GRE-issue写作之自己总结的万能例子.doc

RenaissanceFor example, the helpless fate can be felt from the tragedy works, written by Shakespeare. Mona Lisa, created by Beethoven, revealed the mysterious and implicit smile.Although works completed by different artists and writers revealed slight variations in the access, performing form, and social aspect focusing on, as far as common theme and hidden ideas were concerned, the obvious similries to each other seemed much more than any of the minute differences, namely, resisting the feudalization and corrupt institution and enlightening freedom of human being. This is called “Renaissance” in the history.Genetic engineering 迄今为止，基因工程还没有用于人体，但已在从细菌到家畜的几乎所有非人生命物体上做了实验，并取得了成功。事实上，所有用于治疗糖尿病的胰岛素都来自一种细菌，其中被插入人类可产生胰岛素的基因，细菌便可自行复制胰岛素。基因工程技术使得许多植物具有了抗病虫害和抗除草剂的能力；在美国，大约有一半的大豆和四分之一的玉米都是转基因的。目前，是否该在农业中采用转基因动植物已成为人们争论的焦点：支持者认为，转基因的农产品更容易生长，也含有更多的营养（甚至药物），有助于减缓世界范围内的饥荒和疾病；而反对者则认为，在农产品中引入新的基因会产生副作用，尤其是会破坏环境。诚然，仍有许多基因的功能及其协同工作的方式不为人类所知，但想到利用基因工程可使番茄具有抗癌作用、使鲑鱼长得比自然界中的大几倍、使宠物不再会引起过敏，许多人便希望也可以对人类基因做类似的修改。毕竟，胚胎遗传病筛查、基因修复和基因工程等技术不仅可用于治疗疾病，也为改变诸如眼睛的颜色、智力等其他人类特性提供了可能。比如，运用此技术，可使患儿的父母生一个和患儿骨髓匹配的孩子，然后再通过骨髓移植来治愈患儿。So far, genetic engineering has not been used in human, but it has achieved successful experiment in almost all the objects on non-human life-from bacteria to livestock already. In fact, all the insulin treatment for diabetes come from a kind of bacteria which can be inserted into a human genes to make copies of insulin by bacteria oneself. Genetic engineering technology makes many plants have the disease-resistant ability and herbicide, In the USA, about half of soybean and a quarter of corn is genetically modified. At present, whether the transgenic plants used in agriculture has become the focus of debate, transgenic supporters think: the agricultural is faster to growth, and easier to contain more nutrition (even medicine), to help slow down worldwide famine and disease, But opponents argued, introducing new genes into agricultural will occur side effects, especially destroy the environment. Advantage:Admittedly, ethicist rejected the innovative development of genetic engineering because, although it resolved some problems, it also produced new complications. Nevertheless,there are still many genes function and work principle beyond human knowledge, but using genetic engineering can make the tomatoes have anti-cancer effects, make the salmon bigger than in nature, and also make pet no longer allergy, many people are expect to do similar human genetic modification. After all, gene engineering technology can not only cure the disease, also make most possibility for change human characteristics, such as eye color, intelligence and others. For example, by using this technology, it is possible to make the parents pregnant to born a baby whose bone matches one needs homogenous bone, and then through the bone marrow transplants to cure patients.We said the advantages and disadvantages of biological technology, is mainly refers to the genetic engineering. 弊:1) 克隆将减少遗传变异，通过克隆产生的个体具有同样的遗传基因，同样的疾病敏感性，一种疾病就可以毁灭整个由克隆产生的群体。 可以设想，如果一个国家的牛群都是同一个克隆产物，一种并不严重的病毒就可能毁灭全国的畜牧业。 2) 克隆技术的使用将使人们倾向于大量繁殖现有种群中最有利用价值的个体，而不是按自然规律促进整个种群的优胜劣汰。从这个意义上说，克隆技术干扰了自然进化过程. 7) 克隆技术对家庭关系带来的影响也将是巨大的。一个由父亲的DNA克隆生成的孩子可以看作父亲的双胞胎兄弟，只不过延迟了几十年出生而已。很难设想，当一个人发现自己只不过是另外一个人的完全复制品，他（或她）会有什么感受？ 所以说,科学技术有时就是一把双刃剑,有利也有没弊,没有标准答案!