the trail that rocked the world.doc

The Trial That Rocked the WorldPart 1 General introduction1. about the author: John Scopes (19001970) once a school-teacher in Dayton, Tennessee.Principle of the “Monkey Trial”. Later became a geologist for an oil company.2. Backgroud:For a number of years a clash had been building up between the fundamentalist(基要主义者) and the modernists(现代主义者).fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state legislature had passed a law prohibiting the teaching of “any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the Bible”The exits of Darwins evolution.John Scopes taught the students evolution.3. about the affair 1、Reason: John Scopes taught the students evolution which was considered against the law. 2、Time: July 10, 1925 3、Place: A court in Dayton, Tennessee.4、Conflicts:CharactersClarence Darrow(counsel, lawyer)Malone(Catholic, counsel)Hays(Jew ,counsel)George Rappelyea(engineer)Kirtley Mather(Professor, scientist)VSWilliam Jennings Bryan（orator）John Butler(farmer)Tom Stewart(lawyer ,attorney-general)12 jurors(陪审团成员),three had never read any bookexcept the Bible.One couldnt readPoint of viewsAccepted the theory advancedby Charles Darwinall animal lifehad evolved from a common ancestor.The reason why John Scopes was accused isignorance and bigotry are rampant. If so no one Would dare to bring any intelligence andenlightens andculture to the human mind.The truth is eternal And needs nohuman agency tosupport it.(24)They are adhere to a literalinterpretation of the Old Testament(圣约书) Man came from above.(20)”The Bible” is not going to be driven out from this court by experts.(21)5. Result: The trail turned to be a “victorious defeat”. The verdict was guilty. John Scopes was fined 100dollars and costs. He was offered his teaching job back but he declined and he got scholarship to the University of Chicago.6. Influences:Since the trial, the schools and legislative offices of the United States have deeply affected, and the intellectual and academic freedom has grown. Based on the trial the business man made a great profit. (10, 26)7.Why the authors say the trial rocked the world?Hot Media attention: For the first time in history to broadcast a jury trial, More than 100 reporters were on hand, and even radio announcers.(2), and 22 telegraphers were sending out 165,000 words a day on the trial. (28) Many people came to see: For fear that the old courts floor might collapse under the weight of the throng, the trial was resumed outside under the maples.(29)It snowballed into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history.Part 2 Details adout this passage1) Main ideaJohn Scopes was a young high-school science teacher and football coach in Dayton, a little town in Tennessee, where fundamentalism where strong .He was accused of breaking the anti-evolution law and was brought to court, because of teaching his students evolution. The renowned criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow helped him defend, and William Jennings Bryan was the leading counsel for the prosecution. Thousands of people came to visit, and a group of scientists and professors helped to testify Scopes behalf. The trial began on July 10th, 1925, and lasted for 3 days. On the first day, the preliminary fight appears to be. On the second day, the prosecution calling witness against Scopes. Darrow and Bryan go on the heated debate. The climax of the trial is that Darrow succeeded in pointing out several serious inconsistencies in Fundamentalist belief when Darrow was called as a witness for the defense. On the third day, the verdict came out and scopes was convicted and fined 100 dollars. It shows that the trial was seen as a victory for evolution. 