教学论文 (6).doc

初高中英语新教材教学衔接中的实践海南省国兴中学 汤锡美内容摘要：本文探索如何衔接初高中英语教学基础语法知识，让基础薄弱学生整体认识英语的时态、语态、句型的正确应用。笔者通过自己的一堂查漏补缺课，展示如何提高英语教学效率，从实施背景，实施过程，实施效果三方面入手，其中文中的初、高中英语不规则动词巧记表及时态、被动语态间的相互转换，具有较强的实用及推广价值。对于英语底子薄、基础差的中学生，在新课程改革背景下，如何增强中学英语课堂教学效果？现将笔者任教高一英语时的实践进行总结，以期共享。在期中考试时，笔者出了一道填空题，该题主要考查学生在动词时态和语态方面的掌握情况，学生在初中已经学过，原意是给学生送分的，没想到学生几乎全军覆没。附题如下：Hadrians WallIn the year 122AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian(visit)_1_his provinces in Britain. On his visit, the Roman soldires told him that Pictish tribes from Britains north (attack)_2_them. So Hadrian gave the order to build a protective wall across one of the narrowest parts of the country. After 6 years of hard work, the Wall (finish)_3_in 128. It was 117 kilometres long and about 4metres high. The wall (guard0_4_by 15,000 Roman soldiers. Every 8 kilometres there was a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers found shelter. The soldiers (watch)_5_ over the frontier to the north and checked the people whao wanted to enter or leave Roman Britainn. In order to pas through the Wall, people had to go to one of the small forts that (serve)6_as gateways.Those forts(call)_7_milecastles because the distance from one fort to another was one Roman mile (about1,500 metres). Between the milecastles there was two turrets from which the soldiers guarded the Wall. If the Wall (attack)_8_by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets ran to the nearest milecastle for help or lit a fire that could be seen by the soldiers in the milecastle. Milecastle.In 383 Hadrians Wall (abandon)_9_. Today Hadrians Wall is the most popular tourist attraction in northern England. In 1987, it (become)_10_ a UNESCO W orld Heritage Site.（ 阅读短文，用括号所给的词的正确时态语态填空。）在试卷分析中，笔者发现，学生普遍存在的问题有以下几点：1、动词的功能不清，即句子成分不清；2、八个时态的基本构成及其功能不清；3、八个语态怎样从时态中变来及其功能不清；4、不规则动词的各种基本形式不清，尤其是动词的过去式和过去分词。这就暴露出一个初高中英语动词的相关知识的衔接问题，于是笔者尝试在高一课外补差班中实施一堂整体集中教学概念下的补差课，结果收到意想不到的效果。以下是笔者实施教学的过程。一、实施背景鉴于学生在初中已经学过动词的相关知识，但知识杂乱无章，没有形成整体的概念，无法运用到实践中，笔者利用多年的高中英语教学实践，为学生整理出了初高中英语不规则动词的原形、过去式、过去分词集中整体巧记表。学生人手一份，利用早读时间带读，并要求学生依据规律尽快记熟不规则动词的各种形式。附表如下：初、高中英语不规则动词巧记英语动词按其过去式和过去分词的构成方式可分为规则动词和不规则动词。规则动词的过去式和过去分词由词尾加ed构成，而不规则动词的变化因词而异。但如对不规则动词的过去式和过去分词做一分析，就可发现其中的“规则”。为方便同学们记忆，现将初、高中英语教学大纲中不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词列出并规为五种类型。同学们还可将第二、三类分为若干组，以便准确记忆。I、AAA型（原形、过去式和过去分词同形）：cost 花费 cost cost cut割 cut cut let 让 let let put 放 put put read 读 read readhit打 hit hitset 安置 set setspit 吐，唾 spit spitshut 关 shut shutspread 传布，伸展 spread spreadrid使摆脱，去掉 rid ridcast 投，掷，抛 cast castbroadcast 广播 broadcast broadcastforecast 预报 forecast forecastII、ABB型（过去式与过去分词同形）：A)以eep结尾，过去式和过去分词都以ept结尾keep 保持 kept kept sleep 睡 slept sleptsweep 扫除 swept swept B)在原形后加个辅音t 或d burn烧 burnt burntmean意思是 meant meantlearn 学 learnt(-ed) learnt(-ed)C)既是规则动词又是不规则动词（注：带号的词可视为规则动词。）