2010届高考英语完形填空专题解读.doc

2010届高考英语完形填空专题解读命题分析与能力要求英语课程标准明确指出：基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力是建立在学生语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整体发展的基础上。语言知识和语言技能是综合语言运用能力的基础，对促进综合语言运用能力的形成起着至关重要的作用。英语测试中的完形填空题正是基于新课标这些要求而设计的一种测试题型，其目的旨在考查学生灵活运用所学的英语知识来获取新的信息，并利用这些信息来分析问题、解决问题的能力。因此，完形填空在高考英语试题中难度最大、综合性最强，最能考查出考生的语言理解水平和对语言的驾驭能力。知己知彼，百战不殆。了解完形填空命题特点，把握方向，站得高，看得远，从而提供自己的完形填空的解题能力。一、完形填空命题特点 众所周知，完形填空作为一种综合性的测试题型，它覆盖了词汇、语法、阅读理解、书面表达等考试目标的全部内容。它不仅能测试考生在语篇水平上的理解能力，还可以考查考生语言学习的综合水平。在语言的知识方面，它可以考查考生的词汇掌握程度和语法知识。在语言的应用方面，它可以检查考生结合背景知识理解短文主题、大意的能力，结合上下文运用语言知识，全面驾驭语篇、获取信息的能力。完形填空题有以下四个特点： 1、文章短、挖空多、保持一定的挖空密度。 完形填空题短文的第一句不设空。记叙文体的第一句通常把短文中故事发生的时间(when)，地点(place)，人物(who)和背景(what)等交待清楚，作为学生在解题时理解并掌握全文大意的基础。很多时候议论文体和说明文体的第一句（间或在中间、结尾）是文章的主题句，抓住主题句便抓住了文章的主旨，因此仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。从近年的高考题看，完形填空的设空具有一定的标准，两空之间不少于4个词，最多不超过32个词。文章字数控制在250词左右，用时约需15分钟。一般来说，文章越短，挖空密度越大，理解文章的难度就越大，解题的难度也相应增加。2、情景意义考查为主，语法选择填空极少。完形填空题在语境中综合考查词义的理解与搭配，而不是纯语法知识的考核；既考查语法知识、阅读理解能力，又考查考生综合知识的运用能力，单纯考查语法结构的题目已基本消亡。干忧项的设置均与语法无关，重在文意干忧。这种试题的特点是：4个备选答案往往是相同的词类，其词形也相同。即：如果是副词，则都是副词；如果是动词则都是动词等等。如果孤立地看挖空的句子，可能都能满足句子的需要，无论将哪个选项填进去，从语法上都是正确的，但是要确定正确答案，只能根据全文的内容和情节的发展，使所选答案能满足为文章的中心内容服务的需要。以考题为例：Wouldnt it be great if we didnt have to remember passwords (密码) ever again? If we could just sit in front of our computers and be _21_ logged in (登录)? Crave mentions how NECSSoft BiodeLogon system uses face recognition technology to log you on to Windows, rather than using a _22_. All you need is a webcam and your pretty face to _23_ your PC. No more _24_, confusing passwords to remember or change every few months. 21. A. automatically B. personally C. correctly D. occasionally22. A. face B. password C. software D. system23. A. access B. connect C. recognize D. remember24. A. simple B. complicated C. special D. useful单从语法角度考虑，第21题的四个选项都正确，但文中第一句用一否定疑问句说明“要是不用记密码该有多好啊！”，因此可知，坐在电脑前应是自动地(automatically)登录，而不是个人地(personally)，正确地(correctly)，偶尔地(occasionally)。根据前句中提到通过使用面部识别技术进行登录，故第22题选password，rather than using a password表示“不再使用密码”。第23题选A，C、D容易排除，干扰性最强的选项是B，但依据上下文语意，此处应表示“要进入你的个人电脑，你只需要一个网络摄像机和你完整的面部”，人的面部不可能与电脑“连接(connect)”。从信息标志词confusing可知，第24题该选B，complicated, confusing passwords意为“复杂的令人费解的密码”。 因此高考英语试卷完形填空题立足于考生对全文的理解。命题者匠心独具，给出的干忧往往与空前空后的文字形成某种看似“合理”的解释，从不同角度“迷惑”考生，若考生不注意上下文，就会导致失误。3、单词填空为主、短语或词组填空为辅；实词为主，虚词为辅。高考试题完形填空的选项词汇主要是实词。实词是信息词汇，重在考查考生的能力。短语或词组填空仅起辅助作用。这样的设置既要求考生具有很好的词感，能熟练运用所学过的常见词汇，惯用知识，还要求他们具有较强的语感，具有语篇整体处理的能力。做到上下求索寻信息，左顾右盼找答案，瞻前顾后想全文，同时结合考生个人的各方面常识正确解读全文。阅读下表，认真体会近两年高考完形填空题词类分布特点。