初中英语的八种时态.doc

初中英语八种时态归纳复习一、 一般现在时：a 表示经常发生或反复发生的动作， He gets up at 6:00 everyday.b 表示现在的情况或状态，The soup tastes good.c 永恒不变的真理， The sun rises in the east.时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.补充知识：一般现在时态表示将来的情况，1，可以表示按规定，计划或时间表要发生的事， The plane takes off at 9：00. 2，在时间或条件从句中，用一般现在时态表示将来，If I see Nancy Ill ask her.I will disscuss with you when we meet. We will start as soon as you are ready.基本结构：be动词；行为动词形式:一般现在时通常用动词原形来表示。be动词用am、is、are。主语是第三人称单数时动词的变化规律: 一般动词后加-s；以s、x、ch、sh结尾，加-es；以辅音字母加o结尾，一般加-es；辅音字母加y结尾，变y为i加-es。否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。二、一般过去时：概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词构成 一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。be的过去式有was，were两种； have的过去式是had；规则动词的过去式在动词词尾加-ed，具体构成规则如下：1）一般情况，动词后加ed，例词work-worked，clean-cleaned，play-played，wash-washed2）以不发音的e结尾，-d，例词live-lived，move-moved，hope-hoped，arrive-arrived3）以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为 i再加-ed，例词study-studied，carry-carried，cry-cried，identify-identified4）以辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节，双写最后一个辅音字母加-ed，例词plan-plannedstop-stopped，beg-begged，grab-grabbed否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为词。三、现在进行时：a. 表示现在正在进行或发生的动作。He is eating an ice cream.他正在吃冰激凌。Lets wait. The children are crossing the street. b. 表示当前一段时期内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）。We are working on a farm these days? 这些天我们在一个农场干活。 c. 表示位置移动或趋向的词，如go，come, start，leave, arrive, move等常用进行时表将来。He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. Im coming! Whats the score now? 我就来！现在比分是多少？We are moving to a big house next month. 下个月我们将搬到一所大房子里。d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always changing your mind.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.基本结构：am/is/are+doing现在分词的构成规则1）一般情况， 在动词后加ing，例词work-working，study-studying，go-going2）以不发音的e结尾，去e再加-ing，例词have-having，live-living，take-taking3）重读闭音节，只有一个辅音字母结尾，双写该辅音字母，再加-ing，例词cut-cutting stop-stopping，forget-forgetting，begin-beginning4）以ie结尾，变ie为y再加-ing，例词die-dying，lie-lying，tie-tying否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。一般现在时和现在进行时的区别(1) 一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，现在进行时表示正在发生的行为。a. He is cleaning his room now.他在打扫房间。He cleans his room every day.他每天都要打扫房间。b.They are visiting China.他们正在中国观光。They often come to China for a visit.他们经常来中国观光。(2) 一般现在时表示现在的状态。He likes jiaozi. They have a lot of friends.考例：Mr. Smith _ short stories, but he _ a TV play these days.A. is writing is writing B. is writing writes C. writesis writing D. writes writes中考真题及模拟Dont turn off the radio. I _ to the news. A. listen B. have listened C. listened D. am listeningHave you seen Mr. Smith?Yes. Look, he _ his bike over there.A. cleans B. cleaned C. is cleaning D. has cleanedWheres Susan, Mike?She _ in the kitchen.A. cooks B. cooked C. is cooking D. has cookedHave you got a job offer?Not yet. I _.A. waited B. am waiting C. wait D. was waitingDo you think John will help me move the piano?Youd better not ask him. He _ a composition.A. write B. writes C. is writing D. wroteWheres the children, Mr Black?Oh, they _ their PE lesson on the playground.A. have B. had C. are having D. have hadDont turn on the TV. Grandma _ now.A. is sleeping B. will sleep C. slept D. sleeps四、过去进行时：概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。基本结构：was/were+doing否定形式：was/were + not + doing.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。1.Father_when I _yesterday morning. A. still slept, got up B .was still sleeping, got upC. is sleeping, got up D. sleeps, get up2.She_apples in her garden when I_to see her yesterday.A. picked，went B. was picking，wentC. picked，was going D. was picking，was going五、现在完成时：概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc.基本结构：have/has + done否定形式：have/has + not +done.一般疑问句：have或has。主要用法现在完成时主要有两种用法，一种是已完成用法，也叫影响性用法；另一种是未完成用法，也叫持续性用法。两种用法的特点是：1). 已完成用法（影响性用法）：表示动作发生在过去某个不太确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果，同时说话者强调或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果.还可表示刚刚、已经做完某事，曾经或未曾做某事。常与already, just, yet，ever, never，the past few years，before等连用,如：Has she found her car key？ 她找到她的车钥匙了吗？（对现在的影响或结果：她能开她的车了吗？）-Have you had lunch yet? -Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你（已经）吃午饭了吗？ 我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）Astronauts have already been to the moon.宇航员已经去过月球了。I havent read your novel yet.我还没有读你的小说。He has never driven a car before. 他过去从未开过车。Have you ever been a teacher？ 你当过教师吗？Our hometown has changed a lot in the past few years. 我们家乡在过去的几年里变很大。2). 未完成用法（持续性用法）：该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作并未在过去完成，而是一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续下去（也可能到此结束）。