learn learnt(-ed) learnt(-ed)smell闻,嗅 smelt(-ed) smelt(-ed) hang hung hung(吊，悬挂)（注：规则时，意思是绞死）shine shone shone（照亮）（注：规则时，使发亮，擦亮）cast cast cast broadcast broadcast broadcastforecast forecast forecastD) 除了teach, catch 因为含有字母a 所以过去式，过去分词都以aught结尾，其余的动词都是以ought 结尾的bring带来 brought broughtfight 打仗 fought fought buy 买 bought boughtthink思考,想,认为 thought thoughtteach教 taught taughtcatch抓住,接住 caught caught E)把最后一个辅音字母d改成tbuild建筑 built built lend 借出 lent lent send 送 sent sent spend 度过 spent spent F) 过去式、过去分词都以t结尾feel感觉 felt feltmeet遇见 met met get得到 got got sit 坐 sat sat leave离开 left left lose 失去 lost lost shoot射击,击中 shot shot G) 过去式、过去分词都以d结尾a)eo 对换sell 卖 sold sold tell告诉 told told hold握 held held b)iou io a-oo对换find找到 found found win 赢 won wonstand站,忍受 stood stood understand理解 understood understood make 做,制造 made made say说 said said lead领导 led ledhave 有 had hadpay付款 paid paid(特例) dig 挖,掘 dug dugIII、ABA型（原形与过去分词同形）：become变成 became becomecome 来 came come run跑 ran run（注意： welcome是规则动词）IV、ABC型（原形、过去式和过去分词各异）： A）动词原形都以w结尾，其过去式大多将ow改为ew （只有show例外，加过去式加ed，过去分词加n ）(可称ABAn型) blow吹 blew blown grow 生长 grew grown know 知道 knew knownthrow掷 threw thrown draw拖,拉 drew drawn（特例）show出示 showed shown sew缝 sewed sewnB) 动词原形都以e结尾,过去分词都在原形的基础上加ndrive驾驶 drove driven rise上升 rose risen give给 gave given see 看见 saw seen take带走 took takenC) 动词的过去分词都在原形的基础上加enmistake错误 mistook mistaken eat吃 ate eaten beat打 beat teatenfall 掉,跌倒 fell fallen shake摇动 shook shakenD）需双写倒数第二个辅音字母，再加nhide 躲藏 hid hiddenride骑 rode ridden write 写 wrote writtenE) 过去分词=过去式+n(也可称ABBn型)break打破 broke broken choose 选择 chose chosen speak 说 spoke spokenwake醒 woke wakensteal偷 stole stolenforget 忘记 forgot forgotenF）重读元音字母呈iau形式变化。begin开始 began begundrink喝,饮 drank drunk ring 响铃 rang rungsink沉 sank sunksing 唱 sang sungswim 游泳 swam swumV、AAB型（原形与过去式同形）：beat打,(心)跳动 beat beatenVI、ABC 较复杂型am, is是 was been are 是 were been do(does) 做 did donego(goes) 去 went gone wear 穿戴 wore worn lie 躺 lay lainlie 说谎 lied lied (此时是规则动词)lay 放,置 laid laidfly 飞 flew flown注意:有些规则动词如果是重读闭音节,则要双写该辅音,再加ed,如ban 禁止 banned bannedregret后悔,遗憾 regretted regrettedstop stopped stopped二、实施过程鉴于学生对句子结构不清，笔者从英语的五个基本句型讲起：边板书边与学生一起回忆复习五个基本句型，并在板书过程中告诉学生什么类型的词可以充当什么成份，让学生清楚主语往往是名词，代词等；谓语则是动词，及物动词才可以跟宾语，不及物动词不能跟宾语，否则必须加上相应的介词；宾语也往往是名词，代词等；引出五个基本句型：(1)主+系+表（2）主+谓（3）主+谓+宾（4）主+谓+宾+宾（5）主+谓+宾+宾补告诉学生,英语中的五种基本句型与汉语相近，我们会说：他学习，或说：他学习英语。英语则写成：He studies. (vi)He studies English.(vt) 1)给学生指出，不管汉语表达的是什么时候的事情，“学习”二字书写是永远不变的，可是英语就不同，动词有五种变化：do,does ,did, done, doing2)给学生指出，主、谓、宾、定、状、补、及定语从句、宾语从句，状语从句等的形成，让学生有一个整体的概念。修饰主语或宾语的往往是定语，如果是一个句子，我们把它叫定语从句；如果宾语本身是一个句子，我们把它叫宾语从句；修饰动词的往往是副词，充当状语；地点副词，时间副词往往充当状语。这个状语如果是一个句子，则同样成为状语从句。 3）给学生指出，正是英语与汉语在谓语上有变化这一点的不同，所以中国学生学得吃力，汉语中谓语没有变化，英语则有变化，这就需要我们记住八个基本时态的变化，即谓语的变化，也就是动词作谓语的变化。引出八个时态的基本构成：板书：一般现在时 do, does is, am, are eg. He studies English every day. He is a student.一般过去时 did was were eg. He studied English yesterday. I was a student 10 years ago.现在进行时 is, am ,are doing eg. He is studying English now. We are studying English now.过去进行时 was, were doing eg. He was studying this time yesterday.