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XDF在职硕士英语汉译英第一讲 汉译英都是短文翻译,而作为基础则需要从句子开始.ll 汉译英题目的测试点:在于测试考生对英语常用词汇、习惯用法和句子结构的掌握情况。同时还要测试考生将汉语短文转换为英语时对上下文的理解。表达原文的连贯性、完整性、以及行文流畅的能力。l 汉译英基本程序 句子翻译n1. 阅读1) 通读并透彻理解原文汉语句子,分析原文汉语句子的风格、逻辑和句型。a) 风格:正式还是非正式b) 逻辑:短语和短语之间的逻辑关系c) 句型:分析汉语句型,因为汉语句型和英语句型有着特定的对应关系。例子:现在必须采取措施来保护环境(表目的)分析:找主语:无主语,也就是无主句而无主语对应英文三种句型:形式主语、there be句型、被动句型1. 形式主语: It is necessary.,It is essential.It is necessary to take measures to protect the environment.(不定式表目的).必须高级词汇:essential, imperative。能用高级词汇就用高级词汇。It is imperative to adopt(还有收养的意思) measures to protect environment.2. there be 句型there is necessity to adopt measures to protect the environment.3. 被动句型(找被动句型的主语:措施)Measures should be adopted (taken) to protect the environment.4. 特殊句型:是到做某事的时候了It is time to do sth. 是到做某事的时候了It is high time to adopt measures to protect the environment.使用从句,从句使用虚拟语气,动词用一般过去时It is high time that measures were adopted to protect the environment.2. 确定句型、结构1) 确定基准事态,能够避免犯大的语法错误比如:记叙文一般过去时,以及他的变化议论文、说明文一般现在时2) 确定主语、定句型、结构、定修饰语(定、状、补)位置在理解基础上变换原文汉语句子的说法和词序的过程,即汉英两种语言表达方式的转换过程.3) 译文句子的组织、表达3. 审校这是不可缺少的一个重要环节一定要对照原文,首先检查译文是否正确的转述了原文的内容,是否有错译和漏译;其次,检查是否有语言上的明显错误,如:时态、语态、单复数拼写大小写标点符号等,发现错误,及时改正。动词上的错误永远是大错原则一:每写一个动词,要考虑它的形态n 短文翻译步骤1. 通读并透彻理解原文汉语短文,分析原文汉语短文的风格、逻辑。(如中心意思,以及逻辑关系)2. 单句翻译程序(去掉审校程序)同时考虑上下文,明确逻辑关系,添加合适的连接结构,并避免句式重复,长短句结合。原则二:落笔写每句话之前,考虑使用连接词和连接结构的必要性3. 全文审校进行各单句审校的同时,检查译文全文的风格、逻辑是否与原文吻合。 汉译英应试原则l1. 内容忠实原文。我们采用直译和意译的结合,偏重于直译。适当发挥,不要过分发挥。2. 要有闪光点:复杂的句型结构,高级词汇复杂的句型结构:强调句、倒装句、独立主格结构、分词结构、it句型、被动句、固定结构固定结构: too.to.;so.that.;such.that.;both.and.;and.as well.;such.as.;not.until.;表示目的:in order to;in order that.;so as to.;it句型:高级词汇:转折:but conj/, however, yet(把这三个词都忘掉),nevertheless adv./, nonetheless adv./, whereas conj.用法:第一句话,however.是错误的,however一般用作副词,后加逗号第一句话。Nevertheless+第二句话。/第一句话;nevertheless+第二句话。大概:about, roughly,approximately阅卷程序:(1)根据第一印象给个基础分(2)文章中的闪光点及错误适当加减分得出最终分(1)第一印象非常重要,卷面要整齐(2)文章要有闪光点大错:漏译、错译、句子结构错误、动词错误、时态语态错误、第三人称单数动词错误小错:名词单复数、拼写错误、大小写错误、标点符号错误大错扣一分,小错两到三个扣一分3. 保持原文风格:注意口语和书面语的区分非常:pretty, very, extremely, especially, particularly这个事情非常好。口语:Its pretty good.4. 符合英语表达习惯地道:用词和句式例子:原文:加快经济改革的步伐(加快,speed up, quicken, accelerate)accelerate the economic reform(不加pace) accelerate: to increase the pace or process of sth原文:我们伟大的祖国在去年取得了农业大丰收。译文:Last year, our great fatherland(比motherland 更加地道) achieved/accomplished(gain可以但表现不出艰辛,忘掉get) a good harvest(只能指农业上的丰收).Wish you a pleasant journey!祝你旅途愉快!:wish+直接宾语(人)+简介宾语原文:预祝21届大运会圆满成功错误:We wish the 21st universiade complete a success.Wish:祝你旅途愉快!Wish you a pleasant journey! (smooth也可以)Wish vt.间接宾语(只能是人)直接宾语;wish v. +从句(that)That在定语从句和宾语从句中可省略,在正式语言中不省略修改1:Wish that 21st Universiade be held successfully.虚拟语气(should)be held修改2:Wish that 21st Universiade be hosted successfully.May you succeed。祝你成功(倒装)修改3:May 21st Universiade succeed.中文:不要不三不四,否则给你点颜色瞧瞧。