常有下列标志：for+时间段（ten years, a long time等）；since+时间点（two oclock, August 2003,等）；recently，so far, up to now等。如：How have you been？ 你近来怎样？She has been a teacher for 20 years. 她已当了20年的老师。How long have you been in Shanghai？ 你在上海已经多久了？I havent seen her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她。I met him in 1975 and havent seen him since then. 1975年我见过他，但自那以后就一直未见到他。注：1.除以上用法外，现在完成时还可表示过去的重复动作甚至将来动作。如：He has always gone to work by bike. 他总是骑自行车上班。Ill go to bed when Ive finished my homework. 我做完作业后就上床睡觉。2.表示时间长度时，通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如：Its a long time since I met you last. 好久不见了。Its about six months since we arrived here. 我们到这里大约有半年了。时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.基本结构：had + done.否定形式：had + not + done.一般疑问句：had放于句首。注意现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1） 现在完成时的已完成用法很容易与一般过去时相混淆，其区别是：前者强调对现在的影响和结果，后者不强调这个影响和结果，而是强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去。如：Ive lived here for ten years. 我在这里住了10年。（现在仍住这儿）I lived here for ten years. 我在这里住过10年。（现在不住这儿了） Has he got up？ 他起来了吗？ （着眼现在情况）Did you get up very early？ 你起得很早吗？ （着眼动作本身）Ive got no news from him. 我没听到他的消息。（不知道他的情况怎样）I got the news from Jim. 这消息我是从吉姆那听来的。（单纯谈论动作）2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 注意现在完成时与一般过去时的区别1） 现在完成时的已完成用法很容易与一般过去时相混淆，其区别是：前者强调对现在的影响和结果，后者不强调这个影响和结果，而是强调这个动作发生的时间是在过去。如：Ive lived here for ten years. 我在这里住了10年。（现在仍住这儿）I lived here for ten years. 我在这里住过10年。（现在不住这儿了）Has he got up？ 他起来了吗？ （着眼现在情况）Did you get up very early？ 你起得很早吗？ （着眼动作本身）Ive got no news from him. 我没听到他的消息。（不知道他的情况怎样）I got the news from Jim. 这消息我是从吉姆那听来的。（单纯谈论动作）2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, always, the past few years共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, once，before, already, recently，lately 例：1. The teacher was already in the room when I arrived. 我到的时候，老师已经在屋里了。2. I have already waited two years. 我都等了两年了。3.I havent seen him recently. 我最近没有看到他。4. I recently moved to this area. 我最近搬到这一带来了。5.-Have you met him today? -No, I havent. 今天你见过他吗？我没有。6. How many times have you been there this year? 今年你去过那里多少次？六、过去完成时：概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。过去完成时是把时间推移到过去某一时间之前，与现在不发生联系，由had + -ed分词构成。它的主要用法有三个，即“已完成用法”，“未完成用法”和“虚拟用法”已完成用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成.未完成用法表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且到那时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性。过去完成时 - 基本用法（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。过去去完成时可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。 （2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 （3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。 （4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。 （5）过去完成时常常用在宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。 （6）在包含有when, until等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的过去动作不是同时发生的，那么先发生的动作通常用过去完成时表示。She didnt go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。 注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。 （8）过去完成时还可用在hardlywhen, no soonerthan, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)等固定句型中。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。过去完成时与一般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.七、一般将来时：概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.形式：（1）“be going to/助动词will/be to+动词原形”，主语是I、we时，助动词也可用shall. be going to do 表示根据计划或安排将要做某事，也可表示根据目前情况判断很有可能但不是注定会发生某事；will/ shall do表示根据计划或安排将要做某事，也可以表示不以人的意志为转移的客观规律，be to do表示根据计划或安排将要做某事，也可以表示征求对方意见，还可以表示必要性或可能性。He will go to his hometown next week.They are going to meet outside the school gate.(2) come，go, start, move, sail, leave等非延续性动词常用进行时表示按计划将要发生的事。The whole family is going for two weeks.全家要去两个星期。My sister is coming to see me. Shell be here soon.（3）在时间或条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Ill go to see you if it doesnt rain tomorrow.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。八、过去将来时：概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.一般过去将来时的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。 一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中 He said they would arrange a party. 他说他们将安排一个晚会。 I asked if he would come and fix my TV set. 我问他是否来帮我修电视机。 一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态 If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University. 如果我有机会出国学习的话，我就会去剑桥大学。 I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了。 过去将来时间其他表达法 was/were going to + 动词原形 He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired. 他说他退休后要住在农村。 They thought it was going to rain.他们认为天要下雨了。 was/were + 动词-ing形式 Nobody knew whether the guests were coming. 没人知道客人们是否要来。 I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes. 我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了。 