2013年卫生类新增文章.doc

阅读理解 第十六篇 Eat to LiveA meager diet may give you health and long life, but its not much fun and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we dont start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riversidehave found that some of an elderly mouses liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindlers team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with thingslike in flammation and free radical production 一 probably badnews for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D. C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, butSpindler is hopeful. “Theres attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isnt sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer, but theyre hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, its still hard to goto a restaurant and say: I can only eat half of that,. ”Spindler hopes we soon wont need to diet at all. His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.词汇：meager adj.不足的 youthful adj.有青春活力的 vigor n.精力，活力 genetic adj.基因的metabolize vt. 使（一种物质）进入新陈代谢过程 rejuvenation n.恢复活力，返老还童注释：1. hang on to ：继续保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一 it mightbe worth a lot of money one day.你应该继续保留那幅画-或许有一天它会值很多钱。2. The genetic rejuvenation wont reverse other damage caused by time for themouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time 岁月造成的莫他方面的破坏，即“其他方面的老化”。metabolize drugs：代谢药物，即“使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效”。get rid of：摆脱，除去。3. half-ration 和 half-feed 都是指“老鼠饲料正常定量（normal diet)的一半”。4. free radical production:指体内自由基的产生(形成）。5. kick in：意为“开始起作用”。 如：Were still waiting for the air conditioning tokick in.我们还在等着空调开始起作用。6. be worth it：意为“值得，有益”。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些东西很贵，但划得来。练习：1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C Dieting might not be needed.D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?A To describe the influence of old age on mice.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C To tell us how mices liver genes behave.D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in thepassage?A They will not experience free radical production.B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?A The mice that started dieting in old age.B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C Calorie restriction that works in people.D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restrictionis very important to young people.B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.答案与题解：1. D 第一 k 第一句讲“节食可能不是非做不可的事”，第二句讲“即使上了年纪再节食，我们 仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力”，因此，“我们必须从小就开始节食”是错误的，D 是答案。2. B 第二段提及“一只髙龄老鼠”的时候，作者谈到，“只要连续四周限制它进食，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力”。据此，“为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响”最好地回答了题干中的问题 o3. D 第四段提到，“正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有 46 条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和有机体组织无限激增有关”，因此，D 正确。4. A 第四段最后一个句子讲“但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从 70%的基因变化中受益”。“最惊人的”自然是“最令研究人员感兴趣的”。5. C 文章的最后两段谈及 Spindler 对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食。所以我们可以推知，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。参考译文 第十六篇 为生存而食粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿，但这并不有趣很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才 开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。加州大学 Riverside 分校的斯蒂芬?斯潘德尔及其同事发现，只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老 鼠进食，它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆 转它们在其他方面的老化，但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料，而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半，给三只 34 个月大的老鼠（相当于人类年龄的 70 岁）喂了一个月的半量饲料，之前这三只老鼠 的饲料量是正常的。研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的 11,000 种基因的活性，发现正常饲养的老鼠有46 种基因随 年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说，那 46种基因中的 27 种仍然继续保持着青春活力。 是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只但是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于 70%的基因变异。“这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”，来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃?华纳说。至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效，但是斯潘德尔对此 充满了希望：“有足以引人注意的证据表明这同样有效。”如果这确实也对人类有效，我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子，随着我们一天天衰老，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食，斯潘德尔说到，完全足以保证药效。但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了，寿命延长了，但是它们很饥饿，”他说，“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效，人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。”斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司，加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司，正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物第二十九篇 “Dont Drink Alone” Gets New MeaningIn what may be bad news for bars and pubs， European research group has found thatapeople drinking alcohol outside of meals have a significantly higher risk of cancer inthe mouth and neck than do those taking their libations with food. Luigino Dal Masoand his colleagues studied the drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancerstudies2 and another 3，500 adults who had never had cancer.After the researchers accounted for the amount of alcohol consumed, they found thatindividuals who downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals3 faced atleast a 50 to 80 percent risk of cancer in the oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus,when compared with people who drank only at meals. Consuming alcohol withoutfood also increased by at least 20 percent the likelihood of laryngeal4 cancer.