错误:Dons be no 3 no 4, otherwise I will give you some color see see.5. 避免重复(词汇、句式多样化)6. 选词要确切贴切有力7. 使用连接结构表明逻辑关系(1)表顺序:first, second, third, firstly, secondly, next, finally, etc.(2) 表附加说明的:another, also, besides, in addition, furthermore, whats more, for instance, for example, such as, etc.(3)表示转折关系的:however, but nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, although, in spite of, etc.(4)表因果关系:therefore, because, thus, as a result consequently, accordingly, for the reason, etc.(5)表概括总结的:on the whole, generally speaking, to sum up, in brief, finally, so, in short, etc.8. 适当调整句子顺序(注意强调)9. 万不得已、绕道而行(遇到非能力所及之处,换用其它相近说法表达)词汇量不足的应急措施:试用笼统词、联想有关词汇、试用解释性语句。10. 不能留空白、不能写汉语。(三)汉译英基本方法概述翻译要求:(1)结构*(2)句型*(3)搭配(4)词汇搭配:动词与名词、动词与介词、动词与副词的搭配举例:直接受害者: immediate victim, 不要用direct激烈的竞争: furious competitionCall off 取消cancel; put off 推迟、延迟delay, postpone 注意:动词比动词短语正式,能用一个动词表达的绝对不用一个动词短语表达词汇的搭配方式词汇:不是高分的阻碍。得到高分,需要在结构和句型上下功夫。词汇:基础词汇,专用词汇基础词汇:动词形容词和副词为主,如:加强 strengthen, enhance, reinforce, intensify 促进、推动等等专用词汇:政治、经济、文化、教育、科技等方面的常识性词汇,政治方面的:对等的人或物 counterpart霸权主义:hegemonism强权政治:power politics经济:经济危机:economic crisis财政赤字:financial deficit科技:电子计算机:computer笔记本电脑:lap-top(or laptop);台式电脑desktop沙尘暴:sand&dust storm(sand storm 不全面)P75附录:常用词汇 有上下文的情况下背单词,翻译中段子里面的基础词汇、专用词汇都记下来,30-40个缎子后,95%词汇可以覆盖。进步:(1)practise makes progress.(2).Practise makes perfect.熟能生巧在任何时候,任何地点,学习和积累,如商场购物中心:shopping center, mall(地道)词汇和搭配是基础,得到高分要在句型和结构上面下功夫。结构:汉语结构:主、谓、宾、定、状、补英语结构:五大句型1:主谓,2:主谓宾;3:主谓宾宾,4:主谓宾补,5:主系表英语句子:必须有主语、谓语汉语句子必须成分:主语、谓语所以确定主语做题,主语决定谓语。例子:在2020年之前,中国的国民生产总值将超过美国。主语:国民生产总值;GNP=Gross National Products谓语:超过 exceed, surpass, outstep, overtake基准时态:一般将来时(在将来的某个时段之前,使用将来完成时)国内生产总值:GDPgross domestic products专有名词在文章中第一次出现,既要全称,也要缩写:简写(全称)战区导弹防御系统 TMD=Theater Missile Defence国家导弹防御系统 NMD=National Missile Defence译文:Chinas GNP(Gross National Product) will have exceeded that of the US by 2020.(2020年前可加the year of)名词或名词短语第二次出现时即使用代词例子:据预测、据估计,在2020年中国的国民生产总值将超过美国据.It isthat.It is said that据说,小道消息It is estimated that.据估计,专业人士的估计It is predicted that.据预测It is forecast that.预报 weather forecast前面是汉语的主语做英语的主语,还有其他成分可以做英语的主语,这样的英语可能更加地道。确定主语做题,主语决定谓语(能得10分中的6分)高分:闪光点(高级词汇,句型结构如把主语换一下)P5355翻译的基本方法l 高分技巧:所谓汉译英的语言转换方法和技巧,主要是把汉语和英语的语法结构拿来进行比较,从中找出一些常见的对应关系,然后我们所要做的就是简单的对号入座了。1. 取原文的形容性成分做译文主语Sample 1:懒惰的人不会成功译文:1、A lazy person will never succeed.基础译法(5-6分)2、Laziness makes it impossible for one to succeed.3、Laziness makes success impossible.分析:(1):直译(2)、形容词做主语成分,one泛指人,再次出现泛指人时,用代词he/she。直译+意译(3)、意译:推荐第二种译法体会选择主语的方法:Sample 2:中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其他许多国家译文:1、Chinas per capita agricultural land cannot compare with that of many other countries in the world.(5-6分)2、In its amount of agricultural land per capita, China compares unfavorably with many other countries.3、China compares unfavorably with many other countries in terms of per capita agricultural land.