Unit3自己做的catti3级教材练习.doc

经济增长真的越快越好？有大批作家撰写文章，提出质疑：为了经济而发展经济，至少在更富有的工业化国家国家究竟有没有必要？然而更快的经济增长的确意味着更多的财富，而且对于大多数人来说，追求财富是毋庸置疑的。据说以为舞台名人这样告诉采访者：“我经历过贫穷也经历过富裕，我可以告诉你，富裕更好。”整体看来，大多数人似乎对经济持有相同的态度。对于持有这种看法的人来说，健康的经济就是能够产出大量的鞋子、食品、汽车和电视机的经济。而如果经济产出这些东西的能力没有增强，人们就认为它患上了停滞的疾病。从亚当斯密到卡尔马克思，经济学家看到了经济发展的巨大好处。马克思以为，资本主义，至少在其早期历史阶段，是一种至关重要的经济组织形式，它使社会从中世纪历史阶段的桎梏中解脱出来。马克斯认为，“单凭社会生产力的发展就能真正为更高形式的社会生产力打下基础”。马克思进一步告诉我们，只有解放这种巨大的生产力，我们才能拥有“一个以每个人自由而全面的发展为指导原则的社会。”换言之，只有健康的经济才有能力为所有个人提供机遇，使他们通过在其工作中发挥提有才能以及通过休闲活动来获得充分的个人满足。然而一些已经很富有的国家也在追求经济的进一步增长，人们对此提出质疑，他们的质疑显然不无道理。有人指出，产品数量的激增给社会带来了巨大的代价，包括污染，交通拥挤，待处理废物的扩散，以及负面的心理、社会影响。据说，工业化的到来把工匠们令人满意的创造性工作转变成了流水线上毫无人性的机械化程序。他是我们的路边堆满垃圾，空气弥漫着烟雾，食物中残留着有毒的化学药品。为了生产冷冻食品，会说话的娃娃，收音机和头痛药，社会付出了高昂的代价，问题是这种代价究竟值不值得。正像一位著名经济学家说的那样：西方社会一味追求经济发展，总体上看恶化了而非优化了社会生活。科技创新可能给人带来了更大的物质满足，但是也增加了他们遭到淘汰的危险，从而使他们变得更加焦虑。通讯方式更便捷了，相反人们的孤独感增加了；社会流动性增加了，人们花在路上的时间也变长了；汽车的数量增多了，人们的隔阂也加深了；看电视的时间延长了，人们之间的交流减少了。结果，邻居之间从类没有像今天这样陌生过。几乎所有经济学家都同意，人们所关注的这些问题是切实存在的，尽管有的经济学家质疑经济增长是否是其主要原因。然而他们一致强调，空气和水污染，噪声污染和交通拥堵，以及工作机械化进程都是非常真实而严重的问题。社会没有理由不尽一切努力，来启动相关项目以解决这些问题。What Is Globalization? Globalization is a term describing the emergence of the global society. In this society, economical, environmental and cultural events that take place in one region will swiftly exert significant influences on people in other areas of the world. Globalization results from development in communication, transportation and information technologies. It demonstrates the increasing economical, political, technological and cultural ties that connect individuals, communities, corporations and governments. Globalization includes the growth of multinational companies and transnational companies. International institutions which supervise world trade and finance are playing a more and more important role in the globalization era. Although the vast majority of people are still citizens of single nations, they are more than ever involved in the lives of the people in other countries culturally, materially and psychologically. Distant events will often generate great impacts rapidly. The items we use in our daily lives, such as the clothes we wear, the food we eat and the cars we drive, are all products of globalization. The most obvious evidence is the increased flows of trade and capital (stocks, bonds, currencies and other investments). From 1950 to 2001 the global volume of export rose by 20 times. By 2001, world trade had amounted to a quarter of products and services provided across the globe. In terms of capital, in the early 1970s, only 10 to 20 billion dollars sere exchanged daily. At the beginning of the 21st century, the amount of daily traded currencies has surpassed 150 thousand billion. Most experts attribute globalization to improvements in communication, transportation and information technologies. For example, thanks to innovations in communication and information processing, not only currencies, but also stocks, securities, and other financial assets can be traded twenty-four hours a day around the globe. In 1930, a telephone call from New York to London cost over 300 dollars (in year 2000 prices) making communication in an instant rather expensive. Today, such cost is insignificant. Progresses of communication and information technologies have saved the cost of handling business orders by over 90 percent. For instance, using computers to conduct banking on the Internet costs pennies to the banking industry instead of dollars by traditional means. In the last 30 years of the 20th century, the cost of computer processing powers fell by 30 percent annually on average. Almost anywhere, people can keep in immediate touch with their customers, families around the clock seven days a week. Advances in the field of communication have facilitated the connection between people at any time. For example, communication satellites enable radios and televisions around the world to broadcast news events, such as wars, national disasters, sports