2013年河北省职称英语复习资料(卫生类).doc

卫生类第十六篇为生存而食【Eat to Live】 粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。 加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。 斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只34个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的70岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠的饲料量是正常的。 研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11000种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那46种基因中的27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。“这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃华纳说。至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此充满了希望：“有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。” 如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。 但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，”他说，“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。”斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物。*第二十九篇 “不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义【Dont Drink Alone Gets New Meaning】 一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。 在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。”Dal Maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告中令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。 为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯，平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和颈部癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒21 34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍，咽癌是其7倍，食道癌是16倍。相反，酒精高摄人且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。 “酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。”Dal Maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的几率比其他癌症低很多的原因是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。第三十九篇 桑拿浴【Sauna】 仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并且有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。 最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟囱技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的浓烟。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都是用电炉。 桑拿浴能使人放松并消除压力。肌肉疼痛或关节炎都可以利用桑拿浴的热气减轻疼痛和炎症。热气还可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加顺畅。桑拿浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以减轻患者的胸闷感，加快康复的速度。在蒸桑拿浴时，人体温度通常会上升1 2摄氏度，就像发低烧一样的感觉。因此，蒸桑拿可以说是印证了一句老话：“伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿。”定期蒸桑拿浴可以在第一时间预防感冒的发生。 蒸桑拿对皮肤也有好处，它可以促进皮肤的血液循环和出汗。在这个过程中，成年人一般每小时要蒸发2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮肤变得光洁。失水只是暂时性的，人体机能能够很快补充合适的水量。在热气交换的过程中，心脏跳动得更快，这就使心血管系统也得到了锻炼。蒸桑拿浴时的心率能从原来的平均每分钟72下增加到每分钟100150下。 健康的心脏可以承受这种变化，而那些心脏病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前应该征求医生的建议。同样的，老年人和糖尿病患者也应如此。孕妇则不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是在怀孕的头三个月。其实，每个人在刚开始尝试桑拿浴时都应该先是短时间的，直到适应了这种沐浴方式。完形填空2 A Biological Clock(生物钟) （新增）Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells 1 plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open1. It tells 2 insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away, and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake.Events outside the plant and animal 3 affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur 4 because of me number of hours of daylight. In the short 5 days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer.Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration 6 flight twice each year. Birds 7 prevented from flying become restless when it is time for the trip, 8 but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended.Scientists say they are beginning to learn which 9 parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain 10 seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These 11 cells tell a person when to 12 awaken ，when to sleep and when to seek food. Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities.Dr. Moorhead is studying 13 how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work2. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. 14 It can take3 many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said. 15 such understanding could cut sickness and accidents ac work and would help increase a factorys production.9 The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints（新增） One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing 1 them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a 2 problem of losing fingerprints is.Eng-HuatTan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to _ 3 treat _ his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the 4 drug ,the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U.S customs officials 5 drug 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldnt get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly 6 marks appearing from his index finger.U. S. customs3 has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are 7 printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guysterrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler, one potential 8 side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. 