就看人们这样利用了!Disadvantages: 1) genetic engineering would reduce the genetic variation of individuals and own the same diseases sensitivity , as a result, a disease can destroy whole colony by cloning. So we can imagine that, if a nation is the same cloned cattle, a kind of the virus could destroy the animal husbandry. 2) The use of genetic engineering will make people tend to propagate the most value individual within existing colony, rather than the natural law of survival. In this sense, the cloning technology will interrupt the procession of natural evolution. Interference 7) genetic engineering will lead a great influence on family relationships. A father of the DNA can be seen as twin brothers, but only delayed for decades. It is hard to imagine that, when a man found himself was just another mans fully reproductions, what feelings will he or she have? So, science and technology is a double-edged sword, sometimes, there are no harm and no standard answer! Just look like people to use!Galileo Galileo, Italian astronomer and physicist, discovered law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies.For example, Galileo, the great astronomer and physicist in X century, overthrowed the famous theory ,established over 2000 years ago by great peopleAritle, through the experience and thus led to discover law of uniform acceleration of falling bodies. Therefore, the question on the science might usually contribute the unexpected devotion to the progress of science, not obstacle one.Bearing generation“垮掉的一代”是美国战后的一代，他们成长在一个循环发生战争的世界上，他们中的一些成为了一种新的文化的杰出代表，即“垮掉”哲学。他们的思想在绝对自由的躯体里得以升华，在美国战后忧伤失望让人窒息的精神“荒原”时代拔地腾空而起，划破了迷茫的天空，给人们以极大震撼的同时也给了人们面对现实的勇气，在很程度上决定当时社会的发展趋势。Beat generation is indicated that American who grew up in a cycle of world war, but some of them became a outstanding representatives of tendency of new culture, named the collapse philosophy. Their thought is updated in absolute freedom body, skyrocketed in the wasteland era which make the people feel disappointed during the world war two, ripped out of the sky and over to people with great shock also gives people the courage of facing reality, certainly, they determined the social development trend at that time.Thatcherism 撒切尔主义Thatcherism inferred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. the main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions and the strengthening of the role of markets forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extant their her program was successful and she led to one of the most remarkable period in the British economy.Measures taken by Mrs.Thatchers government to improve the economy 撒切尔政府为改善经济为采取的措施。Mrs.Thatchers government took numerous measures to improve the efficiency of the economy during the past decade, using both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.(1) Macroeconomic measures were directed toward bringing down the rate of inflation and achieve price stability.(2) Microeconomic policies were aimed at working with the gain of market forces by encouraging enterprise, efficiency and flexibility.geophysics地球物理1. 想象与现实（理论指导实践）大陆漂移学说-由魏格纳提出，的提出深化了人们对地球板块构造的认识，同时也对地球的板块构造做出了一个合理的解释，并进一步在达尔文的进化学说中得到了验证。这一理论至今指导了地质学家，地球物理学家，以及有关地质方面的专家对地球进行进一步的分析和研究。Continental drift assumption，proposed by Wagner, put forward to deepen the understanding of plate construction, and also made a reasonable explanation for it, and also verified further by the theory of revolution. Nowadays, this theory has guided geologists, geophysicists, and relevant geological experts for further analysis and research.