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Revision语音基本知识(一)1准确掌握48个国际音标,分清元音音素和辅音音素。 元音分成单元音和双元音,辅音辅音分成清辅音和浊辅音。单元音12个,有长短元音之分。 长元音为/i:/ /:/ /U:/ /:/ /:/;短元音为/ /e/ / / / / /。双元音8个:/e/ /a/ / / /a/ / /e/ /。清辅音11个:/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ / / /t/ /ts/ /tr/ /h/。浊辅音15个:/b/ /d/g/ /v/ /z/ / /d/ /dz/dr/ /r/ /m/ /n/。半元音2个:/j/ /w/。2掌握重读开音节及闭音节的读音规则。 音节的划分:1)一个单词的音标中有几个元音就有几个音节。2)成音节。在 l m n 之前有一个辅音,也构成一个音节。如listen, little, apple 等。单音节是由一个元音(或再加上前后的辅音)构成。如:Kate /ket/。 双元音是由两个元音(或再加上前后的辅音)构成。如:answer /:ns/。 多音节是由三个或三个以上的音节构成。如:exercise /ekssaz/。 重读音节:单音节词都是重读音节。任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中,有重读音节和非重读音节 ,哪一个音节重读,该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“”。开音节:元音字母后面没有辅音字母时,为绝对开音节,如:no /n/, 元音字母+辅音字母(r除外)+默音e时,为相对开音节,如:/nt/。 闭音节:元音字母后面有辅音字母时,如:not /nt/, desk /desk/。3. 练习: 根据音标和拼读规则,写出下列单词,拼读时注意单词重音。单元音:/i:/ / /e/ / /:/ /pi:s/ /dg/ /get/ /mp/ /p:k/ /dg/:/ / /U:/ / /:/ /t:k/ /dg/ /tU:l/ /bk/ /:l/ /gen/双元音:/e/ /a/ / /a/get/ /bak/ /nz/ /bran/ / /e/ /b/ /t/ /fe/ /t/清、浊辅音:/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/pi:p/ /bl/ /tam/ /det/ /kl:s/ /gld/f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ / /fav/ /ver/ /sU:n/ /zU:/ /ri:/ /t/ / /t/ /d/ /tr/ /dr/p/ /ple/ / t i:p/ /di:p/ /trp/ /drav/ts/ /dz/ /h/ /m/ /n/ /bts/ /b:dz/ /hp/ /mel/ /nel/ /l/ /r/ / w/ /j/t:l/ /rz/ /wev/ /jes/lat/语音基本知识(二)1. 不完全爆破 什么是爆破音?爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发音。爆破音有6个,即/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/,/g/。但在某些情况下,发爆破时,气流不必冲破阻碍,而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,并稍做停顿,(也就是说,在发音时只需要做出这个音的口形,但不需要把音发出来),这样的发音过程叫作不完全爆破,这样的发音现象叫作失去爆破。几种常见的不完全爆破的发音规则: a. 爆破音中的任何两个音素相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音,就是只须做出发音的准备,但并不发音,稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。后者则要完全地彻底地进行爆破。如: 1) He has a ba(d) col(d) today. 2) You shoul(d) ta(k)e care of the children. Gla(d) to meet you. b. 爆破音后跟/t/,/d/,/tr/,/dr/,/ts/,/dz/时,爆破音失去爆破。如: 1) Have you rea(d) the book abou(t) tha(t) child?2) The thir(d) chair is broken. c. 爆破音后跟/f/,/v/,/s/,/z/,/,/,/,/,/r/,/h/时,爆破音不爆破。如:1)Tha(t) student likes skating.2) You should ki(ck) the bad habit.d. 爆破音后跟/m/, /n/, /,/l/时,爆破音亦不爆破。如: 1) Goo(d) morning, sir. 2) Goo(d) night. 3) They are very frien(d)ly to us. 注意:不完全爆破可以发生在单词,短语或句子中。2. 浊化音 浊化就是把清辅音发成与其对应的浊辅音。常见的浊化音有/sp/sb/,/st/sd/,/sk/sg/和/str/sdr/这四种情况。a. /sp/sb/ sport / sp:t/sb:t/ space /spes/sbes/b. /st/sd/ stair /ste/sde/ stand /stnd/sdnd/c. /sk/sg/skirt /sk:t/sg:t/ skate /sket/sget/d. /str/sdr/ street /stri:t/sdri:t/ stream /stri:m/sdri:m/注意:这些辅音字母组合在音节结尾或单词结尾时并不需要浊化。如:first, risk。3. 练习1)朗读下面单词与短语,体会不完全爆破音的处理。 factory, active, picture, practice, bookcase, blackboard, department, midnight, ask me, good morning, at most, sit down, short stories, at school, about time, keep quiet, take care, stop talking, that car, a good girl2) 朗读下列单词,注意在必要的时候浊化。 speak, spoon, Spain, spell, start, stick, sky, ski, school, schedule, strike, strict, mist, pianist, fist, crisp crispy语音基本知识(三)1. 连读 在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读。如:not at all half an hour after all I love you and all. last year I called you half an hour ago. Would you do it?Glad to meet you. Cant you see it? 2语调英语有两种基本的语调是升调和降调,这两个语调构成了英语的旋律。不同的语调表达不同的情感,如:喜悦、悲伤、兴奋、好奇、反感、厌恶、愤怒、惊奇、疑问等等。升降的过程可以是急促的,也可以是缓慢的。a. 升调:升调多用来表示“不肯定”和“未完结”的意思,常常用于一般疑问句,语气婉转的祈使句,以及用陈述句子形式表示疑问的各类句子。例如:Shall I tell him to come and see you?(一般疑问句的正常语调)You like him?(用于陈述句形式的疑问句中,期待得到对方证实)What have you got there?(用于特殊疑问句中,语气亲切热情)Right you are!(用于某些感叹句中,表示轻快、活泼、鼓励等意义)She bought red,yellow and green rugs.(用于排例句中,区别语义) b. 降调:降调表示“肯定”和“完结”。一般用于陈述句、特殊疑问句、命令句和感叹句中。