9 Hence , no fingerprints.It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will 10 begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine, Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who 11 prescribe the drug to provide their patients with a doctors note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear.Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didnt raise any red flags. But hes also now got the explanatory doctors noteand wont leave home 12 without it. By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, 13 which approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider 14 updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where 15 does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints. 1 a better- an improved 更好的2 a branch -a division 分支3 a plentiful-an abundan 丰富的4 abandon-give up 放弃5 abide by -stick to 坚持6 abnormalunusual 不正常的7 abruptsudden 突然的8 accelerate-step up 加快9 acceptablysatisfactorily 令人满意10 acclaimhail 向欢呼11 accountconsideration 要考虑的事12 account for-explain解释13 accumulatecollect 积聚14 aircraftplanes 飞机15 alleviatelessen 减轻16 allocateassign 分配17 allocatedistribute 分配，分布18 allowpermit 允许19 almostpractically 几乎20 althoughwhile 引导让步从句21 annoyingirritating 使不愉快22 arguecontent 争辩23 arise-get up 起床24 arouseexcite 使激动25 assemblegather 聚集26 assert-state firmly 断言27 assumepostulate 假定28 at any price-for love or money 不惜任何代价29 at stake-in danger 在危险中30 attend to-wait on 伺候31 attractionlure 吸引32 authenticallygenuinely 真正地33 banforbid 禁止34 barebarren 贫瘠35 bearinginfluence 相关，影响36 beatbreak 打破，胜过37 before-prior to 在之前38 broadenwiden 加宽39 call offcancel 停止40call uptelephone 打电话41 carefulconscientious 小心42 cater formeet 满足43 censuscount 人口普查44 certaininevitable 不可避免地45 changeconvert 兑换46 childishimmature 幼稚47 chinaporcelain 瓷器48 collaboratingcooperating 合作49 collide with-run into 碰撞50 compactlydensely 密集地51 compelforce 迫使52 complain-feel unhappy 抱怨53 comprehendunderstand 理解54 confidentialsecret 秘密55 consolidatestrengthen 巩固56 contaminatepollute 污染57 continuouslysteadily 稳定地58 conventionalorthodox 传统59 copyduplicate 复制60 coveragereportage 覆盖；新闻报道61 criticize-find fault with 批评62 cultivatefoster 培养63 cureremedy 治疗，补救64 damagingharmful 有损害的65 danger-distress危险66 dangerhazard 危险，危害67 deadlyfatal 致命的68 deadly lethal 致命的69 decenthonest 正派的70 decide-make up ones mind 打主意71 deducederive 推出，演绎72deliberatelyintentionally 故意地73 demand-insist on 坚持74 depend on-rely on 依靠75 depictdescribe 描写，描绘76 deterinhibit 阻止77 dimlyfaintly 昏暗地78 disappearvanish 消失，失踪79 discuss-talk over 讨论80 doctorphysician 大夫81 draftformulate 起草，设计82 dying outextinction 灭绝83 effectresult 结果84 elicitprovoke 引起，诱发85 eligibleentitled 有资格（权利）的86 encouragespur 促进，激励87 endeavortry 设法88 especiallyparticularly 特别地89 eternaleverlasting 永恒的90 exhibitshow 表现，显示91 exploreinvestigate 调查92 exploreprobe 研究，考察93extensivemassive 大量的94 extract-take out 取出，拔出95 failomit 失败96 fascinateintrigue 使着迷97 finallast 最后的98 frameworkskeleton 框架99 frightenedscared 受惊的100 fulfill realize 实现，完成101 gain-put on 增加102 gangster-violent criminal 歹徒103 gentlymildly 温和地，适度地104 grasp-take hold of 抓住105 hardsevere 艰苦106 harnessutilize 利用107 healthywholesome 健康108 immediately-right away 马上109 imprecisevague 模糊的，不确切110 inadequatelypoorly 贫乏，不足111 isolatedsolitary 孤立的112 knowrealize 知道113 latelyrecently 最近114 laugh atmock 取笑，嘲笑115 lawfullegal 合法的116 limitedsmall 小的或少的117 locationscene 地点118 look for-try to find 寻找119 manualphysical 体力的120 mighty-very strong 强大的，健壮的121 motivereason 理由122 notably-particularly特别123 now and thenoccasionally 时而，偶尔124 occasionallysometimes 有时，偶尔125 occupantresident 居民126 outcomeresult 结果127 outrageousunacceptable 不可接受128 phasestage 阶段129 planner-principal organizer 组织者130 polishshine 照亮131 pressingurgent 紧迫的132 proposesuggest 建议133 put up with tolerate 忍受134 rarelyseldom 很少，不常135 readilywillingly 乐意地136 recommendsuggest 建议137 regardlesswhatever 不论138 regret(regrettable)sorry 遗憾139 remainderrest 剩余物140 remove-take off 脱掉141 safesecure 安全的142 settlesolve 解决143 shaketremble 颤抖144 shocksurprise 震惊的145 speedvelocity 速度146 summit-top of the mountain 山顶147 testtry 尝试148 stationary-not moving 静止的149 a