“ Roughly 95 percent of cancers at these four sites5 traced to smoking or drinking6 bythe study volunteers，” Dal Maso says. The discouraging news, his team reports, isthat drinking with meals didnt eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.For their new analysis，the European scientists divided people in the study into fourgroups， based on how many drinks they reported having in an average week7. Thelowest-intake group included people who averaged up to8 20 drinks 狂 week. Thehighest group reported downing at least 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an averageof eight or more per day.9 Cancer risks for the mouth and neck sites rose steadily withconsumption even for people who reported drinking only withmeals. For instance, compared with people in the lowest-consumption group,participants who drank 21 to 34 alcohol servings a week at least doubled their cancerrisk for all sites other than the larynx10. If people in these consumption groups tooksome of those drinks outside meals, those in the higher consumption group at leastquadrupled their risk for oral cavity and esophageal cancers.People in the highest-consumption group who drank only with meals had 10 times therisk of oral cancer, 7 times the risk of pharyngeal cancer, and 16 times the risk ofesophageal cancer compared with those who averaged 20 or fewer drinks a week withmeals. In contrast, laryngeal cancer risk in the high-intake, with-meals-only group11was only triple that12 in the low-intake consumers who drank with meals.“Alcohol can inflame tissues. Over time, that inflammation can trigger cancer. ” DalMaso says. He suspects that food reduced cancer risk either by partially coatingdigestive-tract tissues or by scrubbing alcohol off those tissues. He speculates that thereason laryngeal risks were dramatically lower for all study participants traces to thetissues lower exposure to alcohol.词汇：cavity n.腔 pharynx n.咽 pharyngeal adj.咽的esophagus n.食管 esophageal adj.食管的 larynx n.喉 scrub v.擦净，擦掉注释：1. than do those taking their libations with food：这是一个倒装句，其正常语序为 than those taking their libations with food do。这里的 do 是一个代词，代替上半句中的 have a significantly higher risk of cancer in the mouth and neck。2. drinking patterns of 1,500 patients from four cancer studies ：取自四项癌症研究的 1，500 个病例的饮酒习惯模式3. downed a significant share of their alcohol outside of meals：在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒。 down：在此作动词用，意为：“喝下，灌下”；significant：意为“largein amount”（大量的）。4. laryngeal：larynx (喉）的形容词形式。5. these four sites：指该段前两句提到的 oral cavity，pharynx, esophagus, larynx。6. traced to smoking or drinking：根源就是抽烟或喝酒。trace to:回溯到7. in an average week：平均每星期8. up to：高达9. 56 servings of alcohol weekly for an average of eight or more per day：每周 56杯，平均每天 8 杯以上。eight 后省略了 servings 意为“(食物或饮料的）一份”。10. for all sites other than the larynx：除喉以外的全部部位。other than：除了。11. high-intake, with-meals-only group：(酒精）高摄入、仅在就餐时饮酒的（实验）组。 high-intake 和 with-meals-only 在此都是合成形容词，修饰 group。12.was only triple that：是它的三倍。that 指该句前半句中的 laryngeal cancer risk。练习：1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higherwith peopleA who drink alcohol outside of mealsurB who drink alcohol at meals.C who never drink alcohol.D who drink alcohol at bars and pubs.2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about“drinking with meals”?A It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food.B It may also be a cause of cancer.C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites.D It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites.3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day?A 3 drinks. B 8 drinks. C 20 drinks. D 56 drinks.4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned inthe passage?A Oral cancer. B Laryngeal cancer.C Pharyngeal cancer. D Esophageal cancer.5. According to the last paragraph, tissues lower exposure to alcoholA explains why inflammation triggers cancer.B accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues.C is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues.D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer.答案与题解.1. A 文章第一个句子就是答案。2. C 第二段的第二句说的是餐外饮酒使得喉癌几率增加了 20%，而不是就餐饮酒的情况。所以 C 是正确答案。其他三项均在文中直接或间接提到。3. A 第三段第二句告诉我们，酒精摄人量最低的一组每星期饮酒量达 20 杯，因此，大约每天在三杯左右。4. B 文章第四段的第一句和第二句是由连接词 in contrast 连接的两个句子。incontrast 表达的是句间的反比关系。第一句说明酒精消费量最大的一组，患其他三种癌症的几率与低酒精摄入量组相比，分别是他们的 10 倍、7 倍和 16 倍，而第二句告诉我们，相比之下，其患喉癌的机率只是另一组的 3 倍。因此，B 是正确选项。5. D 文章最后一句提供了答案。参考译文： 第二十九篇 “不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新含义一定程度上，这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息，欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino DalMaso 和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的 1， 个病例的饮酒习惯模式和500另外 3，500 个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后，他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比，在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少 50%?80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少 20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约 95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。” Dal Maso 说。他的研究小组提供的报告中令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。为了进行新的分析，欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为 4 组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达 20 杯的人，饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少 56 杯，平均每天 8 杯以上。