采购管理--供应链管理现况趋势与教育(PPT 55页).ppt

供應鏈管理現況趨勢與教育 林正章教授台灣成功大學交通管理科學系2008 11 演講大綱 何謂供應鏈管理供應鏈管理與消費者汰舊換新 多樣化 客製化便捷 新鮮 安全供應鏈管理與企業行銷經濟效益 缺貨 長鞭效益供應鏈管理與物流企業整合服務供應鏈管理安全與環境供應鏈管理教育教學目標與課程 傳統社會 國富論 TheWealthofNations 蘇格蘭經濟學家 亞當史密斯的一本經濟學專著致力於滿足市場廣大的需要提倡分工論金字塔型的分工連續性的大量生產 達到規模經濟 當今社會 全球環境 已開發國家生產過剩外銷給開發中或未開發國家 供應鏈核心產品與周邊活動委外之結合為獲利策略 洲際內經貿增加經貿協定以提昇與保護經貿活動 資訊科技的進步增進全球性相同的消費型態 全球金融與運輸解除管制簡易貨幣流通 提昇運輸效率降低運輸成本 資料來源 BowersoxandCloss 1996 物流管理 物流 logistics 是透過資訊科技 對物料由最始原料一直到配送成品至最終消費者整體過程中所牽涉的原料 半成品 成品的流通與儲存 以最有效益的計畫 執行與控制 來滿足並符合消費者的需求 LogisticsManagementisthatpartoftheSupplyChainManagementthatplans implements andcontrolstheefficient effectiveforwardandreverseflowandstorageofgoods services andrelatedinformationbetweenthepointoforiginandthepointofconsumptioninordertomeetcustomers requirements USCouncilofSupplyChainManagementProfessionals USCouncilofLogisticsManagement 美國物流學會 供應鏈管理 SupplyChainManagementencompassestheplanningandmanagementofallactivitiesinvolvedinsourcingandprocurement conversion andallLogisticsManagementactivities Importantly italsoincludescoordinationandcollaborationwithchannelpartners whichcanbesuppliers intermediaries third partyserviceproviders andcustomers Inessence SupplyChainManagementintegratessupplyanddemandmanagementwithinandacrosscompanies USCouncilofSupplyChainManagementProfessionals 供應鏈管理內涵 供應鏈與新產品快速推出 供應鏈與新產品快速推出 供應鏈與新產品快速推出 TraditionalphasepriceStressphaseAcceptanceofshort noticerequirementsResolvedphaseJITprinciplesPartnershipphaseLong termperspective exchangeoperatingandfinancialinformation sharerisksandjointinvestmentinfacilities ScharyandSkjott Larsen1995 供應鏈與新產品快速推出 ClusterproductionSetupproductionunitsclosetothecustomer sassemblyplantAfirst tiersuppliertoanassemblerinonecountrymustbeabletosupplytheassemblerinotherpartsoftheworldInvolvedindevelopmentofnewmodelsintheearlieststageExpectedtobeatechnologyleader developingnewtechnologiesindependently ScharyandSkjott Larsen1995 供應鏈與客製化 FedExCaseStudy FedExNet OrderManagementSystem CallCenter ComponentA ComponentB ComponentC FedExEDC Alliance BuildorconfigureOrders ExpressDeliveryofFinishedProduct WebOrders PhoneOrders OrderConfirmation AdvancedShippingNotice Build Configure to Order 製程延遲策略 冒險策略 Speculation anticipatory based 由預測來決定生產種類和數量 與延滯策略相反 由生產的規模經濟 減少行銷 存貨出清 以及生產的不確定性 降低成本 延遲策略 Postponement response based 目的 Masscustomization deliverrapidlyandreducecost產品製程的延遲 manufacturing 不必要製程成品 保持原料型態 維持改變彈性與避免成品過時 亦稱為拉式生產 產品物流的延遲 logistics 不必要在下游 倉儲於上游供應鍊結構 避免成品需求變動再移轉成本 製程延遲策略 IncludesproductredesignandprocessredesignProductredesignStandardizeacrossallmarketsProcessredesignIncludesre sequencingthesub processesDye cutandsew vscut sewanddye 製程延遲策略 ThreedesignprinciplesDesignsoitconsistsofindependentmodulesthatcanbeassembledintodifferentformsoftheproducteasilyandinexpensivelyManufacturingprocessesconsistofcanbemovedorrearrangedeasilyfordifferentdistribution networkdesignSupplynetworkshouldsupplythebasicproducttothefacilitiesinacosteffectivebeflexibleandresponsivetotakeanddelivercustomers orders HP個案 LaserJetprinterForEuropeandNorthAmericamarketsDifferentiateproductwithbuilt