从上面这个生动的例子可以看出，一种合理的想象-建立在一定的事实基础之上，不但会对已有的事实进行合理的解释，而且还可以指导人们进一步对现有事实进行归纳，整理和分析，从而发现其共同规律，协调着他们相互之间的复杂关系。From vivid example mentioned above, we can infer that a reasonable imagination - based on certain facts, not only could explain existing fact, but also could guide people further to summarize, classify and analysis the facts, therefore common regulation and inner interaction would be discovered, which could harmonize complex relationships among them.2. 历史对现在的作用/科学技术对人们生活的影响The role of history now /science and technology on peoples life e（随着科学技术的 发展和进步，实验仪器的精度和探测深度有了飞速的提高）人们通过（更先进的）地球物理（如地震波勘探）手段对地壳内部的结构进行探索，通过地质学的手段对地表的物质特性进行分类，归纳和研究，使得对地球的演化历史和以及过去人们的活动规律有了更为准确的掌握，而这些结果和规律可以帮助人们对现在的生产活动对地球造成的影响进行预测，如人类过度抽取地下水对地层位移的影响，对比不同地质历史时期人们的活动对地球大气成分的影响，人们的过度扩张对其他生物的影响等。(As the development of science and progress of technology, the accuracy and detecting depth of experiment instrument is increasing enhancing) The structure of inner crust could be explored through the advancer geophysical access such as the method of seismic wave propagation by the geophysicist, and the properties of substance of surface earth could be classified, summarized, and analysis by utilizing more precise and advancer equipments. These results and rules can help predict the influence of peoples activity to mostly diminish negative influence on earth. Such as, displacement of strata contrast influenced by over pipeing underwater, transformation of ingredient of atmosphere influenced by the human activity in different history periods, and the living condition of other creature influenced by excessive expanding of human being.从上面这个生动的例子可以看出，（日益先进的科学技术）历史-即使在一般人看来总是和现在人们的日常生活没有必然的联系，最终会对人们的决定起到指导作用，从而使得人们可以做出一个最优选择，不但有利于人们的综合发展，而且也能和其他生物友好相处，合理利用地球资源。The vivid example mentioned above demonstrated that, ( the increasing advanced science and technology) history - even no necessary relevance with the daily life to general people, would be available to advise for human ultimately, so that people can make an optimal choice, not only benefit to the comprehensive development of human being, but also can be get along well with other creatures, utilizing resources reasonable.如水污染会导致有限的水资源更加紧缺，空气污染会导致人们更容易患呼吸疾病，而更多空调，冰箱的滥用导致了臭氧层空洞人们的保护伞，隔离着基本上所有对人类有害的辐射。water pollution will lead to the shortage of water resources is more limited, air pollution will cause people are more likely to suffer from respiratory diseases, and more air conditioner, refrigerator abuse led to the (空洞empty hole)of ozone layer - peoples umbrella, which insulate almost harmful radiation from outer space.3. 知识在怀疑和证实中积累和进步当大陆漂移学说由魏格纳提出，刚刚被提出来的时候，人们对这个新的理论充满了热情和好奇，纷纷支持和赞扬它的伟大和新颖，但是后来随着一些历史事实的发掘，却不但被无情的批判，而且最终遭到了地质学家和地球物理学家的抛弃-随着另一种假说的提出，地幔热柱学说。现在，随着人们对更多地质事实的综合和分析，又重新对大陆漂移学说燃气了激情，认为它是最好能解释那些难以理解的地质现象的理论。When the continental drift assumption, proposed by Wagner, firstly comes, the mostly people, who are full of enthusiasm and curiosity, completely support and praise. But later, with some relatively historical facts occurring, continental drift assumption is not only criticized ruthless, but discarded ultimately by the geologists and geophysicists as another hypothesis of plume appears. Now, by analysis more new historical evidence and summarizing geological phenomenon, the continental drift assumption is accepted again, they view that it can explain more difficult geological phenomena comparing with other assumption.从大陆漂移学说的提出到最终被人们所接受的过程中可以看出，一个学说，总是不断的在人们的怀疑和证实中进步，而不是一开始就完全正确或者完全错误，最终成为可以为人类服务的科学理论。