美国文学选读总结-陶洁版.doc

第一讲Periods of American Literature16071775 the Colonial Period17651790 the Revolutionary Age17751865 the early national period and the Romantic Period18651914 the Realistic Period19001914 the Naturalistic period19141939 the Modern period1939- the contemporary periodThe Colonial PeriodFrom the founding of the first settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, to the outbreak of the American RevolutionHistorical backgroundThe Reformation in Europe most of the founding fathers were puritans the American Puritanism became one of the most enduring shaping influences what is American Puritanism?How does it influence American literature?American PuritanismA code of values, a philosophy of life , or a set of tenets of The American puritansThey were idealists believing that their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through irresistible grace of God.On the other hand, they were practical idealists, or doctrinaire opportunists. They felt they were exiles under the grace of God to establish a paradise in the new world, yet the harsh reality forced them to build a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.The influences on American literatureOptimism: Anglo-American literature, based on the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden, is a literary expression of the pious idealism of the Puritan bequest. Fired with a sense of mission, they dreamed of building a new Eden in America, which led to the emergence of American dream in literature.Literary symbolism: Puritans metaphorical mode of perception helped to develop literary symbolism as they saw the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. Hence symbolism as a technique was a common practice.The literary scene in Colonial AmericanHumble origins: histories, travel accounts, diaries, letters, sermons, biographies, autobiographies, commonplace books, and poems to record their experiences and express their views and feelings.Literature of discovery, of puritan expansion, and of GodWilliam Bradford(1590-1657) Of Plymouth PlantationJohn Smith(1580-1631) A Description of New EnglandAnne Bradstreet(1612-1672 “the Tenth Muse”) Puritan Poet :Edward Taylor (1642-1729) characteristicsFull of Symbolic meaningsUtilitarian, polemical, or didacticThe style: fresh, simple, and directThe rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility traceable to the direct influence of the BibleThe 18th Century“For three generations the prevailing American character was compact in one type, the man of action who was also the man of God. Not until the eighteenth century did the rift appear it appeared in the two philosophers, Jonathan Edwards and Benjamin Franklin who fixed the poles of our national life. Jonathan Edwards displayed the infinite inflexibility of the upper levels of the American mind typically Franklin the finite flexibility of its lower levels” Van Wyck Brooks: Americans Coming of Age 1915American Puritanism is a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level common sense. Edwards represented the former aspect, while Franklin the latterTwo basic patterns of thought in American The influence of the deism. (God as the maker of the clock) The age of enlightenment, reason, order the persistent Calvinist beliefs the “Great Awakening ” Edwards and Franklin represent the paradox of Puritan materialism and immateriality.Benjamin Franklin and his AutobiographyBorn in 1706 into a poor candle-makers family- “poor and obscure”, little formal education.Independent printer and publisher, essayist, scientist, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, parlor man,- “Jack of all trades”Since early 1750s, public career began. The only American to sign the four documents that created the US-The Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution.Master of each and mastered by none- the type and genius of his land-Herman Melville thus described him.The Autobiographythe simple yet fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity, the faithful account of the career of Americans first self-made man. a Puritan document, a record of self-examination and self-improvement. A convincing illustration of the puritan ethic that in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrious, frugal, and prudent.An eloquent explanation of his philosophy: moderation, order, mans basically good and free nature, mans capability of improvement, mans inalienable rights.Celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream through the spirit of self-reliance.The stylePattern of puritan simplicity, directness, and concision.Plainness of styleHomeliness of imagerySimplicity of dictionLucidity of the narrativeWashington Irving (1783-1859)Born into a wealthy New York merchant family.First book in 1809: A History of New YorkWith the publication The Sketch Book(1819-1820), a collection of essays, tales, and sketches, he won a measure of international recognition. In 1826, sent to Spain as an American diplomatic attach. from 1829-1832, was a secretary of the united states Legation in London.Up to 1832, he was drawn to the ruins and relics of Europe and writing about subjects either English or European. He found values in the past and in the traditions of the old world. Back in America, he found a whole new spirit of nationalism in American feeling and letters.Irving was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. The short story as a genre in American literature began with his The Sketch Book, of which the most famous are Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleep Hollow. It also marked