例如:Swimming is my favourite sport.(用于陈述句表示肯定的意义)What did you find there? (降调用于特殊疑问句表示说话人浓厚的兴趣)Tell me all about it.(语气较强的命令) Have you got the tickets?(降调用于一般疑问句表示说话人的态度粗率、不耐烦或不高兴) How nice!(用于感叹句,表示感叹)英语中除了升调、降调这两种最基本的语调外,还有降升调、升降调、升降升调、平调等。3练习1)朗读下列短语或句子,注意连读现象。 Please pick it up. Here is a letter for you. Stand up. up and down Would you like a cup of tea? Here are four eggs. take off good idea There is an English book on that desk.2)朗读下列各句,在适当的位置用或标出该句子正确的语调。 Will you help me? He is an able man. You like it, dont you? How beautiful you are! Give me your hand. When shall we go for a picnic, Saturday or Sunday? Why do you come?(表示不喜欢对方来这里) You are from England, arent you?(明知故问) What?(没听清楚,请对方再说一遍) You are kidding?(表示怀疑)3)朗读容易混淆的元音(1) /e/ bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend ,land (2) /i:/ /e/ read, rail; greet, great; mean, main; read,raid (3) /e/a/ bet, bite; red , write; said, side; head, hide (4) /a/:/ house,horse; loud,lord; south,sauce; now,nor; count,corn; cloud,clause (5) /a/ / found fond; gown gone; down don4. 朗读容易混淆的辅音(1) /v/w/ vet ,wet; vest ,west; vine,wine; very ,well (2) /s/ sink ,think; sort ,thought; miss ,myth; mass, math (3) /z/ closing ,clothing; breeze ,breathe; bays ,bathes (4) /n/ thin ,thing; sin ,sing; ban ,bang; win, wing; ran ,rang 句子的种类 1. 按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1) 陈述句(Declarative Sentences):陈述句用来陈述一个事实或表达一种看法,有肯定和否定两种形式,句末通常用句号。 Light travels faster than sound. 光比声速度快。 (说明事实) The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)2) 疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):用以提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。 a. 一般疑问句(General Questions): Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗? b. 特殊疑问句(W Questions; H Questions): Where do you live? 你住那儿? How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事? c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions): Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡? d. 反意疑问句(Tag-Questions): He doesnt know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?3) 祈使句(Imperative Sentences):祈使句表示命令、请求、建议、或劝告等,主语通常用动词原形,句末用感叹号或句号。例如: Sit down, please. 请坐。 Dont be nervous! 别紧张!4) 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子。可以表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪,感叹句可以使一个单词,一个不定式,一个由短语构成的独立句,也可以使由what或how引导的句子, 句末常用感叹号。例如: What good news it is! How good the news is! 多好的消息啊!2. 句子按其结构可以分为简单句,并列句,复合句:1) 简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句,例如:She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。(主) (谓)2) 并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接,例如: The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。 (主) (谓) (主) (谓)3) 复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句从句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导,例如:The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。(主句) (从句)从句可分为: 1).定语从句(The Attributive Clause); 2).状语从句(The Adverbial Clause); 3).名词性从句(The Noun Clause)Revision1. He has given an important talk on the differences between the native language and the foreign language, _? A. hasnt B. doesnt he C. isnt he D. wasnt he2. Lucy, you clean the blackboard today, _? A. do you B. did you C. will you D. can you3. _ do you pay a visit to your grandparents? At least four times a month though I am busy preparing for my exam. A. How many B. How long C. How much D. How often4. _ fine weather it is! A. What a B. How C. What D. How a 5. Work hard and you _ progress. A. make B. made C. will make D. have made6. I dont know _ she is still alive after twenty years. A. whether B. where C. how D. when7. All the apples _ fell down were eaten by the pigs. A. that B. those C. which D. what8. Could you let me know _ yesterday? Because the traffic was heavy. A. why did you come late B. why you came late C. why do you come late D. why you come9. He is looking angrily at me _ I made a mistake. A. even if B. when C. as if D. so10. If Bruce goes swimming tomorrow, _. A. so will I B. so do I C. so I will D. so I do句子成分:句子的组成部分,包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语七种主语(Subject): 主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物,是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。