indedicatedpowersupplyof110and220voltsassoonasproductionbeganinJapanStandardizepowersupplyforentireproductfamilyHighermaterialcost butlowertotalcostsofmanufacturing stockinganddeliveryby5 HP個案 DeskJetprinterBuiltinSingaporeanddistributedinStuttgart GermanyforEuropemarketCountry specificexternalpowersupplythatplugsinwhensettinguptheprinterDifferentiationwasperformedinStuttgartHighermanufacturingforfactoriestocustomizetheprinters butlowertotalcostsofmanufacturing shippingandinventorydroppedby5 供應鏈與便捷性 電子商務與宅配 大榮個案 供應鏈與新鮮 台灣地區冷凍冷藏產業每年約有300億元的冷凍冷藏產業規模低溫物流保持新鮮食品及冷凍食品品質從生產到消費過程均處於低溫狀態 低溫控制技術 加工製造 低溫監控下儲存 運輸配送和銷售仰賴合乎放置低溫食品低溫標準冷凍冷藏設備運送過程保持適當溫度 確保食品安全及品質 供應鏈與新鮮 供應鏈與新鮮 供應鏈與新鮮 供應鏈與安全 PfizerInc MakerofprescriptiondrugsasLipitorandZoloftStrategiesItshipseverypackage caseandpalletofitsViagrawithRFIDtagstocounterfeititsproductSinceJan2006 Procurementpurchasesrawmaterials drugsubstances andthehiringoffreighttransportation Distribution logisticscoordinatesthemovementofproductsbetweenglobalsitesSupplychainplanningworkscloselywiththesales marketingLong rangeplanningusesmathematicaloptimizationtechnologytocreatethebestO DroutesOrderentrysystemsinterfacewithafulfillmentmanagementsystemtomonitorflowandinventorywith50globalmanufacturingsites DCswithareplenishmentmodel 供應鏈與行銷 KoreanHyundaiStatusHyundaistartedofferinga10 yearwarrantyonitscarsinUSGoalDistributionnetworksetuptogetthepartsdeliveredquicklytokeepcustomersandasefficientlytokeepthedealershappy StrategiesThededicatedcarrierarepricedonaper shipmentdeliveredcostandovernightdeliveriestodealerships InformationvisibilityImportsfromKoreausinga3PLtotrackallinboundshipmentsMilestoneischeckedandupdated shipmentstotheports vesselsailandarrivaldates intoandreleasebycustoms originanddestinationrailhead deliverytoDCandputaway Hyundaihasbeenabletoreduceinventorybytwoweeks 供應鏈與缺貨ProcterandGamble StatusOut of stockratearound10 GoalAddressingproductavailability shelfquality andon timedelivery toreduceinventoryby50 trimout of stocksby50 andachieve20 savingsinlogisticscosts StrategiesConsumer drivensupplynetworkofsuppliers manufacturersandretailersthatfacilitatesreal timeinformation Replenishingproductsassoonasthey repurchasedreceivedbypoint of saledataCollaboratescloselywithretailpartnersonin storepromotionsandevents 20 ofproductcategories withmorethan10 out of stocks weredroppedtobelow5 ofproducts Saves 25million yearbyeliminatingunnecessarytranscriptionworkandout of stocks 供應鏈與長鞭效應 長鞭效應 bullwhiporwhiplash 產品需求預測 來自於零售商對顧客需求的預測 進而向製造商下訂單 而製造商向供應商下訂單也是依照零售商的預測 如果最底層的顧客需求發生變動 則層層牽動 影響會愈來愈加大 供應鏈與長鞭效應 供應鏈與長鞭效應 VendorManagedInventory VendorManagedInventory VMI CoordinatedmanagementoffinishedgoodsinventoriesGoodsinventoriesoutboundfrommanufacturer distributororresellertoaretailerorothermerchandiserReplenishingfinishedgoodsonareorderpointbasis Productsongrocerystoreshelves Frito Lay othersnackfood candyorbeveragevendorsVMIvendorsmissionGeneratepurchaseordersonas neededbasisReplenishingsuppliesbasedonanestablishedinventoryplanEnsuringhighin stockperformancewithminimalinventory VendorManagedInventory VMI CaseStudy