社会心理学PPT课件.pptx

Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter18SocialPsychology 1 SocialThinking SocialPsychologyscientificstudyofhowwethinkabout influence andrelatetooneanotherAttributionTheorytendencytogiveacausalexplanationforsomeone sbehavior oftenbycreditingeitherthesituationortheperson sdisposition 2 SocialThinking FundamentalAttributionErrortendencyforobservers whenanalyzinganother sbehavior tounderestimatetheimpactofthesituationandtooverestimatetheimpactofpersonaldispositionAttitudebeliefandfeelingthatpredisposesonetorespondinaparticularwaytoobjects peopleandevents 3 SocialThinking Howweexplainsomeone sbehavioraffectshowwereacttoit 4 SocialThinking Ourbehaviorisaffectedbyourinnerattitudesaswellasbyexternalsocialinfluences 5 SocialThinking AttitudesfollowbehaviorCooperativeactionsfeedmutualliking 6 SocialThinking Foot in the DoorPhenomenontendencyforpeoplewhohavefirstagreedtoasmallrequesttocomplylaterwithalargerrequestRolesetofexpectationsaboutasocialpositiondefineshowthoseinthepositionoughttobehave 7 SocialThinking CognitiveDissonanceTheoryweacttoreducethediscomfort dissonance wefeelwhentwoofourthoughts cognitions areinconsistentexample whenwebecomeawarethatourattitudesandouractionsclash wecanreducetheresultingdissonancebychangingourattitudes 8 SocialThinking Cognitivedissonance 9 SocialInfluence Conformityadjustingone sbehaviororthinkingtocoincidewithagroupstandardNormativeSocialInfluenceinfluenceresultingfromaperson sdesiretogainapprovaloravoiddisapproval 10 SocialInfluence Thechameleoneffect 11 SocialInfluence Asch sconformityexperiments 12 SocialInfluence InformationalSocialInfluenceinfluenceresultingfromone swillingnesstoacceptothers opinionsaboutreality 13 SocialInfluence ParticipantsjudgedwhichpersoninSlide2wasthesameasthepersoninSlide1 14 SocialInfluence Milgram sfollow upobedienceexperiment 15 SocialInfluence Someindividualresistsocialcoercion 16 SocialInfluence SocialFacilitationimprovedperformanceoftasksinthepresenceofothersoccurswithsimpleorwell learnedtasksbutnotwithtasksthataredifficultornotyetmasteredSocialLoafingtendencyforpeopleinagrouptoexertlesseffortwhenpoolingtheireffortstowardattainingacommongoalthanwhenindividuallyaccountable 17 SocialFacilitation 18 SocialInfluence Deindividuationlossofself awarenessandself restraintingroupsituationsthatfosterarousalandanonymity 19 SocialInfluence GroupPolarizationenhancementofagroup sprevailingattitudesthroughdiscussionwithinthegroupGroupthinkmodeofthinkingthatoccurswhenthedesireforharmonyinadecision makinggroupoverridesrealisticappraisalofalternatives 20 SocialInfluence Ifagroupislike minded discussionstrengthensitsprevailingopinions 21 SocialRelations Prejudiceanunjustifiable andusuallynegative attitudetowardagroupanditsmembersinvolvesstereotypedbeliefs negativefeelings andapredispositiontodiscriminatoryactionStereotypeageneralized sometimesaccurate butoftenovergeneralized beliefaboutagroupofpeople 22 SocialRelations Doesperceptionchangewithrace 23 SocialRelations Americanstodayexpressmuchlessracialandgenderprejudice 24 SocialRelations Ingroup Us peoplewithwhomonesharesacommonidentityOutgroup Them thoseperceivedasdifferentorapartfromone singroup 25 SocialRelations IngroupBiastendencytofavorone sowngroupScapegoatTheorytheorythatprejudiceprovidesanoutletforangerbyprovidingsomeonetoblameJust WorldPhenomenontendencyofpeopletobelievetheworldisjustpeoplegetwhattheydeserveanddeservewhattheyget 26 SocialRelations Vividcases 9 11terrorists feedstereotypes 27 SocialRelations AggressionanyphysicalorverbalbehaviorintendedtohurtordestroyFrustration AggressionPrincipleprinciplethatfrustration theblockingofanattempttoachievesomegoal createsanger whichcangenerateaggression 28 SocialRelations 29 SocialRelations Menwhosexuallycoercewomen 30 SocialRelations Conflictperceivedincompatibilityofactions goals orideasSocialTrapasituationinwhichtheconflictingparties byeachrationallypursuingtheirself interest becomecaughtinmutuallydestructivebehavior 31 SocialRelations Socialtrapbypursuingourself interestandnottrustingothers wecanenduplosers 32 SocialRelations Attractiveness MereExposureEffectrepeatedexposuretonovelstimuliincreaseslikingofthemConceptionsofattractivenessvarybyculture 33 SocialRelations PassionateLoveanarousedstateofintensepositiveabsorptioninanotherusuallypresentatthebeginningofaloverelationshipCompanionateLovedeepaffectionateattachmentwefeelforthosewithwhomourlivesareintertwined 34 SocialRelations EquityaconditioninwhichpeoplereceivefromarelationshipinproportiontowhattheygivetoitSelf DisclosurerevealingintimateaspectsofoneselftoothersAltruismunselfishregardforthewelfareofothers 35 SocialRelations BystanderEffecttendencyforanygivenbystandertobelesslikelytogiveaidifotherbystandersarepresent 36 SocialRelations Thedecision makingprocessforbystanderintervention 37 SocialRelations SocialExchangeTheorythetheorythatoursocialbehaviorisanexchangeprocess theaimofwhichistomaximizebenefitsandminimizecostsSuperordinateGoalssharedgoalsthatoverridedifferencesamongpeopleandrequire