the beginning of American Romanticism. Irvings style1. Avoid moralizing as much as possible; wrote to amuse and entertain.2. Despite the slim plot, he is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere3. His language is finished and musical. The American Goldsmith第二讲The Romantic PeriodStretches from the end of 18th century through the outbreak of the civil warHistorical and cultural background a. the buoyant mood of the nation bursting into new life b. the flourishing romantic movement in Europe c. the cultural heritage: American PuritanismAmerican romanticism was both imitative and independent a. it was in essence the expression of a real new experience and contained an alien quality. It exhibited an apathy to American life like the westward expansions and democracy and equality. b. in technique American romanticist loved traditional meters and stanza forms, used stereotyped metaphors and superficial and explicit symbolismNew England TranscendentalismThe summit of American romanticism, “American Renaissance”The transcendental club with its journal Dial express their resentment to the materialistic-oriented life of the time and to the cold, rigid rationalism of unitarianismThe major featuresEmphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. The oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which all were a part. It existed in nature and man alike. a new way of looking at the world, reaction against the Newtonian concept of the universe and the mechanized capitalistic America.Stressed the importance of individual which was the most important element of society. The individual soul communed with the oversoul and was therefore divine. The first concern of man was his perfection through self-culture, self-improvement, and self-reliance. a new way of looking at man, reaction against the Calvinism and the dehumanization of capitalismOffered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the spirit or God.Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence. It was the garment of the Oversoul. Therefore it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human mind.New England transcendentalism was the product of a combination of foreign romantic influences and the American Puritan idealism. Romanticism on the Puritan soil.Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)Descendant of a long line of New England clergymen.Went to Harvard, where he underwent a spiritual “odyssey” Calvinist belief Unitarian minister European Romanticismthe most eloquent spokesman of New England transcendentalismHis Nature(1836): the manifesto of American transcendentalismThe Divinity School Address (1838) The American Scholar (1837): Americans declaration of Intellectual IndependenceThe Representative Men (1850): biographies of great men, reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness and self-seekingThe Conduct of Life (1860)The Transcendentalist views of EmersonThe transcendence of the “Oversoul” and the divinity of manThe spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine.The infinitude of the private manIf man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite.Man should and could be self-reliant. Trust thyself and make thyselfThe sanctifying moral influence of nature as the symbol of spiritThe natural world is vitalistic and evolutionary. It mediates between man and god, and is a wholesome moral influence on man.Aesthetics: romantic organic principle true poetry and art should serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic unity and higher reality.Self-reliance is widely considered to be the definitive statement of Emersons philosophy of individualism and the finest example of his prose “trust thyself”. Contents: 1.The confidence 2.The independence3.Keep personality 4.Showing no sympathy to the poorAnalysisPart (1-6): Trust thyselfP1:The importance of thinking for oneselfP2:“Trust thyselfP3:The force of infancy and youthP4:The analogy between boys and the idealized individualP5:The importance of an individual resisting the pressure to conform to the external normsP6:The necessity to follow ones inner voice, whatever it is. Be a nonconformistPart (7-13): Consistency is the hobgoblin（妖怪） of little mindsP7: Societys disapproval or scornP8: The individuals own sense of consistencyP9: Consistency drains our creativityP10: The condemnation of the society that demands conformityP11: The ultimate consistencyP12: A true man is the center of thingsP13: Humans determine the worth of an object not vice versa第三讲Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)A son of an unsuccessful storekeeper and a maker of lead pencilsWent of Harvard because of his aspiring motherOn graduation, helped to make pencils, then ran a private school.Made friends with Emerson, used his library, and embraced his ideasIn 1845, went to build a cabin on a piece of Emersons property on Walden Pond, and moved in on July 4 to live there in a very simple manner for a while over two years to move away from the rush and bustle of American social life which was getting more and more sadly materialistic-oriented. There he was entirely in communion with nature.Back to Concord, he wrote about his experience in “Walden”. During his stay in Walden, he wrote “Civil Disobedience”, which, advocated passive resistance to unjust laws of society.His WaldenA book on self-culture and human perfectibility. He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man. The most important thing for man to do with his life is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection. Criticized modern civilization which in