例如:The temperature will stay above zero. 谓语(Verb): 谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。谓语由动词构成,依据其在句中繁简程度可把谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语两类。不论何种时态,语态,语气,凡由一个动词(或动词词组)构成的谓语都是简单谓语。 复合谓语也可分为两种情况: 第一种是由情态动词,助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语。第二种是由连系动词+表语构成的复合谓语。连系动词和表语在意思上紧密联系,不宜分割。 例如:I wont do it again. I like walking.表语(Predicative): 表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。.例如: The dictionary is in the bag. 宾语(Object): 宾语是动作的对象或承受者,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。宾语常位于及物动词或介词后面。 有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring, give, show, send, pass, tell等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面, 但间接宾语前须加to。 I want to go shopping. Give the rubber to me定语(Attributive)_: 定语用于描述名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语,定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。 例如:That is a beautiful flower.状语(Adverbial): 状语:说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式,条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词,短语以及从句来担任。例如: He got up early this morning to catch the early bus.补语(Complement): 补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。例如: He asked me to write down the name of the street.衔接训练:写出下列句子中划线部分在句子中充当的成分。1. Learning English is very difficult. _2. Why dont you answer when you are spoken to. _3. - Which one can I take?- You can take all of them; Ill keep none. _4. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up. _5. He asked me to open the window. _6 They came into the classroom, laughing. _7. But its good to swim in summer. _8. My work is teaching English, _9. I cannot answer the questions. _10These is a pen, two rulers and three books on the desk _英语学习中的六种基本句型结构(1)一、句型1: Subject (主语) Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,常见的动词如: work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如:1) Li Ming works very hard. 李明学习很努力。2) The little girl cried even harder. 小女孩哭得更厉害了。3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon. 事故是昨天下午发生的。二、句型2:Subject (主语) Link. V(系动词) Predicate(表语)这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类:(1)表示状态。这样的词有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如:1) This kind of food tastes delicious. 这种食物吃起来很可口。2) He looked worried just now. 刚才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。如:1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before. 这棵树比以前长得高多了。三、句型3:Subject(主语) Verb (谓语) Object (宾语)这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名 词或从句等来充当。例:1) He took his bag and left.(名词)他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词) 当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式) 她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (从句) 我不知道下一步该干什么。四、句子翻译练习:根据中文意思将句子补充完整, 并在括号中写出其属于何种句型。 1) 他昨天回家很晚。He _ _ very late yesterday evening.( ) 2) 1919年在北京爆发了五.四运动。The May Fouth movement _ _ in Beijing in 1919. ( ) 3) 每天8时开始上课。Classes _ at eight every day. ( ) 4) 孩子们很少保持安静。Children seldom _ quite. ( ) 5) 他十五岁就成为了有名的钢琴家。He _ a famous pianist at the age of fifteen. ( ) 6) 这个报告听起来很有意思。The report _ interesting. ( ) 7) 他失业了。