国外道德困境案例课件.ppt

Moral EthicalDilemmas 伦理困境也被称为道德悖论 是指陷于几个道德命令之间的明显冲突 如果遵守其中一项 就将违犯另一项的情形 2 Trolleyproblem电车难题 3 这是一个伦理学的思想实验 其大致内容是 假设一辆有轨电车失去控制 即将撞上前面的5个人 这时可以通过搬动道岔来避免该事故 但另外一条岔道上却有1个人 那么 是否可以通过牺牲这一个人的生命而拯救另外五个人 此难题可以变化 如一条岔道有一人 另外一条可以改成更多人或更少人 另外五人可以改成罪犯 4 TheOvercrowdedLifeboat 5 In1842 ashipstruckanicebergandmorethan30survivorswerecrowdedintoalifeboatintendedtohold7 Asastormthreatened itbecameobviousthatthelifeboatwouldhavetobelightenedifanyoneweretosurvive Thecaptainreasonedthattherightthingtodointhissituationwastoforcesomeindividualstogooverthesideanddrown Suchanaction hereasoned wasnotunjusttothosethrownoverboard fortheywouldhavedrownedanyway Ifhedidnothing however hewouldberesponsibleforthedeathsofthosewhomhecouldhavesaved Somepeopleopposedthecaptain sdecision Theyclaimedthatifnothingweredoneandeveryonediedasaresult no 6 onewouldberesponsibleforthesedeaths Ontheotherhand ifthecaptainattemptedtosavesome hecoulddosoonlybykillingothersandtheirdeathswouldbehisresponsibility thiswouldbeworsethandoingnothingandlettingalldie Thecaptainrejectedthisreasoning Sincetheonlypossibilityforrescuerequiredgreateffortsofrowing thecaptaindecidedthattheweakestwouldhavetobesacrificed Inthissituationitwouldbeabsurd hethought todecidebydrawinglotswhoshouldbethrownoverboard Asitturnedout afterdaysofhardrowing thesurvivorswererescuedandthecaptainwastriedforhisaction Ifyouhadbeenonthejury howwouldyouhavedecided 7 AFather sAgonizingChoice 8 Youareaninmateinaconcentrationcamp Asadisticguardisabouttohangyoursonwhotriedtoescapeandwantsyoutopullthechairfromunderneathhim Hesaysthatifyoudon thewillnotonlykillyoursonbutsomeotherinnocentinmateaswell Youdon thaveanydoubtthathemeanswhathesays Whatshouldyoudo 9 Sophie sChoice notinGrassian 10 InthenovelSophie sChoice byWilliamStyron aPolishwoman SophieZawistowska isarrestedbytheNazisandsenttotheAuschwitzdeathcamp Onarrival sheis honored fornotbeingaJewbybeingallowedachoice Oneofherchildrenwillbesparedthegaschamberifshechooseswhichone Inanagonyofindecision asbothchildrenarebeingtakenaway shesuddenlydoeschoose Theycantakeherdaughter whoisyoungerandsmaller Sophiehopesthatherolderandstrongersonwillbebetterabletosurvive butshelosestrackofhimandneverdoeslearnofhisfate Didshedotherightthing Yearslater hauntedbytheguiltofhavingchosenbetweenherchildren Sophiecommitssuicide Shouldshehavefeltguilty 11 TheFatManandtheImpendingDoom 12 Afatmanleadingagroupofpeopleoutofacaveonacoastisstuckinthemouthofthatcave Inashorttimehightidewillbeuponthem andunlessheisunstuck theywillallbedrownedexceptthefatman whoseheadisoutofthecave But fortunately orunfortunately someonehaswithhimastickofdynamite Thereseemsnowaytogetthefatmanloosewithoutusing that dynamitewhichwillinevitablykillhim butiftheydonotuseiteveryonewilldrown Whatshouldtheydo 13 Sincethefatmanissaidtobe leading thegroup heisresponsiblefortheirpredicamentandreasonablyshouldvolunteertobeblownup Thedilemmabecomesmoreacuteifwesubstituteapregnantwomanforthefatman Shewouldhavebeenurgedbytheotherstogofirstoutofthecave 14 APoisonousCupofCoffee 15 Tom Jane hatinghis her wife husband andwantingher him dead putspoisoninher his coffee therebykillingher him Joe Debbie alsohateshis her wife husband andwouldlikeher him dead Oneday Joe s Debbie s wife husband accidentallyputspoisoninher his coffee thinkingit scream Joe Debbie hastheantidote buthe she doesnotgiveittoher him Knowingthathe she istheonlyonewhocansaveher him he she letsher him die IsJoe s Debbie s failuretoactasbadasTom s Jane s action 16 TheValueofaPromise 17 Afriendconfidestoyouthathehascommittedaparticularcrimeandyoupromisenevertotell Discoveringthataninnocentpersonhasbeenaccusedofthecrime youpleadwithyourfriendtogivehimselfup Herefusesandremindsyouofyourpromise Whatshouldyoudo Ingeneral