以考题为例：AIt was the night of the full moon, a time which always drives Javas young people mad with excitement.Fireworks were lit long before the moon _36_. The big noise brought people out _37_ the warm night to enjoy the interesting scene. Everywhere, there were the paper remains of _38_ fireworks lying on the ground. Little boys _39_ more and covered their ears as they waited _40_ for the explosions. The moon appeared above the horizon (地平线): huge, _41_ ball high above the city, and the _42_ filled with people, as Java began to enjoy one of the years greatest _43_: the Night of the Full Moon, a festival (节日)that is especially popular _44_ young people.More and more young Javanese _45_ together and walked slowly through the _46_. Joking and chatting, they moved towards the mountain _47_ the city. They continued to climb _48_ they reached the old temple (寺庙) at the _49_ of the mountain.After they were _50_ the temple, they drank their water and ate their moon-cakesdelicious home-made ones, _51_ of dried fruit and nuts. Outside, on the mountain, young people _52_ cross-legged in circles, chatting and telling each other jokes. And _53_, in the hundreds, more young people continued to make their way up the mountain to _54_ the brightly shining moon.By midnight, the fireworks had stopped shooting up from the _55_ city in the valley below them. But during the night, the sound continued to be heard from the distance. 36. A. let out B. gave out C. came out D. set out37. A. into B. at C. of D. from38. A. burning B. used C. exploding D. broken39. A. lit B. bought C. piled D. removed40. A. patiently B. calmly C. worriedly D. excitedly41. A. silver B. new C. colorful D. gold42. A. mountains B. valleys C. streets D. shops43. A. games B. meetings C. sports D. events44. A. for B. to C. with D. in45. A. danced B. gathered C. drank D. shouted46. A. village B. scene C. night D. ground47. A. on the edge of B. on the way to C. in the center of D. in the direction of48. A. while B. until C. unless D. though49. A. tip B. back C. top D. bottom50. A. inside B. near C. off D. across51. A. fond B. little C. full D. free52. A. jumped B. sat C. stood D. bent53. A. so B. even C. yet D. still54. A. follow B. show C. notice D. admire55. A. clean B. gray C. peaceful D. empty语篇定位本文是一篇记叙文。叙述了Java的年轻人在the Night of the Full Moon狂欢的过程。答案与解析：36. _。由第二段第一句可知，此处moon应是出来。let out放出，泄露，用作及物动词；give out用完，耗尽；set out动身，出发；come out出现，显露。故答案选C。37. _。烟花燃放的声音把人们吸引出来便自然融入这温暖的夜晚。因此，答案为A。38. _。由本段第一句可知，此处the paper remains应该是燃放过的剩余物。所以答案选B。burning燃烧的，broken破碎的，不合题意。39. _。从本句的and covered their ears可知，此处应是点燃烟花的动作，more后省略了fireworks。故答案选A。40. _。根据常识及之前的描述，孩子们应该是点燃烟花后，兴奋地等着烟花爆炸。因此答案为D。