患口腔癌和颈部癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升，即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如，和低饮酒量的人相比，每周饮酒21?34 杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。 如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒，那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加 3 倍。和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多 20 杯的人相比，高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的 10 倍，咽癌是其 7 倍，食道癌是 16 倍。相反，酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的 3 倍。“酒精能使组织发炎，一段时间后，炎症可引发癌症。” Dal Maso 说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险，或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。他推测所有被研究 者患喉癌的几率比其他癌症低很多的原因是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。* 第三十九篇 SaunaCeremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one ofwhich is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath，or sauna, which may betaken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as a dry heatbath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans haveforms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths hadadvocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturallyfilled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. A fire kept in afire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke waslet out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few peopletoday say that the smoke sauna, “ savusauna”，is the only true sauna experience andthat all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunasuse electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving, Those with muscle aches or arthritis may findthat the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients findthat the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas donot cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion arid speedrecovery time. The bodys core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in thesauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The sauna could be considered to follow the oldsaying “feed a cold，starve a fever The regular use of a sauna may decrease thelikelihood of getting a cold in the first place.Sauna is good for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweatingoccurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs8 of water per hour on average in a sauna. A goodsweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The lossin water weight is temporary as the bodys physiological mechanisms will quicklyrestore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system9 gets a work out10 as the heartmust pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heartrate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to beginto use a sauna should seek a doctors advice. The elderly and those with diabetesshould check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant womenshould not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone juststarting out should take short sessions11 at first to become accustomed to this type ofbath.词汇：sauna n.(芬兰式）蒸汽浴，桑拿浴congestion n.阻塞;拥塞odor n.气味，味道arthritis 关节炎inflammation n.炎(症）grime n.污垢；尘垢cardiovascular adj.心、血 管的diabetes n.糖尿病注释：1. ceremonial bathing:仪式性的沐浴。许多宗教都有这种以沐浴作为仪式的习俗。2. pre-Columbian Americans:哥伦布前的美洲人。Columbian 是 Columbus 的形容词 形 式 ， 意 思 是 “ 哥 伦 布 的 ”;pre- 是 前 缀 , 意 思 是 : 在 前 。 pre-ColumbianAmericans，其完整的意思是: 哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人。3. fire-pit:火槽4. relaxing and stress relieving:能使人放松并消除压力。5. alleviate congestion and speed recovery time:减轻胸闷感，加快康复的速度。6. imitate: to appear like; resemble:像;类似7. feed a cold, starve a fever:谤伤风时宜吃，发热时宜饿;伤风不怕吃，热病不怕饿。8. lb: pound(磅)的缩写形式。9. cardiovascular system:心血管系统10. a work out:做名词用，意为“运动，锻炼”。11. sessions:(做某事或进行某活动的)一段时间练习：1. Ceremonial bathing _.A) is called the sauna by FinnsB) is equivalent to the steam bathC) has various formsD) is held in an enclosed room2. What is understood by some people to be the true sauna experience?A) Saunas in underground caves.B) Saunas with smoke.C) Saunas using wood burning stoves.D) Saunas using electric stoves.3. According to the third paragraph, saunas can do all of the following EXCEPT .A) reducing the chance of getting coldB) speeding recoveryC) relieving stressD) curing asthma4. According to the fourth paragraph, sauna gives the skin a healthy glowbecause_.A) pores are cleaned by sweatB) water is lost by sweatingC) blood moves to the surface for heat exchangeD) the heart pumps harder and faster5. Who are advised not to take a sauna?A) Elderly people.B) Pregnant women.C) People with heart trouble.D) All of the above.答案与题解：1. C 第一段的第一句告诉我们，ceremonial bathing 有多种形式，其中一种是sauna。所以只有 C 是正确的选项。2. B 根据文章第二段的第四句，smoke sauna 被有些人认为是真正的 sauna。句中 a background odor 也是指烟熏的气味。3. D 该段最后一句说 The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood ofgetting a cold; 第四句说 they may help to . speed recovery time; 第一句说Saunas are . stress relieving。 所 以，A、B、C 都是桑拿可以做的。第三句说Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitatesbreathing,这不足以说明桑拿有治愈哮喘的作用。因此，应选择 D 项。4. A 该段第三句提供了答案。5. D 文章最后一段告诫几种人不能蒸桑拿浴，包括心脏病患者、老人、糖尿病患者、孕妇等。所以 D 是正确的选项。参考译文 第三十九篇桑拿浴仪式性的沐浴已经有几千年的历史，并 S 有多种形式，其中的一种就是桑拿浴。芬兰人完善了蒸汽浴，也就是桑拿浴。它可以在一个封闭的房间里将水浇在滚烫的石头上，或是一种干热浴。日本人、希腊人、土耳其人、俄国人以及美洲土著人在他们的沐浴传统中都有发汗浴这一形式。用干热浴发汗的方式是古罗马优先使用的，而哥伦布发现美洲大陆前的美洲人则使用发汗小屋。最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于当时还没有掌握烟?技术，山洞里总是充满着火焰引起的。人们在火槽里生火，加热山洞的四壁。当墙壁达到一定的温度时，将浓烟排出洞外，这使得墙壁还能保持几个小时的高温。今天，有一些人认为有烟的桑拿浴，“烟熏桑拿”， 才是真正的桑拿体验，而所有的桑拿浴都应该至少有烟熏或烟味儿的背景。现在，尽管煤油炉和烧木头的火炉仍然可以使用，大多数的桑拿浴都