(推荐)人均:per capital人均国民生产总值:per capita GNP/GNP per capita农业土地面积:agricultural land 不可以用farm land(范围小,只表示种粮食菜地)A与B比较:compare A with B把A比作B:compare A to Bamount修饰不可数名词a large/vast amount of 大量的修饰可数名词的:a large number of 大量的various(高级词) 多得,大量的,既可以表示数量多,也可以表示种类多,修饰可数名词unfavorably表示劣势favorably表示优势in terms of 在哪一方面。Sample3:我的头疼得要命。(与真题差异比较大,没讲)译文:(1)My head aches badly.(2)My head is killing me.(3)I have a terrible headache.(4)I have a splitting headache.(5)I have a migraine. Sample4:这位母亲很为有个聪明漂亮的女儿而骄傲。译文:1、The mother is very proud to have an intelligent and pretty daughter.2、The intelligence and beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud.Sample 5: 在评价关于早期中国文明的记载时,有很重要得一点必须记住:公元前三世纪以前的书籍极少流传下来。译文:1、In assessing the records of early Chinese civilization, we have to remember one important point: few books earlier that the third century BC are extant.We指代模糊,remember记住,语气不够强烈2、One import point must be kept in mind in assessing the documentation of early Chinese civilization: few books before the third century BC have survived.分析:取原文名词性成分做主语,最好做的就是变为被动句。英语中被动句居多,地道。In assessing.评价、评估:evaluate、assess、keep sth. in mind记住bear sth. in mind 记住extant现存的document 文件,存档 documentation 记载、记录重要的 important太普通essential 重要的significant重要的、重大的、有意义的vital 重要的、有活力的、有生命力的crucial 极其重要的survive 幸存、幸免于Sample 6: 一星期前我遇上了一件最不可思议的事情。译文:1、I had the most incredible experience a week ago.2、I had the most inconceivable encounter a week ago.3、The most unbelievable thing(这个词不好) happened to me a week ago.(推荐)分析:应试意义不大,但给我们一种思路。incredible难以置信的、不可思议的=inconceivable、unbelievable encounter n未所预料的事情,v.偶然遇到、遭遇到happen to sb. 发生在某人身上.回顾:基本指导思想,得到两种高分的途径,根本问题是选择主语的问题。1)以原文汉语句子的主语作为英语句子的主语,不要出现大的语法错误,这样的只能得到基础分,要出现闪光点、高级词汇、句型结构;2)选择可能的主语(形容词,动词,副词结构)作为英语句子的主语。积累句型结构:注意汉语与英语对应关系 Sample 7:一个企业的前途要看他的市场管理人员的素质译文:1、The future success of an enterprise depends heavily upon the quality of its managing executives, especially those with marketing responsibilities.2、The quality of the management, especially of the marketing executives, largely determines the future of an enterprise.(推荐)3、The quality of managing executives, especially those with marketing responsibilities, goes a long way in determining the future of an enterprise.分析: 主语:一个企业的前途(取决于、要看)the future success of an enterprise(没有success也可,但加上更好)谓语:要看、取决于、依赖于:depend on/rely on/(upon):依赖很大程度上heavily.素质:quality管理人员:managing executive第二种译法:取原文句子中间的名词性成分来作译文中的主语。这个名词性成分往往是原文汉语句子的宾语很大程度上:heavily(忘掉), go a long way(在很大程度上,发挥了很大作用) , largely, to the large extent(可以作为插入语)决定:determine, decide前途、前景:future, prospect3)取原文副词性成分做译文的主语Sample 8: 因为天气太糟,我们未能成行译文:1、Because of poor weather, we did not go.2、Bad weather prevented us from going.(取原文汉语句子中间的副词成分做译文主语)3、The bad weather caused us to cancel/postpone our trip.