41. _。月亮的光芒只能用silver修饰。故答案选A。42. _。这里提到城市里的情况，应是指街上人多。因此，答案为C。43. _。从上文叙述可知，此节日是Java一年中一件大事，而不是会议，运动会，因此答案选D。44. _。答案选C。be popular with sb.受到某人欢迎，是固定搭配。45. _。依据下文together可知，答案选B，gather together表示聚集在一起。46. _。答案选C。此处指年青人整个晚上在漫漫地散着步。47. _。从下一段最后一句可知，这座山应是在该城市附近。故答案为A。48. _。依据语境可推知，他们一直爬到古庙。答案选B，until表示“直到”。49. _。由上下文内容以及常识可知，此寺庙应该在山的顶部。故答案选C。50. _。从上段未句可知，应是进入寺庙里。near在附近；off远离；across在另一边，都不合题意，只有inside在里面合适，因此答案选A。51. _。fond of喜爱；little of几乎没有；free of无的。此处指的是月饼里装满了干果和水果，故选C，full of意为“充满的”。52. _。从空后的cross-legged in circle可知，此处应是坐，所以只有选D。53. _。依据下文，有数百人在继续爬山，因此答案选D。A、B不合题意，yet虽有“仍然，还”之意，但多用于 否定句、疑问句中。54. _。年青人爬山一定是“欣赏”月景，故选D。55. _。到了午夜才停止放烟花，因此城市上空一定是灰色的烟雾。empty空的，peaceful安静的，clean干净的与文意不符，因此答案选B。BLife is often like a game of cardsyou cant help the hand youre dealt, but you can help the way you play itIts easy for us to do something without careful thinking, but its hard for us to take back what we have doneThere was once 21 who repeated a bit rumor(谣言) about a neighborWithin a few days the whole community 22 the storyThe person it concerned was deeply 23 and annoyedLater, the woman responsible for 24 the rumor leaned that it was completely 25 She was very sorry and went to a 26 old man to find out what she could do 27 the damage“Go to the marketplace,” he said, “and 28 a chicken, and have it 29 Then on your way home, pluck its feathers and drop them 30 along the road” 31 surprised by this advice, the woman did 32 she was told.The next day the wise man said, “Now, go and collect all those 33 you dropped yesterday and 34 them back to me.”The woman 35 the same road, but to her disappointment, the wind 36 all the feathers awayAfter searching for 37 , she returned with only three in her hand. “You see,” said the old man, “its easy to drop them, 38 its impossible to get them back. So it is with rumor. 39 doesnt take much to spread a rumor, but 40 you do, you can never completely make up for the wrong.” 21Aa wise manBa manCa womanDa chicken22AknewBfoundCrealizedDrecognized23AwoundedBhurtCinjuredDattacked24AcollectingBsparingCspreadingDsharing25ApoliteBuntrueCsuitableDillegal26AwiseBsuitableCstupidDnoble27AruinBto ruinCrepairDto repair28AprovideBchargeCbargain Dbuy29AboughtBdroppedCkilled Dflown30Aone by oneBall in all Cday by day Dstep by step31AAsBAlthough CDespite DInstead32AthatBlike Cwhat Dwhich33AfeathersBchickens Caction Drumors34AbringBkeep Chold Dbreak35AcopiedBfollowed Chad Dinstructed36AblewBshould blow Chad blown Dblown37AdaysBtimesChoursDperiods38AbutBsoCandDthus39AHeBThisCThatDIt40AunlessBonceCuntilDwhether语篇定位 本文叙述一个妇女散布谣言使一位老人受到伤害。老人没有责骂她，而是让她去市场买鸡，沿路丢下鸡毛，第二天再收集鸡毛。