events, other entertainment activities and so on. Instantaneous communication has been made possible via the Internet, cell phones and fax machines. Another manifestation of globalization is improvement in transportation. Next-day deliveries by jet planes have make this world a smaller and smaller place. Even slow oceangoing vessels enjoy elevated efficiency and deducted cost due to innovations such containerized shipping. Advances in information technologies have also lowered business costs. For example, the global Sisco Systems, Inc is one of the largest companies in the world as measured by its stock market value. But Sisco has only three factories that manufacture equipment for Internet maintenance, subcontracting its remaining work to other companies. Lowering costs have enabled American companies to shift overseas, and have meanwhile made it easier for foreign manufacturers to set up factories within the territory of the United States. Two thirds of the cars sold by Japans Toyota Motor Corporation in North America are made in North America. Not only do goods, currency and information are quickly making long journeys, but also more and more population are moving fast in a large range. Migration is an important symbol of the globalization era. The money sent back by workers to their native countries has become an important source of revenue for many countries. 旅游业，全球化和可持续发展旅游业是全球经济中发展最快的领域之一，许多发展中国家都在努力尝试从这个日益扩张的领域中获利，以求促进国外投资，增加金融储备。联合国一方面承认，如果不加控制，该行业的发展会造成严重的环境和社会问题，而另一方面则坚持认为，这种不良影响可以控制和减小。在介绍全球经济的严酷现实之前，让我先讲个其他的故事热热身。我在报纸上读到，泰国的林业部高官称：“人类不能在森林生存，因为人类不是动物。与人类不同，动物天生就能够适应野外或者任何环境。”我对此颇感困惑，这是在使政府的计划合法化，以将成千上万的边远地区和山区里的部落逐出保护区。这个人负责保护森林，同时也打着“生态旅游”的旗号，非常卖力的推动向外界投资商和游客开放国家的81个国家公园。那么我们是不是可以下结论，这位林业部高官把开发商和游客当成了动物，他们天生就知道怎样适应森林环境、怎样在野外生存？虽然当局想要禁止村民接近林地和自然资源，另一群人，即旅游开发商和有的是钱花的游客，却能够获得进入这些区域的许可。当局一方面认为，当地居民虽然世代在这个地区居住，但没有能力管理在诸如社区森林规划的指导下管理和保护他们的土地和自然资源；而另一方面，当局相信他们自己与旅游业相结合就能在国家生态旅游规划之下合理地管理和保护“自然”。如果上述说法当真，愤世嫉俗的人不仅要说，“人权”和“动物权”之间的鸿沟的确不小。这个故事和全球化有什么关系呢？首先，所谓人类不能再森林里居住，当然不是泰国的观念。它是一个西方保守主义的说法，也是意识观念全球化的产物。同样，所谓在“良好管理”体制下的生态旅游有利于当地居民和自然也是一个正在全球化的西方观念。泰国的林业部高官表面上着眼于全球，实际上着力于本部门利益。有此可以得出的教训是，多年来环保运动宣扬的“思想全球化，行动本地化”的口号，并没有起到保护环境、捍卫当地社区利益的作用，而是被官方机构和私人企业曲解、利用，以达到牟利的目的。旅游业对这一点的表现可谓是淋漓尽致了。许多发展中国家，面对债务负担和日益刻薄的贸易条款，转而推动旅游业发展，以期靠它来获得外汇和投资。同时，处于领导地位的国际机构，像世界银行，联合国机构和诸如世界旅行及旅游理事会之类的商业组织已经在实质上参与进来，是旅游业真正变为全球化行业。然而，发展中国家的旅游业通常被批评家视为殖民统治的延伸，因为从一开始，旅游业就从国际经济关系中获利，而这种关系在结构上对北方发达资本主义国家有利。由于贸易关系不平等，对国外利益有依赖性以及劳动分工，南方贫困国家沦为了旅游业的接受者，而北方富裕国家则成为旅游业的生产者，众所周知，旅游业会给旅游目的地带来负面影响，富裕国家则不用为这种影响付出代价。Global Economy Tested by Trade ProtectionismThere were 251 anti-dumping cases in 2000, a little higher number than the annual average 232 throughout the 1990s. However, in 2001, the number of anti-dumping rocketed to record breaking 348. This statistic indicates the quick spread of trade protectionism which is becoming a serious problem in International trade. As shown by facts, trade protectionism will begin to prevail once economic is caught by a recession. The best proof is the U.S. Trade and Tariff Acts Section 201 which was officially launched on March, 20, 2002 and imposed an additional 30% of tariff on imported steel. Due to structural problems of the American steel industry plus negative impacts of domestic economy, many steel companies went bankrupt successively. For political reasons, the Bush Administration took up the “Steel Stick” to protect native steel industry, inducing strong dissatisfaction of many steel exporting countries. America is the country that has taken the largest number of anti-dumping cases against other countries, followed by Canada, India and the European Union. And China is one of the major target countries of anti-dumping cases. The ultimate outcome of anti-dumping investigations is usually added tariffs on imports, with the purpose of increasing the sales cost of exporters to protect the competitiveness of domestic products. Despite the allegation for legal validity by countries with anti-