his opinion, was degrading and enslaving man. He said “civilized man is the slave of matter.” he urged man to leave the life of hurry and bustle of getting ahead in worldly affairs and sink oneself in the wholesome atmosphere of nature. The book is full of ideas expressed to jostle his neighbors out of their smug complacency. He goes on to prescribe a panacea for the fatal modern craze for monetary success: simplicity! simplify! Spiritual richness is real wealth. A book about regeneration of a better man, reborn and reinvigorated. Structurally, summer, autumn, death of winter, renascence of spring.Comment on ThoreauAn active transcendentalist. Not an escapist or a recluse, nor the wicked anti-social or nullifier of civilization.One of three great American authors of 19th Century who had no contemporary readers and yet became great in the 20th century.He took a more than usual interest in natural world. More than Emerson, he saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on mans spiritual well-being, and regarding it as a symbol of the spirit.With solitary communion with nature, he went even further to illustrate the pantheistic quality of nature. His idea came close to being heathenism and nature-worship, a pantheism which tended to destroy the transcendence of God.Novels and Romances of the eraJames Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)Herman Melville (1819-1891)James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)Born into a rich land-holding family of New Jersey.Sent to Yale at 14 but was expelled in his junior year Spent five years at sea. In early twenties, inherited vast fortune.Began his career as an author by accident due to his wifes challenge. He wrote thirty-odd novels in all since then.One of the first authors to write about the American westward movement.He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation, and was remembered as the author of the “Leatherstocking tales” a series of five novels about the frontier life of American settlers.Leatherstocking talesThe Pioeers, the Last of the Mohicans, the Prairie, the Pathfinder, and The Deerslayer.Depited Natty Bumppo or Leatherstocking (so named because of his wearing leather leggings in the American Indian fasion) as a pioneer, a real frontiersman, representing a nation struggling to be born, progressing from old age to rebirth and youth. It is a history of modern civilization advancing on the receding wilderness, and of the juxtaposition of “the works of man and the reign of nature.”The theme of his stories: the antithesis between nature and civilization, between freedom and law, the morally right and the practically inevitable, or leatherstocking (mans old forest freedom ) and Judge Temple (man as savage without law and order).Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)A son of a sea captain. Born on the 4th of July in Salem, Massachusetts. Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan Theocracy of 17th-century New England.He was intensely aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors, which led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life. In 1821 Hawthorne went to Bowdoin College. From 1825 to 1837, he lived in solitude and seclusion.In 1837, published his Twice-Told Tales, a collection of short tales.1841, he lived for a few months at Brook Farm, and married Sophia Peabody. Worked in the Custom house in Boston and Salem1853, Hawthornes college friend Franklin Pierce, appointed Hawthorne a United States consul in England.1864, he died, a few years after returning to America.His worksTwo collections of short stories:Twice-told Tales 故事新编Mosses from an Old Manse 古宅青苔 Romance:The Scarlet Letter 红字masterpiece, which established him as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century The House of the Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇The Marble Faun大理石雕像Short stories:Young Goodman Brown 小伙子古德曼布朗The Ministers Black Veil 教长的黑面纱The Birthmark 胎记His point of view(1) Evil is at the core of human life. Hawthorne sense of sin and evil in life, “black” vision of life and human is haunted. Evil exists in the human heart, human heart is the source of evil. Everyone possesses some evil secret. Evil is mans birthmark, a most disturbed and tormented one. He rejects the transcendentalist optimism and looks more deeply and more honestly into life, finding much suffering and conflict in it.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3) Evil educates.Achievement is “under the impact of and by engagement with evil”Man is better for the crime which brings about the fall.(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening intellect. His intellectual characters are villains, dreadful and cold-blooded. the tension between the head and the heart constitutes one of the elements in his romancesAesthetic ideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition (fulfill). Trying “to connect a bygone time with the very Present”, he makes the dream strange things look like truth. (2) He was convinced that romance was the best form to describe America. the poverty of materialsromances rather than novelsallow him to avoid offending the Puritan tasteTo tell the truth and satirize and yet not to offend第四讲Herman Melville(1819-1891)Happy childhood to the age of 11 (when his father died in debt)Had little education and began to work at his early yearsBank clerk, salesman, a farm-hand on his uncles farm, a school teacher, (these jobs failed to offer him a decent livelihood)Three things that deserve attention about his life 1. went to sea at about twenty (as a whaler, t