：在代理合同中履行法定职责并且对这些职责给予适当的关心、采用技巧和积极履行。(2)duty of notification: to notify the principal of any information that is important to the agent.通知的义务：通知与代理有关的任何重要信息的委托人(3)duty of loyalty: not to act adversely to the interests of the principal.忠诚义务：不能采取对委托人利益造成不利的行为。(4)duty of obedience: to obey the lawful instructions of the principal. The agent owes to duty to engage in crime, torts, or unethical conduct on the principals behalf.服从的义务：遵从委托人的合法指示，但代理人没有义务从事有关犯罪侵权或者代表委托人的不道德行为。(5)duty of accountability: to maintain accurate records of all transactions taken on the principals behalf and not to commingle personal money or property with that of the principal.问责的义务：维护所代表委托人进行的交易细节记录并且不混同私人的和委托人的钱或财产。 2、international insolvency（必读）国际破产Business enterprises engaged in international commerce will often have assets - and creditors - in several countries and potentially face insolvency proceedings at home, or abroad, or in both places. And the debtor is defined as a person that resides or has a domicile, a place of business, or property in the United States.商业企业在从事国际贸易时往往在一些国家有资产和债权人，并且在国内或者在国外或者在两个地方都面临着破产程序。而债务人的定义就是“一人居住或者有住所地营业地或者在美国有财产的人” An overriding concern in international bankruptcies is the just and equal treatment of unsecured creditors. The protection of their interests will depend on the effect given to a local determination in the other jurisdiction. Basically, two models may be envisioned. One is territorial; it restricts the effect of a determination to the rendering jurisdiction. 国际破产首要关注的是无担保债权人交易的公正和公平。他们利益的保护取决于提供给当地的判决在其他司法管辖区域的影响。基本上有两种模式可以设想。一个是属地的模式，这会限制判决对管辖权的影响As a result, creditors may pursue independent remedies in the second forum and, upon recovery, may not need to take a deduction for amounts recovered in the first proceeding. In such a race after assets, some creditors may thus recover a higher percentage of their claims than they would have if the estate had been considered as a unit or if the second forum provided a system of set-offs. 因此在恢复后债权人可以第二次在法庭的时候提出独立的补救措施，可能在第一次诉讼中不需要扣除收回的金额。像这样的资产竞赛中一些债权人可能因此收回比他们要求的有更高比例的债权，比房地产被认为是一部分或者如果第二次法庭提供抵销还要高。At the same time, debtors remain free to shift assets, prior to insolvency, to the second forum and to dispose of them there free from any effects of the first jurisdictions determination until a second, local, proceeding has been commenced.与此同时相较于之前的破产，债务人仍可以自由的转移资产直到第二次开庭并且有自由处置由第一次管辖判决产生的任何影响直到当地的第二程序已经展开。A second model, followed only in Belgium, Luxembourg and, to some extent, in isolated treaties, adopts the theory of universality (ubiquity). 第二个模式只在比利时卢森堡并在一定程度上是孤立的条约采取普遍性的理论。Under such a system,the forum gives effect to all foreign determinations, including the right of the foreign administrator to claim title to the local property or to pursue other remedies provided by the foreign law. Most legal systems will not surrender their control over local assets in this fashion or leave local creditors without the protection of local law. 在这种体系下法庭意在实施所有的外国裁决，包括外国管理人的权利，声称对当地财产的所有权或者寻求其它由外国法律规定的补救措施。大多数法律制度都不会放弃他们对当地资产的控制权以这种方式或者在没有当地法律保护情况下离开债权人。Both models therefore have drawbacks. This has prompted some countries, including the United States, to explore intermediate approaches in order to accommodate the interest of local and foreign parties.因此两种模式都有缺点。这促使一些国家包括美国在内去探索适应当地和国外当事人利益的中间的办法。American bankruptcy jurisdiction extends to persons who have property in the United States regardless of their nationality, domicile, residence, or place of business. In this sense, the American approach is territorial, and a foreign proceeding of determination does not have any domestic effects as such.美国的破产管辖权延伸到谁在美国有财产，无论国籍住所居所或者营业地。为此，美国是“属地”这种做法，像一个外国程序的判定是否和国内有同样的效力。 3、general maritime law（必读）一般海事法The traditional place-of-tort rule applies when a tort occurs in a states or countrys territorial waters. In the United States, contrary to some early case law, torts in navigable waters are now governed extensively by general maritime law.当侵权行为发生在一个国家或者其领海内，传统的侵权地规则被适用。在美国，与早期的判例法相反，在通航水域的侵权行为现在广泛的被一般海事法律管辖。However, when the tort is not one of a maritime nature but is merely a tort which happens to have occurred in navigable waters, state choice-of-law rules will usually still be employed.When the case concerns injuries sustained by a member of the crew, the initial question is the applicability of the federal Jones Act.，然而当侵权不是发生在一个海域内而是偶然发生在通航水域的侵权，该国的法律选择规则仍然适用。当案件涉及船员的持续伤害，最初的问题是关于联邦琼斯法案的适用性问题。It provides a remedy for any seaman who shall suffer personal injury in the course of his employment. Taking literally, the act would extend to foreign seamen injured abroad and on foreign vessels. The case law has restricted its application to cases involving American seamen or having American contracts.它提供了一个关于“任何在雇佣期间遭受人身伤害的船员”的补救，仅从字面上看，该法案将扩大范围到国外受伤的外国船员和外国船只。判例法限制了它适用于涉及美国船员或者有美国合同的情况。It is important to distinguish between two different situations. The first is where the tort was committed within territorial waters. The second is where the tort was committed on the high seas.对这两种不同情况加以区分是很重要的，第一种情况是侵权行为发生在领海内第二种情况是侵权行为发生在公海海域 4、Tort committed on the high seas （必读）致力于在公海上的侵权 (1) Acts occurring on board a single vessel发生在船舶甲板上的行为At common law the law of the flag was the decisive factor whenever the acts all occurred on board a single vessel, for a ship was regarded for certain purpose as a floating island over which the national law prevailed. Where a flag is common to a political unit containing several different systems of law, as in the case of Canada or the USA, the law of the flag means the law of the port at which the ship is registered.普通法系中侵权行为发生在一艘船舶上时应适用船旗国法律，船舶被视为适用国内法的漂浮的岛屿。如几种不同法系的政体公用同一旗帜，如加拿大或美国情况下，船旗国法律指船舶注册港口所在地的法律。(2) External acts对外侵权行为 a) Collisions碰撞There is no doubt that the commonest kind of external act, namely, one that causes a collision, was governed solely by the general maritime law. This special tort choice of law rule is preserved, and the statutory tort choice of law rules will not apply to collisions on the high seas. This raises the question of what is meant by general maritime law.毫无疑问普通的对外侵权行为，就是说船舶碰撞单独按照普通海事法管规范。这种特殊的侵权法律选择被保留下来，并且法定侵权法律选择不会使用与公海上的碰撞。这就提出了一个问题，何为“普通海事法律”。The natural inference to draw from this expression is that there exists a body of law which is universally recognized as binding on all nations in respect of acts occurring at sea. There is, however, no such body of law. The expression, in truth, means nothing more than that part of the forum law which, either by statute or