现在完成时 has, have done eg. He has studied English for 3 years so far.过去完成时 had done eg. He had studied 500 English words before 2003一般将来时 will , shall do eg. He will study English abroad in the future.过去将来时 would, should do eg. He said he would study English abroad in the future.告诉学生选择实义动词做谓语则不能再用系动词be，即我们可以说I study. He studies. He is a student.但不能说He is study.并让学生注意观察发现分组记忆更好。 4）帮助学生通过翻译句子，带入8个时态作谓语，让学生知道，无论时态怎样变化，都可以看成是一个谓语，只要套入五个句型即可成英语句子。如：（例句如上）5）告诉学生8个时态变成被动语态的过程。汉语中也有被动语态，（如，英语被世界各国的人学习，）英语也不例外，但不同的是英语的被动语态也是在谓语上做文章，基本构成be+p.p（即be动词加过去分词）这就要求学生既要注意时态又要记住语态，二者必须有机结合才能成为真正的谓语，构成句子，表达被动之意。通过板书，呈现如何把8个时态变成8个时态的语态，并结合句子带入，让学生清楚五个句型如何变成句子，既有时态又有语态，尤其记住不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的正确使用。板书如下： Be+P.P一般现在时 do, does is, am, are is ,am , are + done eg.English is studied by him every day. 一般过去时 did was were was, were +done eg.Englihs was studied by him yesterday.现在进行时 is, am ,are doing is, am, are being done eg. English is being studied by him now.过去进行时 was, were doing was, were being done g.English was being studied by him this time yesterday.现在完成时 has, have done has, have been done eg.English has been studied for three years by him.过去完成时 had done had been done eg.500 English words had been studied by him before2003. 一般将来时 will , shall do will,shall be done eg.English will be studied abroad by him in the future.过去将来时 would, should do would, should be done. eg.He said that English would be studied abroad by him in the future.三、实施效果有了前面的铺垫，及一堂课的集中复习，学生对动词及其相关知识是否有了整体的认识，这得从检测中可知，于是笔者趁热打铁出了份检测题，结果90%的学生通过。附题如下：Exercises on Active Voice and Passive Voice in different tenses1. Complete the sentences. Use Simple Present.1. He (sell)_cars.2. The blue car (sell)_.3. In summer, more ice-cream (eat)_ than in winter.4. She (call)_ her grandparents every Friday.5. The letters(type)_.6. He (take)_ his medicine every day.7. Jane (takenot)_ to school by her father.8. We (go)_ to school by bus.9. She (worknot)_ for a bank.10. Milk (keep)_ in the fefrigerator.2. Complete the sentences. Use Simple Past.1. They (visit)_ their granny.2. We (visit)_by our teacher.3. My friend Paul(bear)_ in Dallas.4. She (go)_ to school in Boston.5. Antony(grow up) _in the country.6. The new shopping centre(build)_last year.7. The film (producenot)_ in Hollywood.8. Barbara(know)_James very well.9. The jewels(hidenot)_in the cellar.10. We (spendnot)_all day on the beach.3. Complete the sentences. Use Present Perfect Simple.1. The car (steal)_.2. I (bake)_a cake.3. My friends (buy)_a house.4. The cup (put)_on the table.5. Trees(plant)_ in the street.6. The boy (fallnot)_off his bike.7. I (bitenot)_by a snake.8. He (step)_on my toe.9. We (walk)_all the way home.10. She (pick up not)_ by a friend.4. Complete the sentences. Use Simple Futurewill.1. The house (build)_here.2. You (send0_home.3. I(eat)_an ice-cream.4. We (go)_ home now.5. I (help)_you.6. The match (winnot)_by our team.7. The weather (improvenot)_tomorrow.8. The