(推荐)分析:因为: because+从句because of+名词、名词短语同时记住以下成分:due to, owing to(前两个=because of), thanks to(because of好的结果)”幸亏”Because of poor weather = because it was poor/bad/terrible, we did not go3表因果关系,表示导致、引起 cause sb. to do sth. 、lead sb. to do sth.Sample 9: 在持续了一年的内战中,数千人死了。译文:1、Thousands of people have died/ have been killed in the civil war which has been lasting for one year.2、The civil war, which has been going on for a year, has claimed(夺去) thousands of lives.(建议)3、The death toll of the civil war, which broke out a year ago, has amounted to several thousand.分析:确定时态:现在完成时主语:数千人,Thousands of people谓语:丧生:have died 、have been killed修饰语:定语修饰语,放置位置:在英语中,短语以上的内容包括短语修饰名词或名词结构时,永远放在被修饰语的后面。短语以上的内容放在后面(形容词短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、介词短语、定语从句)短语以下的内容放在前面(形容词、现在分词、过去分词、冠词、数词)修饰一个中心名词的修饰语如何排列:如:我们要建立一个公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序建立:establish译文:to establish a new international political and economic order which is rational.表示本质性的东西放前面、特点或描述性的放在后面定语从句;而对于在前面的本质性的:越本质的东西越接近于名词语法部分中有详细的解释。状语:在持续了一年的内战中in the civil war which has been lasting for one year.也可以用现在分词短语lasting for one year 第二种译法:取状语做主语,持续了一年的内战已经夺去了数千人的生命第三种:死亡人数 专用名词the death toll达到:amounted to/reached . Sample 10: 通过进一步的研究,科学家们推测存在着一种迄今尚未为人所知的粒子译文:1、through further research/studies scientists conjectured that there was a hitherto unknown particle.2、Further research led the scientists to conjecture about the existence of a previously unknown particle.(推荐)3、Further research by scientists pointed to the possible existence of a previously unknown particle.(了解)分析:通过:through ,进一步得研究:further research/studies通过调查,可以说:after further investigation这里不能用,可用于联邦调查局的调查基准时态:一般过去时一个动词的宾语部分、可有两种处理方式:1):名词或名词短语,2):从句变为宾语从句迄今:so far、hitherto又种译法:一个动词的宾语部分处理为名词或名词短语:他猜测了某种粒子的存在conjecture existence of a hitherto unknown particle猜测、推测:基础词汇conjecture、guess(忘掉)、predict、assume、speculate、迄今(无人所知):so far, hitherto, up to now, 在此之前:previously, formerly第二种译法:研究使得科学家推测存在着一种粒子Sample 11: 在刚刚结束的中国八运会上,辽宁女子田径队有出色表现译文:1、.The Liaoning womens track and field team put on an excellent performance at Chinas just-completed Eighth National Games.2、Chinas just-completed Eighth National Games saw the outstanding performance by the womens track and field team from Liaoning.3、没说分析田径队:track and field team出色表现:put on an excellent/outstanding performance刚刚结束:just-completed运动会专业词汇:Olympic Games: 奥运会Winter Olympic Games:冬奥会National Games:全国运动会Oriental Games: 亚运会New Beijing, Great Olympics:新北京新奥运译法2:在某地发生了某事原则:如果汉语句型表示在某时或某地发生某事,译法:取时间或地点做译文句子的主语,谓语用witness(目击、见证), see, find这几个动词。宾语是发生的某件事情。地道英语倾向于用没有生命力的东西做主语。表示一种客观的意思。There be, It is如:中国在过去的二十年中间发生了巨大的变化译:The last/past two decades have witnessed enormous(避免great很虚的词) changes in China.天翻地覆的:earth shaking如:中国在过去的二十年中经济持续快速增长译:The last two decades have witnessed sustained and rapid economic growth in China.Sample 12: 只有在显微镜下才能看到红血球译文:1、Only under the microscope can we see red cells.2、Red cells can be seen only under the microscope.3、A microscope is needed to see red cells.4:取原文动词性成分做译文的主语Sample 13: 他们昨天的表演非常成功。