He _ out of work. ( ) 8) 昨晚我写了一封信。I _ _ _ last night. ( ) 9) 这本书他读过多次了。He _ _ _ _ many times. ( ) 10) 我们大家都相信Jack是个诚实的男孩。 All of us _ _ Jack is an honest boy. ( )英语学习中的六种基本句型结构(2)一、句型4: Subject(主语)Verb(谓语) Indirect object(间接宾语)Direct object (直接宾语)这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如:1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。2)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子还可以表达为:1)Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2)The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.二、句型5: Subject(主语)Verb (动词)Object (宾语)Complement(补语)这种句型中的“宾语 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如:1)You should keep the room clean and tidy.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词)2) We made him our monitor.我们选他当班长(名词)。3) His father told him not to play in the street.他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩(不定式)。 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 注意:动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带to。如:1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night. 昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。三、句型6:There be + 主语 + 其它这一结构表示“某地有某物”。主语一般位于there be 之后。值得关注的是,当句中有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个主语保持一致: 1) There are two girls and a boy running on the playground. 2) There is a boy and two girls running on the playground.四、句子翻译练习:根据中文意思将句子补充完整, 并在括号中写出其属于何种句型。 1)Johnson先生去年教我们德语。 Mr. Johnson _ _ _ last year. ( ) 2) 请把那本字典递给我好吗? Would you please _ _ _ _? ( ) 3) 他用他第一个月的工资给他妈妈买了一件外套。 He _ a new coat _ his mother with his first months salary. ( ) 4) 他每一个月剪一次头发。 He _ his hair _ once a month. ( ) 5) 门卫命令我们马上离开。 The guards _ us _ _ at once. ( ) 6) 他正在听别人讲故事。He _ _ _ some _ stories. ( ) 7) 我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 I think _ possible to work out the problem in another way. ( ) 8) 铃响了。 _ _ the bell. ( ) 9) 在这些客人当中有两名美国人和一名法国人。 Among these guests there _ two Americans and one Frenchman. ( ) 10) 办公室的灯亮着,里面一定有人。 The light is on. There _ _ someone in the office. ( )一、一般现在时一般现在时通常表示现阶段经常发生的动作、存在的状态或经常的习惯性的动作。常与often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。如: She is always ready to help others. The old man goes to the park every morning.表示永恒的真理以及客观事实。如: The earth goes round the sun.表示按规定或计划要发生的动作。如: The train starts at seven in the morning.在时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时。如: Ill go with you if you are free tomorrow.二、一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某一时间发生的动作或情况。常与表示过去的时间状语ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995等连用。如: I met him yesterday. They were in Beijing in 1999. They began the work two months ago.一般过去时多和表示过去的时间状语连用。但是有时候句子并没有过去的时间状语,这时就要通过语境、说话人的口气来判断。如: He wrote a novel.(小说已写出) I didnt expect you were waiting for us. (预料这一行为在说话前已发生)三、练习a. Choose the best answer.1. Can you guess if they _ spoken English with us? I think theyll do if they _ free. A. practise; are B. will practise; will be C. will practise; are D. practise; will be 2. I have worked here since I _ to this city. A. moved B. have worked C. had moved D. was moved3. My God, here is my pen! I _ it everywhere, but I _ it just now.A. have looked for; didnt find B. have looked for; havent foundC. am looking for; didnt find D. looked for; havent found4. Is there any meeting today? Yes, it _ at 2:30 in the afternoon.A. begins B. has begun C. is beginning D. began5. Excuse me, but I dont think you can smoke here. Really sorry. I _ this is a non-smoking room. A. dont know B. didnt know C. have no idea D. havent known6. The house belongs to my aunt, but
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