八年级英语下册第四单元学习要点（新目标英语）.doc

八年级英语下册第四单元学习要点（新目标英语） 八年级英语下册第四单元学习要点（新目标英语）学习要点 本单元通过对转述别人所说的话进行练习。主要是希望我们熟练地掌握怎样把直接引语变成间接引语，注意掌握转变过程中哪些部分需要改变。Section A 1that引导的宾语从句及用法 2直接引语和间接引语 3on的用法 4be mad at的用法 5tell sbsth的用法 6not anymore的用法 7take和bring的区别 8passto的用法 9be supposed to的用法Section B 1do well in的用法 2better的用法 3Hows it going?的用法 4in good health的用法 5luckily和lucky的区别Self check 1it形式主语结构 2borrow的用法 3forget to do和forget doing的区别 4名词性物主代词单元语法归纳CRAMMAR 直接引语和间接引语 直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号；间接引语不用引号。 直接引语：Mr Black said，“Im busy.” 间接引语：Mr Black said that he was busy. 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连接词that引导（that在口语中常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语等要作相应的变化。 1.人称的变化 Jim said，“I like English very much.” Jim said he liked English very much. He said，“Ive left my book in your room.” He said （that） he had left his book in my room. 2.时态的变化 直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做以下的变化。直接引语间接引语一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时（不变）过去将来时 He said，“I saw then film yesterday.” He said that he had seen the film the day before. She said，“I have seen the movie. It is good.” She said that she had seen the movie and that it was good. 【注】直接引语如果是客观真理，变间接引语时，时态不变。 直接引语中含有in 2003这样的时间短语，变间接引语时，时态不变。 He said，“Light travels much faster than sound.” He said that light travels much faster than sound. Drew said，“I was born in 1970.” Drew said he was born in 1970. 3.指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的变化 She said，“I will come this evening.” She said that she would go that evening. He said，“My sister was here three days ago，but she is not here now.” He said that his sister had been there three days before but she was not there then. 现将这几种变化列表如下：直接引语间接引语指示代词this thesethat those时间状语nowtodaytonightthis week（month，etc.）last week（month etc.）three days（a year etc.）agotomorrownext week（month，etc.）thenthat daythat nightthat weekthe week（month etc.）beforethree days（a year etc.）beforethe next daythe next week（month，etc.）地点状语Herethere动词Comego重点难点直接引语变为间接引语（1）直接引语变为间接引语时，人称、时态、时间状语、地点状语和指示代词等都要相应变化。（2）不同类型句子的转换：直接引语为陈述句，将其变为以that引导的宾语从句，that可以省略。如：Peter said, “I am a student.”Peter said (that) he was a student.直接引语为一般疑问句，变疑问句为陈述句，使之成为if（或whether）引导的宾语从句。如：Mike asked me, “Does it snow in winter here?”Mike asked if it snowed in winter there.直接引语为特殊疑问句，变疑问语序为陈述语序，使之成为以原疑问词引导的宾语从句。如：Kate asked me, “Where are you playing now?”Kate asked me where I was playing then.（综合课案例）一重点单词：1. play v. 播放 2. loud adj. 高声的；大声的 3. argue v. 争论，争吵 4. wrong adj. 错误的；有毛病的；不适合的 5. could v. can的过去式 6. ticket n. 票，入场券7. surprise v. 使惊奇；使意外 8. other adj. 任一的；（两方中的）每一方的9. except prep. 除；把.除外 10. fail v. 失败 11. football n. 足球 12. until prep. 到.为止 13. fit v. 适合，适应 14. include v. 包括；包含15. send v. 发送，寄 16. themselves pron. 他们自己（反身代词）二重点词组：1. keep out不让.进入2. out of style不时髦的；过时的3. call sb. up打电话给.4. pay for付款5. ask for要求6. the same as与.同样的7. in style时髦的；流行的8. get on相处；进展9. as much as possible尽可能多10. all kinds of各种；许多11. on the one hand, .（在）一方面，.12. on the other hand, .另一方面，.三重点句型：1. What should I do? 我应该怎么做？2. You could write him a letter. 你可以写信给他。3. What should he do? 他应该怎么做？4. Maybe he should say hes sorry. 也许他应该说抱歉。5. What should they do? 他们应该怎么做？6. They shouldnt argue. 他们不应该争吵。四重点语法：情态动词should的用法should是情态动词，它的基本用法是必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化，意为”应该.”。should（应当，应该）用于所有人称，表示劝告或建议。eg. You should wait a little more.你应该再多等一会儿。- I have a very bad cold.我感冒很厉害。- You should lie down and have a rest.你应该躺下，多喝水。在这个单元中我们还学到用”could”表示建议，这时could不是can的过去式，而表示比should更加委婉的建议。- I need some money to pay for the summer camp.- You should/ could borrow some money from your brother.五提高与拓展（sb.）pay（money）for sth.为.而付款（sb.）spend（money）on sth在.上花多少钱（sth.）cost sb.（money）什么东西值多少钱这三个短语都是表示付款。但pay, spend指的是”人”，主语为人，而cost指的是”物”，主语为”物”。例如说他昨天花10元买了一本书。用以上三个短语分别为：He paid 10 yuan for the book yesterday.He spent 10 yuan on the book yesterday.The book cost him 10 yuan yesterday.注意以上三个动词的动词过去式为：pay-paid spend - spent cost-cost以上三个例句的翻译为：他昨天为这本书付了10元钱。