译文:1、They performed very successfully yesterday.2、Their performance yesterday was very successful.Sample14 : 我从来没有那么想过译文:1、I have never thought like that.2、This idea has never crossed my mind.3、没说分析某人突然想到某事:It strikes me that.、It occurs to me that.*Sample 15:没说译文:1、. 2、 3、分析无主句三种译法:It is adj./there be/被动句It is high time that/to do sth.强调:emphasize、place/attach importance to sth.、高级政府官员:high-ranking officials.贪污腐败:corruption and embezzlement/graft严重性:the seriousness、gravitySample 16: 这本书着重讲成语、动词和谚语的用法。译文:1、This book centers on the use of idioms, proverbs and aphorisms.2、The focus of this book is on the usage of idioms, proverbs and aphorisms.分析着重:centers on、emphasize、focus on、*Sample 17: 航空公司在最后一刻取消航班,旅行团被迫取消了行程。译文:1、.The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, therefore/so/thus/hence the travel group had no choice but to change its itinerary。(使用连接词)2、.The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, therefore/so/thus/hence the travel group had to change/be compelled/had no choice to change its itinerary/plan/schedule。(使用连接词)注:be forced to do sth有暴力武力的意思,这里不适用3、The airline cancelled the flight at the last minute, which compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.(使用了定语从句)4、The last-minute cancellation of the flight by the airline compelled the travel group to change its itinerary.(就用主谓宾结果,只不过主语和宾语比较复杂)分析分析汉语句子:一个逗号连接了两个完整的句子原则:当原文汉语句子有逗号连接两个或两个以上的句子时,考虑逻辑,考虑使用连接词或连接结构。逻辑关系:因果:表示原因:后跟短语:due to,owing to, thanks to,引导从句because., since表示结果:so, therefore, thus, hence,as a result.航空公司: airline;最后一刻:at the last minute /at the last moment 取消:cancel航班:flight行程:itinerary比较好,plan/schedule凑合Sample 18: 汉代葬墓中描绘戏剧表演的浅浮雕证明那时有剧院。译文:1、.Bas-relief carvings depicting dramatic performance discovered in the Han tombs proved that the theatre existed at that time.2、3、The existence of the theatre at that time was evidenced by bas-relief carvings depicting dramatic performance discovered in the Han tombs.4、Proof of the existence of drama in the period can be found in bas-relief depictions of play-acting discovered in the Han tombs. (found最好用identify(辩明,辨别)替换)分析如何做:A证明B译法1:A proved B译法2:被动:B 被A证明:B is evidenced by/in A prove更多的用于主动译法3:Proof of B can be found in A(推荐)体会修饰语的处理Sample 19: 没有生活目标意味着无法利用生活提供的各种各样的选择译文:1、.Not having an aim in life means not being able to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.(定语从句,has to是作者的一个理解发挥,也可以用offers代替)2、The lack of an aim in life makes it impossible for one to benefit from the variety of choices life has to offer.3、4、5没说分析目标:aim, goal, objective, target(具体的靶子)使用,利用:benefit from,use,employ(雇佣利用),utilize,exploit(剥削利用)选择:choice,selection(主观的选择,不好),option很多,各种各样的:various, a variety of提供:supply,offer没有:lack5:添加主语,使用的不是很多Sample 23: 轻工作不见得比原来的工作要强。