was/were + 动词不定式 She said she was to clean the classroom after school. 她说她放学后要打扫教室。 It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River. 据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥。 was/were going to + 动词原形或was/were +动词不定式完成式可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。 Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained. 上星期天我们本想去游览长城的，但却下雨了。（没有去成） I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before. 我是打算帮忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（没有帮上忙） was/were about to do was/were about to do表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作。 I felt something terrible was about to happen. 我觉得有可怕的事要发生了。 was/were on the point of doing Im glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but youve saved me the trouble now. 很高兴你来了。我正准备给你打电话，现在你省去我这个麻烦了。 be about to do 和 be on the point of doing结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。 I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain. 我正要动身天突然下雨了。基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should + do.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。. 几种常見时态的相互轉换英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相轉换，以下是几种常見的轉换形式：一、一般过去时与现在完成时的轉换在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语連用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用別的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对應的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间連用；瞬间动词用于“It is + 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用it is来代替It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看：A. He joined the League two years ago.B. He has been in the League for two years.C. It is two years since he joined the League.D. Two years has passed since he joined the League.二、一般现在时与现在进行时的轉换在一般现在时中，at加上名词表示“处于某种状态”，如at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态轉换。请看：Peter is at work, but Mike is at play.Peter is working, but Mike is playing.三、现在进行时与一般将来时的轉换在现在进行时态中go, come, leave, start, arrive等动词常与表示将来的时间状语連用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看：The train is leaving soon.The train will leave soon.四、“be going to+动词原形”与“will(shall)+动词原形”结构的轉换“be going to+动词原形”、表示打算、计划要做的事；将来时“will(shall)+动词原形”结构在书面语中，当主语为第一人称时，常用助动词shall。在口语中，所有人称都可以用will。请看：We are going to visit the Great Wall next Sunday.We shall visit the Great Wall next Sunday用括号中动词的适当的形式填空。 1The boy is happy because he _(sell) out all the newspapers. 2The plan _(give) up because of rain. 3If it _(not rain) tomorrow, we _(go )fishing. 4Where _you_(be) these days? 5Where is Tom? He _(go) to the post office. He said he _(come) back soon. 6Mike says he _(want )to be a worker after he _ (finish )school. 7The last bus _just _(leave) when they _(get) to the bus stop. 8She _(not go) to bed until she _(finish) her work. 9Light _(travel )much faster than sound. 10I _(feel) much better after I _(take) the medicine. 11”Where _we_(meet)?” “Lets meet outside the park gate.” 12I_(be) afraid Mr Johnson _(not visit) out school tomorrow. 13I _(lost) my bike ._you _(see) it anywhere? 14_this kind of car _(produce) in Shanghai? 15We _(see) several members of the family since we _(arrive) 16I found that the students _(play) football on the playground. 17The shop _(close) at this time of day. 18Where _your watch _(lose)? 19_the doctor _(send) for last night? 20Three children _(take) good care by the nurse. 21Some children _(take ) good care by the nurse. 22Some new houses _(build) by the villagers themselves. 23What language _(speak) in Australia? 24The colour TV _(buy) in that shop three days ago. 25He said he _(stay) here for another two days. 26The doctor said Jim must _(operate ) on at once. 27“_the bridge _(repair) yet?”“Yes, the workers_ already_(repair) it.” 28We are in Grade One this year, so we _(teach ) physics next year. 29“Where _(be) you last night?”“I_(ask) to help Tom at home” 30The big tree _(blow)down in the storm last night. 31I_ never _(eat) such delicious noodles before. 32When we reached the town, it _(get) dark. 33We _(have) lunch when suddenly someone knocked at the door. 34Lucy said she _(visit) the school the next month. 35I _(wait) until he comes back. 36You _(watch) TV after supper, arent you? 37They _(be) to that small village several times. 39Can you tell me if it _(snow) tomorrow? 40Could you tell me if you _(read) the story book? 41He said the lights in the room _(go) out when he opened the door. 42I _(be) fifteen soon. 43Tom, your aunt _(come) this afternoon . 44My teacher often _(tell) us not to play on the street. 45They_(plant) trees on the hill. Do you see? 46The teacher said that the earth _(move) round the sun. 47She said she _(put) on a new coat the next day. 48The Great Wall