From the continental drift assumption mentioned above, we can infer that knowledge, especially occurred firstly, is always doubted and verified as the development of relative course, but not completely right or wrong at begin, eventually becoming authentically scientific theory.Leonardo Da Vinci1.达芬奇怀疑权威：Leonardo Da Vinci question authority在天文学上，达.芬奇对传统的“地球中心说”持否定的观点他认为地球不是太阳系的中心，更不是宇宙的中心，而只是一颗绕太阳运转的行星，太阳本身是不运动的达.芬奇还认为月亮自身并不发光，他只是反射太阳的光辉他的这些观点的提出早于哥白尼“太阳中心说”For example, rather than asserting the traditional viewthe central of earth, Leonardo Da Vinci argues that the earth is not the central of solar galaxy, only a planet orbiting the sun. The sun itself is still quiescent. And also, he argue that the moon itself only reflect the light coming from the sun, not lighting itself.2.知识经验的积累（历史对现在的作用）他提出的知识起源于实践的这种方法，后来得到了伽利略的发展，并由英国哲学家弗兰西斯培根从理论上加以总结，成为近代自然科学的最基本方法Truth coming from practice, mentioned firstly by Leonardo Da Vinci, is developed by Galileo latter, and then summarized theoretically by Francis Bacon, and at last, it becomes the most fundamental access of current science disciplines.3.全才 通才达.芬奇在物理学方面，重新发现了液体压力的概念，提出了连通器原理在解剖学和生理学上也取得了巨大的成就，被认为是近代生理解剖学的始祖他的研究和发明还涉及到军事和机械方面.可以说，达.芬奇的研究涉及到自然科学的每一部门，他的思想和才能深入到人类知识的各个领域他是世界上少有的全面发展的学者Leonardo Da Vinci discovered the conception of liquid pressure on physics; he also attained a great achievement on anatomy and physiology, is thought the originator of physiological anatomy. Also, his innovations and creations involve in military an mechanics. In one words, his study arrange almost involve in every section of natural science. His thought and talents penetrated into every realm of knowledge of human being. His is a less fewer one who developed comprehensively.4，学科交叉达.芬奇把艺术和科学、理智和情感、形体和精神熔于一炉，继承和发扬了前人的人文主义思想和现实主义表现手法，把艺术推进到一个前所未有的高度，为自然科学的发展作出了巨大贡献，是当之无愧的“文艺复兴时代最完美的代表人物”Leonardo Da Vinci fused art and science, intelligence and emotion, form and spirit together. And at the same time, he inherited performance of realism and developed ideas of humanism of the past. Which pushed the art to a unprecedented height, making a great contribution to the development of natural science. In one words, he is the most perfectly incontrovertible delegation in Renaissance.5.达芬奇画鸡蛋 从基础做起1467年，达芬奇到佛罗伦萨的委罗基俄艺术工场学艺，当时他十四岁。他的老师委罗基俄对学生要求很严，他对达芬奇说：“字画要有个好的开端，我不要你首先临摹古人名画，也不给你讲解绘画理论。你每天照着鸡蛋写生，这是画画的一个部分，而且是重要的组成部分。”In 1467, Leonardo Da Vinci, aged fourteen, was sent to study in artistic workshop, located in Florence. His mentor instructed him as follows (and I paragraph): it is very important to have a well beginning for painting, I do not ask you imitate famous art firstly and instruct any theory of painting. For you, painting egg from different angles is your necessary and indispensable task everyday. And you should know it is a vital part of painting. Even more important than others.6.想象与课本获取知识他具有超越当时的广泛构思与想象力，著名的概念性发明比方直升机、坦克车、太阳能聚焦使用、计算机、板块构造论基本原理、双层壳等许多构想。Sometimes, the imagination is more important than knowledge acquiring from the books. One compelling argument can favor this. Leonardo Da Vinci, great painter in Renaissance periods, owns a extensive idea and imagination that has suppressed contemporary society. Such as the innovation such as helicopter, tank, utilization of energy of concentrated sun, the principle of .computer, and fundamental principle of constituent construction is far suppressed temporal society.7. 交叉学科（学科之间的关系）文艺复兴人文主义(Renaissance humanism)在科学与艺术之间并无相互排斥的极端现象。达芬奇钻研科学、工程领域就像他的艺术作品般令人难忘与突出。手稿中约13,000页的笔记与绘画全是混合艺术与科学所组成的纪录。There is no