2) Style of the textNarration: To narrate is to given an account of an event or series of events. In other words, a narrative recreates an event or gives a sense of it by helping the audience visualize the event.Language features：Sarcasm, ridicule & ironyIrony is a subtle form of humor which involves saying things that you do not meanIf you ridicule someone or ridicule their ideas or beliefs, you make fun of them in an unkind waySarcasm is usually intended to mock or insult someone3) Rhetorical Devices Simile（明喻）E.g. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.(22)Analysis: (1) 此句是一个倒装句，正确语序应为：The fierce fervour was gone.(2) 句中sweptlike a prairie fire 为明喻，指的是布莱恩参加竞选活动时到各地巡回演讲击溃自己的对手的情景。Metaphor(暗喻)E.g. my case would snowball into one of the most famous trials in U.S. history.（9）Analysis: snowball 原指“滚雪球”，此处引申为“像雪球一样越滚越大”，十分形象。E.gour town of 1.500 people had taken on circus atmosphere.Analysis: circus atmosphere把小镇上那种气氛比作像看马戏表演一样。Then the court broke into the storm of applause that surpassed that for Bryan.(25)Analysis: a storm of applause 把法庭上的辩论比作风暴Now Darrow sprang his trump cardthe defence.(30) Analysis: sprang ones trump card 原指在某些扑克游戏中能胜过其他花色的牌的花色主牌，此处喻为“使出绝招”。The oratorical storm thatthe passing years.(48)Analysis:这句话把法庭上的那场辩论比喻作一股春风，它带来了思想学术自由的新气象。Pun(双关语)Definition: A pun is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. It is not strictly a figure of speech, but because it relied heavily on metaphorical or figurative meanings of words for its effect, it if often included in lists of such figures.E.g. Darwin is right-inside.(26)Analysis:此句可有两种理解：破折号前面的意思是“达尔文先生是对的，”把整个句子连起来意思就成了“达尔文先生就在店里面。”这是个有趣的文字游戏。.Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法)E.g. marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century. (13)Analysis:（1）marching backwards 这两个词义矛盾的词语，前者以为“大步前进”后者译为“倒退”。E.g. Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a” victorious defeat.”(45)Analysis:法庭审判的结果对作者来说是“a victorious defeat.”，表面上是失败了，但从某种意义上看是进化论者（作者的观点）胜利了，它唤醒了盲目崇拜宗教神学的民众，有利的推动了科学思想的传播具有伟大历史意义。 Irony（反语）E.g. marching backwards to the glorious age of the 16th century. (13)Analysis: 16th 是欧洲最黑暗的年代，作者却有意称之为“光辉的年代”E.g. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a hill-top overlooking the valley.(47)Analysis: there is a William Jennings Bryan University.此句用了Irony的修辞手法。作者在37年之后重返戴顿镇，却意外的发现一所以William Jennings Bryan 命名的大学，但由于大学是传播科学知识、开启人类心智的摇篮，而莱恩一生都在顽固的阻挠和反对科学知识与新思想的传播，死后其大名却被冠名于大学校名之上。Repetition(重复)E.g. The truththe truth.the truth to support it.(24)Analysis:作者运用的三个the truth，强调了律师在法庭上对真理的极力维护，增强了说服性。.Transferred epithet(转移法)E.g. Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.(2)Analysis: reassuring arm直译过来是“安慰的手臂”，实际上是指这种安慰的方式。E.g. Darrow walked slowly round the baking court.(14)Analysis: baking:烘烤的；正常适用于baking 的地方应该是“烤面包”之类的词，但该词在这形象的描绘出了出庭时的气氛就像灼热的锅使人感到郁闷、灼热、紧张。Antithesis (对比修辞法)E.g. The Christian believes that man come from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below.Analysis: from above在这里指的是基督教相信上帝创造了人类，from below指的是进化论者认为的人一定来自地上。两种不同的观点对比，揭示了基督教徒和新教徒在在思想认识上的不同。Hyperbole(夸张)E.g. His reputation as an authority on Scripture is recognized throng out the world.Analysis:作者集中笔墨描绘了丹诺在法庭审理达到高潮的出色表现，丹诺无不讽刺的尊称布莱恩为“圣经研究专家”，其“权威和声望举世公认”，这是一种夸张的说法。6）CommentAfter reading this passage,we think its about a hotly debated topic between fundamentalists and modernists.Its a long and difficult way to bring intellectual and academic freedom to human. why is it difficult? We will show this from two sides.On the one hand, people are suspect new things, instead being puzzled they are more likely to choose to believe what already exited.Besides people are unwilling to accept that they have belived in wrong things which ma