通过这个事例说明一个道理：散布谣言是容易的，然而收回谣言是很难的。 答案与解析21.C。考查行文逻辑。从下文“the woman responsible for”可以判断答案。22.A。考查句意理解。句意为“几天之内，整个社区都知道这个谣言”。23.B。考查语境理解。由本句的信息词“annoyed”可推知，此处表示“此人的情感受到深深的伤害”。24.C。考查动词辨析。collect意为“收集”；spare意为“节省”；spread意为“散布”；share意为“分担”。依据上文“repeated a bit rumor”可知答案。25.B。考查语境理解。下文“She was very sorry”是重要提示。26. A。考查行文逻辑。从下文老人让这个妇女的做法以及“the wise man”可知，这位老人非常“有智慧(wise)”。27.D。考查句法结构及句意。to repair the damage意为“补救自己的损失”，在句中作目的状语。28.D。考查动词辨析。provide意为“提供”；charge意为“要（价）”；bargain意为“讨价还价”；buy意为“买”。依据语境可知“老人让她去买一只鸡”。29.C。考查语境理解。由下文“pluck its feathers and drop them”可判断“鸡买过后把它杀掉”。30.A。考查介词短语。one by one意为“一个一个地”；all in all意为“总的来说”；dayby day意为“一天天地”；step by step意为“逐步地”。依据语境，答案选A。31.B。考查连词辨析。前后句语意存在转折关系，因此，答案选although。despite是介词，不可连接句子。32.C。考查连词用法。what引导宾语从句，一方面起连接句子作用，另一方面在从句中作动词do的宾语，不含疑问意思。33.A。考查行文逻辑。由上文“pluck its feathers”可知答案。34.A。考查句意理解。句意为“把昨天丢的鸡毛收集起来，然后带给我”。35.B。考查动词辨析。copy意为“抄写”；follow意为“沿着”；have意为“拥有”；instruct意为“指示”。依据句意，答案为B。36.C。考查动词时态。从时间上看，风已经把鸡毛吹走，因此用过去完成时。37.C。考查名词辨析。days意为“日子”；times意为“时间”；hours意为“小时”；periods意为“期间”。依据情景，应是找了几个小时。38.A。考查连词词义。前后句意思存在转折关系，因此选but。39.D。考查句子结构。用it作形式主语，替代不定式短语to spread a rumor。40.B。考查连词辨析。前后句意思含有条件意味，所以选once。CTodays students learn more in school than just reading, writing and arithmetic. They also learn how to _1_. More and more students are using _2_ means to get good grades in order to get into top _3_. Increasingly, tomorrows leaders are todays cheaters.Over the last decade, the number of students cheating academically has _4_ dramatically. Duke University conducted a (an) _5_ of 50,000 universities and 18,000 high school students in America. More than 70 percent of the students _6_ to having cheated. However, 10 years ago, only 56 percent of the students cheated.This _7_ extends far beyond the US. In Asia, where students face great _8_ to excel (胜过他人), the cheating problem is especially _9_. In many Asian countries, a students performance is measured _10_ by exam scores. And admission to a top school _11_ passing standardized tests. This test-driven culture makes cheating an easy way for students to get _12_ in a super-competitive academic system.Last year, 24 students in Taiwan _13_ chances and ended up in prison _14_ they were caught cheating on the University Entrance Exam. The students received answers to test questions _15_ cellophones and other electronic devices (设备). But the pressure to perform well on tests isnt the only thing turning _16_ into cheaters. For one, new technology makes cheating _17_ than ever. Students now have more choices than just “cheat sheets” _18_ in pencil boxes.Todays students use text-messaging