译文:1、2、3、分析不见得,不一定:句型结构:There is no guarantee that.更好的说法:commit a mistakecommit suicide 自杀commit crimes 犯罪 2、短文汉译英Sample 1:(和考试题型有差距) 即使在中国最盛行的时候,他的影响仍然不能与儒教相提并论。多数中国人依然关心世事注重人情,而这些在佛教看来都是虚幻的。而中国人有种奇异的本领,能够同时信两个互相抵触的信仰译文: A、第一句:.(2)、Even in its heyday(=apogee, peak) in China,Buddhism could not possibly equal the impact of Confucianism.B、第二句:(1) Most Chinese remained concerned with the affairs of the world, especially human relationship, which Buddhists considered as illusion.(2)Most Chinese still paid attention to mundane affairs and attached special importance to human relations, which were considered illusive in Buddhism.C、第三句:(1):However/nevertheless, the Chinese had the peculiar ability to believe in two conflicting religions at the same time.(2):The Chinese, however, had a strange ability to endorse two opposing creeds at the same time.D、第四句:分析分析逻辑结构:共4句话1、2逻辑关系:进一步阐述2、3逻辑关系:转折”不过”3、4逻辑关系:因果”所以”分析逻辑关系目的是考虑翻译中使用连接词和连接结构的必要性在哪些情况下,必须使用连接词或连接结构:1):原文出现关联词2):没有出现关联词,但有非常明显的逻辑关系第一句分析:heyday:盛行期;apogee:盛行;peak:颠峰即使:even相提并论:equal等同基础词汇:Buddhism佛教,Confucianism:儒教,Confucius:孔子第二句分析:注意代词:这些指代世事和人情原则:当原文中出现代词时,考虑使用定语从句依然: still, remained关心:concern with, pay attention to世事:人世间的事情,世俗的东西。第一种译法不大好,容易认为是时事,第二种译法好:mundane affairs国际时事:international affairs注重人情:attach special importance to human relations虚幻:illusion, illusive in第三句话:这句比较关键,要用连接词或连接结构表示转折:nevertheless不同寻常的、奇特的:peculiar, unusual, extraordinary互相抵触的:conflicting, opposing第四句:首先考虑连接词或连接短语所以:therefore, thus, hence不足为怪/奇:It comes as no surprise that.、It is not surprising that.著名的:famous、renowned、Sample 2: 一个王朝的覆灭总是因为它的全面衰败而不是一个单一的事件。然而历代学者和史学家们常常挑出某些特定的事件认为他们是导致朝代灭亡的主要原因。有时甚至声称假若不是因为某事改换朝代就不会发生。因此有很多清朝的学者把明朝的灭亡归因于崇祯皇帝赐死了他最能干的大臣袁崇焕。译文:A、第一句(1):The downfall of an imperial dynasty always resulted from its overall decline instead of/rather than being caused by a single incident.(2):The downfall of an imperial dynasty always came as a result of its overall decline rather than any single incident.B、第二句(1):Nevertheless, scholars and historical commentators in each dynasty often singled out a few occurrences which they considered(believed, held, reckoned) to be chiefly responsible for the collapse of the old regime.C、第三句(1)(2)Sometimes they even claimed that the dynastic change would not have taken place except for a certain incident.D、第四句(1):Thus, quite a few/various Qing scholars attributed the fall of the Ming dynasty to Emperor Chongzhens execution of his ablest general, Yuan Chonghuan.分析分析逻辑关系:1、2:转折2、3:递进3、4:因果第一句:是A而不是B:A instead of B、A rather than B、not.but(not B but A)、第一句的结构:讲述原因:A的原因是B,这里我们讨论一个事件是另外一个事件的原因,就是具体的短语,涉及动词的用法来表示因果关系假设A是原音B是结果:A是B的原音:A造成了B:lead to、result in、B源自于A:result from、stand from、generate from、originate、王朝:dynasty覆灭:downfall、collapse、demise第二句:转折:nevertheless首先分析这句话中的

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