他昨天花了10元钱（买）这本书。这本书花了他10元钱。突破难点1.引导学生发现并理解重点、疑点、难点。过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或者某段时间正在进行或发生的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如： I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。 They were waiting for you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等你。过去进行时的构成： 肯定形式：主语+was/were+V-ing 否定形式：主语+was not (wasnt)/were not (werent)+V-ing 疑问形式：Was/Were+主语+V-ing。基本用法： 过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday)，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句，如： What were you doing at 7p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七点你在干什么？ when后通常用表示暂短性动词，while后通常用表示持续性动词，因此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如： When the car exploded I was walking past it.= While I was walking past the car it exploded. 2、情态动词表示“应该”、“必须” （shall, should, may, might, must, ought to） （1）shall 和 should 用于表示“必须”： . Each member shall wear a name card. (表示规定) 每一个会员必须配带名卡。 . I should answer his letter as soon as possible. (表示应该) 我应该尽快给他回信。 . You shouldnt judge a man always by the clothes. (shouldnt “不应该”含有劝告的意思) 你不应该总是以貌取人。过去进行时1、过去进行时的定义 过去进行时常表示过去某一时刻或过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作。2、过去进行时的构成 过去进行时是由“be动词的过去式was/were现在分词”构成。3、过去进行时的基本句型肯定式疑问式否定式I was workingWere you working?I was not workingHe / She / it was working.Was he / she / it working?Yes, he / she / it was.No, he / she / it wasnt.He / she / it was not working.We were working.Were we working?We were not workingYou were workingWere you working?You were not workingThey were workingWere they working?They were not working过去进行时的基本用法a.过去进行时表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常和表过去的时间状语连用，如： I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的这个时候我正在做作业。 They were expecting you yesterday.他们昨天一直在等待。b.过去进行时可与soon, the next moment, in minutes, minutes later等时间状语连用，表示一个新的动作刚 刚开始。如： Soon the whole town was talking about it.不久镇上的人就都谈论起这种事了。c.过去进行时可用来申述原因或用作借口，这种用法常用在口语中。如： - Have you finished your homework, Mary? 玛丽，你作业做完了吗？ - No, I was helping my mother is the kitchen all day yesterday. 还没呢，我昨天一天都帮妈妈在厨房干活。d.过去进行时可用来为一个后一系列动作的发生提供背景。如： I hurt my leg when I was riding a bike.我在骑车时把腿摔坏了。e.过去进行时可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或打算，这时be动词was/were要重读。如： I was writing him a letter this morning and forgot all about it . 我本该今天早上给他写信的，后来全给忘了。 I was seeing her tomorrow. 我本来打算明天会见她。 He was watching the play yesterday, but he was too busy. 他昨天本来要看那场戏的，可是太忙了。5 一般过去时和过去进行时的区别（1）一般过去式常表示在过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态（包括过去习惯动作），常与一般过去时连用的时 间状语有just now, a moment ago, yesterday, last week(month, year), the day before yesterday及 表示过去的时间状语从句。如： I was sixteen yesterday old last year.我去年16岁。 He worked in a factory in 1986.他1986年在一家工厂工作。 I met her in the street the day before yesterday.前天我在街上遇见了她。 He often swam in the river when he was young.他小时候常在河里游泳。（2）过去进行时表示过去某一段时间或某一时刻正在进行的动作。常与之连用的时间状语有，at that time/moment, (at) this time yesterday (last night/Sunday/week), at+点钟+yesterday (last night / Sunday)，when sb. did sth等时间状语从句。 What were you doing at seven p.m. yesterday?昨天晚上七点你在干什么？ I first met Mary three years ago. She was working at a radio shop at the time. 我第一次遇到玛丽是在三年前，当时她在一家无线电商店工作。 I was cooking when she knocked at the door.她敲门时我正在做饭。（3）一般过去时往往表示某一动作已经完成，而过去进行时却表示动作在持续或未完成。如： I saw you while you were speaking to the teacher.你在和老师谈话时我看见了你。 注意：有的过去时间状语既可用于一般过去时，也可用于过去进行时，但含义不同。如： She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。（信写完了） She was writing a letter to her friend last night. 她昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。（信不一定写完）一、过去进行时的时间状语1.when 和while引导的状语从句中，强调某个动作正在进行的过程中时要用进行时态，while表示一段时间，因 此它所引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用进行时态，如： When/While we were having supper, the light went out.我们正在吃饭时灯熄灭了。2.when用作并列连词时，主句常用进行时态，从句则用一般过去时，表示主句动作发生的过程中，另一个意想不 到的动作发生了。如： I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。二、下面几种情况不用一般过去时而要用过去进行时：1. 表示过去某一阶段暂时性的习惯动作时。如： Tom was getting up at six oclock every day that week.汤