to send each other test _19_. Some post questions from standardized tests on Internet bulletin boards (公告牌). Students in Asia, _20_, have posted questions from the TOEFL and the GRE.1. A. study B. communicate C. cheat D. behave2. A. honest B. dishonest C. illegal D. suitable 3. A. universities B. organizations C. societies D. communities4. A. reduced B. fallen C. decreased D. increased5. A. study B. interview C. survey D. experiment6. A. applied B. admitted C. attached D. related7. A. fashion B. style C. custom D. trend8. A. pressure B. puzzle C. suffering D. difficulty9. A. popular B. outstanding C. obvious D. extra10. A. wholly B. mostly C. completely D. absolutely11. A. calls on B. takes on C. brings on D. depends on12. A. ahead B. away C. off D. on13. A. seized B. took C. missed D. risked14. A. until B. so C. because D. before 15. A. in B. on C. over D. through 16. A. students B. teachers C. children D. adults17. A. harder B. less C. easier D. tougher18. A. forbidden B. hidden C. prepared D. folded19. A. questions B. papers C. contents D. answers20. A. for example B. such as C. as it is D. just like语篇定位 校园作弊由来已久，而现代通讯技术的发展使校园作弊不断升级。为了能在日益加剧的升学竞争中取得好的成绩，学生作弊更加厉害。这种现象令人担忧。答案与解析1.C。考查文意理解。全文的话题是谈论舞弊的，因此选cheat。2.B。考查句意理解。舞弊采取的是不诚实的(dishonest)手段在考试中取得高分。honest意为“诚实的”；illegal意为“不合法的”；suitable意为“适合的”，均不符句意。3.A。考查语境理解。下文有暗示，作弊是为了考取好的大学。4.D。考查动词辨析。句意为“在过去的十年中，舞弊的人数急剧增加(increased)”。从本段后面的信息词“More than 70 percent”以及“only 56 percent”可知答案。5.C。考查名词辨析。conduct a survey意为“进行一项调查”。6.B。考查动词短语。apply to意为“运用”；admit to意为“承认”；attach to意为“附属于”；relate to意为“与有关”。7.D。考查名词辨析。fashion意为“风尚”；style意为“风格”；custom意为“风俗”；trend意为“趋势”。This trend意为“这种趋势”。8.A。考查名词辨析。依据上下文，此处表示“学生面临很大压力(pressure)”，其他三个选项与句意不符。9.C。考查形容词辨析。popular意为“流行的”；outstanding意为“显著的”；obvious意为“明显的”；extra意为“额外的”。10.B。考查句意理解。句意为“在许多亚洲国家，学生的成绩主要(mostly)依据考试分数来衡量的”。wholly意为“全部”；completely意为“完全地”；absolutely意为“绝对地”。11.D。考查动词短语。call on意为“号召”；take on意为“呈现面貌”；bring on意为“引起”；depend on意为“取决于”。12.A。考查动词短语。get ahead意为“获得成功”；get away意为“逃脱”；get off意为“下车，脱下”；get on意为“上车”。13.B。考查固定短语。take chances意为“冒险，碰运气”。14.C。考查连词辨析。后句为前句的原因，因此答案选because。15.D。考查介词词义。依据句意，此处用through，意为“通过”，表示方式和手段。16.A。考查行文理解。通篇在讨论“学生作弊问题”，因此这里答案选students。17.C。考查句意理解。句意为“现代高科技使舞弊更加容易(easier)”。18.B。考查句意理解。写有答案的纸条应是藏(hidden)在文具盒里。19.D。考查语境理解。根据上下文逻辑，学生舞弊时传递的应是答案(answers)。questions意为“问题”；papers意为“考卷”；contents意为“内容”，均不符句意。20.A。考查短语区别。for example意为“举例说明”，其后通常有逗号。such as表示“列举前面提到的事物的某一部分”。4、选裁以记叙文为主，议论文和说明文为辅。短文的难易程度符合高三学生的实际水平。从体裁上看，高考英语试卷的完形填空题以记叙文为主。从题材上看，新颖、时尚是完型填空选材的一大特色，选材内容涉及日常生活、文史知识、科技小品、社会热点、政治经济、人物、社会等。高考英语试卷的完形填空题所选短文的语法结构、用词造句均未超出高三学生所学过的文章水平。短文内容贴近学生实际生活，便于学生发挥自己的思维能力和理解掌握短文的内容。