VendorImporter marketerofhygieneproductsCustomerCapitanoftheretailchains ThewholesalerMainoperationalproblemsinthechainVendorLongleadtimeinsourcingfrominternationalproducersHighvariabilityofordervolumeWholesalerHighstocksPeriodicallypoorserviceforthevendor sproducts VMI CaseStudy ReasonsandresultsPartlyresultfromdemanddistortionSupplychainisnotsynchronizedtoconsumerdemandWholesalerfeelsbufferneedstokeepservicelevelBenefitsofimplementingVMIClosercooperation increaseddeliveryfrequencyReducedstockcoveratthewholesalerTotalstockcoverdownfrom10to6daysServicelevelremainstable 全球運籌風險管理 SourceEnvironment Supply Demand Process Control經營策略 Source Juttner Uta 2005 Supplychainriskmanagement I J ofLogisticsManagement 16 1 120 141 全球運籌風險管理 實際運作 Source Juttner Uta 2005 Supplychainriskmanagement I J ofLogisticsManagement 16 1 120 141 全球運籌風險管理 規劃 Source Juttner Uta 2005 Supplychainriskmanagement I J ofLogisticsManagement 16 1 120 141 GlobalLogisticsSecurity Eachtradetransactioncaninvolveupto25differentparties Atypicalcross bordertransactionmightinvolvefiling35documents communicatingwith25partiesandcomplyingwithmorethan600lawsand500tradeagreements Cassidy 2003 SecurityInitiatives Source SheuandLee 2006 Avoluntarylogisticssecurityprogram SupplyChainManagement 11 4 363 374 MemorandumofUnderstanding Customs SecurityProfile Within60days Reviews makescertificationdecisions Within60days Oncecertified companybecomesaC TPATParticipant ForC TPATvalidation 30daynoticeisgiven Necessarydocumentmustbesubmitted Within30days PartnershipValidationTeam Customs Customs Customs Certification Validation Within3yearsofcertification 10days 14 TheImpacts TheC TPATcertificationresemblestheISO9000certificationprogram Bothprogramsareagenericsecurityorqualityassurancesysteminsteadofasecurityorqualityperformancestandard C TPATrequiresthattheUScompaniesdevelopamoredetailedunderstandingofforeignsupplierstomonitortheirshipments Thepracticeofsourcingfromforeignsuppliers whileeconomicallysound nowchallengescompaniestocollaboratewithsupplierstoimprovesecurity 供應鏈管理與環境 Sheu J B Chou Y H andHu C C 2005 台灣筆記型電腦 供應鏈管理與環境 汽車產業 伍中流 民國91年 目前處理廠家數已足夠廢車拆解後 經由破碎廠處理再進入煉鋼廠 有助於降低整體營運成本 供應鏈與環境 由消費者 產業到都市 社會 第三方專業物流公司 Arelationshipbetweenashipperandthirdpartywhich hasmorecustomizedofferings encompassesabroadernumberofservicefunctionsandischaracterizedbyalonger term moremutuallybeneficialrelationship AfrickandCalkins 1994 P MurphyandR Point 2000 專業物流業服務內容 專業物流業發展趨勢 standardization homogenization tailoring adaptation multi domestic GlobalStrategy Global Glolocal 併購或聯盟 投資 聯盟 合作 建立全球網路 強調規模經濟 強調產品客製化 LogisticsResponsibilities 2008 LaLondeandGinter 2008 Careerpatternsinlogistics FactorswillinfluenceSCdevelopment Weighted1st 2ndand3rdchoiceswith3 2 and1pointsLaLondeandGinter 2008 Careerpatternsinlogistics Curriculumfor90daycourse Weighted1st 2ndand3rdchoiceswith3 2 and1pointsLaLondeandGinter 2008 Careerpatternsinlogistics USLogisticsProgramRanking LearningGoals MichiganStateUniversityTobuildtheirfunctional entrepreneurial analytical learning andpersuasivecapabilitiestomaximizetheirflexibilityandimpactinady