二、完形填空题的能力目标要求完形填空题选材很广泛，它涉及日常生活、文史知识、科技小品、社会热点、政治经济、人物、故事等，所选文章的体裁主要是记叙文、说明文和议论文。它要求考生在熟练掌握语 法、词组和其他语言知识的基础上，善于完整地全面地接受文章内容，认识文章的结构和各部分的逻辑关系，善于在文章中发现并捕捉信息，通过分析思考，作出准确的判断，选出最符合文章内容要求的答案。具体来说，完形填空题对考生提出了如下几个方面的能力与内容要求：1、熟练、扎实的英语语法知识和相当丰富的词汇知识。高考英语中的完形填空试题，并不直接考语法知识。但是，解答试题的前提是读懂文章，而读懂文章就必须具有扎实、娴熟的语法知识。如果考生不理解英语句子的结构，不明白具体句子结构所表达的具体意思，又怎么能选择符合文章内容的答案呢？所以，不直接考查语法知识，并不是不要语法知识，而是通过检查考生的理解程度，来间接地考查考生的语法知识。考生的英语词汇知识越丰富，语法知识越扎实，阅读速度就越快，理解就会更为全面、深刻。2、快速阅读理解的能力和技巧在一定意义上，完形填空题是为阅读理解服务的，它要求考生具有快速阅读文章的能力，尤其是跳读的能力，心里要有整体，浏览全文，掌握全文要旨和主要考点。如果考生读不懂缺字少词的短文，就无法进行正确的解题。考生对文章内容理解越全面，那么他的理解就越深刻；考生的英语语感越好，正确选择率就越高，而这种能力的培养是靠平时大量阅读，科学训练出来的。3、把握篇章结构，找准主题，理顺文章的能力考生只有明白了文章结构，了解各部分之间的关系，才能加深对文章的整体理解。换句话说，考生应对全文有一个清晰的概念，明白文章的各部分是为了表达一个主题，这样在略读时就更容易把握含空格句子的真正含义，答题时就会显得轻而易举了。4、根据线索捕捉相关信息，进行推理判断和分析归纳的能力在完形填空题中常运用情景推理判断、常识推理判断、逆向推理判断及比较推理判断等方法。这些能力的发挥，有助于抓住文章的主题思想，加深对文章深层次意义的理解，从而更容易完成“完型”的任务，恢复文章的原貌。复习指导了解完形填空命题特点以及能力目标要求对于做完形填空题具有指导性作用。但是，做完形填空题时，除了掌握必要的词法、句法、惯用法、行文逻辑等方面外，具有好的解题方法和良好的解题习惯，也是提高完形填空解题能力的重要因素。 一、完形填空解题技巧如何让学生在15分钟左右的时间里完成一篇250词左右的完形填空并使其完整通顺呢？一味地让学生多做而不加以方法指导只会让学生更厌烦头疼，达不到预期的锻炼效果。古人云，“授人鱼，不如授之以渔”，适当的方法指导会让学生收到事半功倍的效果。1、从单句中选择答案这是完形填空考查项目设计最简单的一种。它相当于一道单项选择题，它不需要通过上下文，而是读懂本句即能判断出正确答案。 It was a bright spring afternoon when Freda told me she wouldnt need me any more. I had just finished my four-hour work _36_ up and down the stairs of her three-storey home, cleaning the floor and washing the dishes. 36. A. stepping B. coming C. jumping D. moving答案：36. D解析：破折号后的内容是对前面的解释。根据常识，“我”（每天）会擦地板，洗碗等，可推测“我”在三层楼的房子里上下走动。而stepping (迈步)，coming (来)，jumping (跳)，不符合本句语意。2、寻找信息词或信息选择答案在一篇完形填空文章中，就一句所言，很难确定正确的答案。若继续读下去，就能发现与问题有关的信息词或信息句子出现，这些词或句往往是直接或间接地提示出正确的答案。We arrived in Spain for the first time a few weeks ago. I decided to _21_ a car because we had sold the one we had in England before _22_ home.21. A. borrow B. drive C. buy D. choose22. A. leaving B. making C. returning D. getting答案：21.C 22.A解析：第21题，答案选C。就搭配看，很难确定答案，但是根据后面的sold和文后的故事发展可知是“我”要买一辆车。第22题，不看语境的话，A、C、D项都能选择，但此处指“我”离开家乡前把在英国拥有的那辆汽车卖掉了，所以只能选用A。3、根据词的固定搭配和固定句型来选择答案英语中的固定搭配种类繁多，如：固定短语、习语、谚语、惯用法、固定句式等。虽然高考完形填空对固定搭配的考查所占比例不大，但是如果对这些内容掌握不牢固的话，必然会造成不必要的失分。这就要求考生多读、多记，对所学的短语、习语能熟练掌握，并能灵活运用。A young man, wet from _42_ to toe, explained that he had _43_ out of petrol about 30 km up the road. He had left his pregnant (怀孕的) wife and his two children _44_ at the car and said that he would hitchhike (搭便车) back. .42. A. finger B. shoulder C. head D. hand 43. A. driven B. used C. come D. run 44. A. away B. behind C. over D. out答案：42.C 43.D 44.B解析：第42题考查固定搭配。from head to toe意为“从头到脚地，全身地”，是固定短语。第43题是一个典型的短语动词类型题。此处的意思是用光了汽油，表示“用光”该用