不定式(人教版高二英语下册导学案).doc

不定式 (人教版高二英语下册导学案) 不定式 不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”，不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。 1.不定式短语 不定式+宾语词组补语词组副词词组=不定式短语 下列均为不定式短语： to pretend not to see me(假装没有看见我) to become a teacher(当老师) to study hard(努力读书) 2.不定式逻辑上的主语 1)、不表明其为不定式逻辑上的主语的情况： (1)主要动词的主语即不定式逻辑上的主语时。 I want to go hunting with you.(我想和你一块儿去打猎) I是主要动词want的主语，也是不定式to go逻辑上的主语。 I asked to speak to the manager.(我要求与经理谈话) I 是主要动词asked的主语，也是不定式to speak逻辑上的主语。 (2)主要动词的宾语即不定式逻辑上的主语时。 I will get someone to carry your baggage.(我将叫人搬运你的行李) 主要动词的宾语someone，做不定式to carry逻辑上的主语。 The doctor advised me not to drink too much.(医生劝我不要喝太多酒) 主要动词的宾语me，做不定式to drink逻辑上的主语。 (3)由句子前后关系可知不定式之逻辑上的主语时。 I found that to talk with him was a waste of time.(我发现和他说话是浪费时间) 由句子前后的关系可知I是不定式to talk逻辑上的主语。 He found that to leave the house unobserved was easy. 他发觉让房子空着，没有人看守是容易的 由句子前后的关系可知He是不定式to leave逻辑上的主语。 (4)在一些谚语、格言或一般众所周知的事。 To err is human, to forgive is divine.(犯错是人，宽恕是神) It is better to give than to receive.(施比受更是福) It is wrong to tell a lie.(说谎话是错误的) 2)、表明其为不定式逻辑上的主语时，用下列表示方式： (1)for+宾语(逻辑上的主语)+不定式 It is difficult for you to read this book.(你要读这本书是困难的) =For you to read this book is difficult. Its bad for him to live alone.(他独自生活是不好的。) It is impossible for her to give up drinking.(要她戒酒是不可能的。) When will it be convenient for me to call?(我何时去拜访方便呢？) (2)It is +形容词+of+宾语(逻辑上的主语)+不定式(对of后的宾语称赞或责备时，用此句型) It is silly of you to say so.(你这样说实在太傻了。) =You are silly to say so. It is unwise of you to live alone.(你很愚蠢要独自生活。) It was bold of her to row up the river.(她很大胆敢向上游划船。) It is very kind of you to do so.(承蒙你这样做，实在太好。) (3)for 与of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。) 3、不定式逻辑上的主语之省略： 不定式逻辑上的主语泛指一般人，或一般事物时，逻辑上的主语可省略或表明。It is important to work hard.(努力是重要的。) 不定式to work hard逻辑上的主语应是anyone，所以若要将逻辑上的主语表明即为： It is important for anyone to work hard. It is time to go to school.(是上学的时间了。) 不定式to go 逻辑上的主语是我(或我们，你等)，所以若要将逻辑上的主语表明即为：It is time for me to go to school. 4.不定式逻辑上的宾语： 1)、主要动词的主语即不定式逻辑上的宾语。 The river is dangerous to bathe in.(在这条河里洗澡很危险。) =It is dangerous to bathe in the river. This house must be comfortable to live in.(住在这幢房子里一定很舒适。) =It must be comfortable to live in this house. Your question is difficult to answer.(回答你的问题是很困难的。) =It is difficult to answer your question. 2)、被不定式修饰的名词或代名词即该不定式逻辑上的宾语。 This is a hard question to answer.(这是一个很难回答的问题。) =This question is hard to answer. =It is hard to answer this question She has no one to depend on.(她没有可以依靠的人。) =She has no one whom she can depend on. 明察秋毫 1.不定式之前已有逻辑上的宾语，其后就不得有文法上的宾语。 That question is difficult to answer it.(误) to answer.(正)(那个问题很难回答) 2.不定式之前没有逻辑上的宾语，则其后应有文法上的宾语。 It is hard to please her son.(想要讨好她的儿子不容易。) 不定式to please之前没有逻辑上的宾语，所以它的后面必须有文法上的宾语her son. 5. 不定式的用法： (1)作主语，不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语 之后，用it作形式主语。 To see is to believe 眼见为实。 It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的。 (2) 作宾语， 不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补 足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。 He wanted to go 他想走。 I find it interesting to work with him 我发现和他一起工作有趣 (3) 作宾语补足语 He asked me to do the work with him 他叫我跟他一起做这个工作。 注意：1) 在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch， have，1et，make等词后的补足语 中，不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。 2) 不定式动词在介词but，except，besides 后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。 例如： She could do nothing but cry 她只会哭了。 What do you like to do besides swim? 除游泳外你还喜欢什么? I have no choice but to go 我不得不走。 (4)。作定语 I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书供给你读。 注：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。 例如： He is looking for a room to live in 他在找一个房间住。 There is nothing to worry about 无什么可担心的。 Please give me a knife to cut with 请给我把刀子来切东西。 但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 例如： He had no money and no place to live 他没钱没地方住。 注：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。 试比较： A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you) B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗? (不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else) (5) 作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。 例如： I came here to see you(目的) We were very excited to hear the news(原因) He hurried to the school to find nobody there . (结果) To look at him，you would like him (条件) 目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。 例如： In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard 为了考试及格，他学习很刻苦。 We ran all the way so as not to be late 为了别迟到我们一路上跑来的。 不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。 例如： I am very glad to hear it. 听见这事我很高兴。 The question is difficult to answer 这个问题难回答。 “too+形容词或副词+不定式”也作状语。 例如： He is too old to do that他太老不能做这事了。 另外句子中有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语。例如： The room is big enough to hold us这间屋子够大能盛得下我们。 (6) 作表语 My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。 (7)作独立成分 To tell the truth，I dont agree with you 说实话，我不同意你的观点。 (8) 不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where ,how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语表语、宾语等。 例如： He didnt know what to say. (宾语) 他不知道说什么。 How to solve the problem is very important ?（主语） 如何解决这个问题很重要。 My question is when to start(表语) 我的问题是什么时候开始。 注意:在与why连用时,只用于why或 why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 例如： Why not have a rest? 6. 不定式的时态 1） 一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如 He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。 I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。 2） 完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如： Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。 3） 进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如： He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。 4） 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如： She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。 7. 不定式的语态 1）当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。 例如： He asked to be sent to work in the countryside 2） 不定式在句中用主动式还是被动，多数情况下是容易判别的，但有时的确比较复杂，请注意以下几点： A) 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往 用主动形式。 Have you got a key to unlock the door? B) 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。 I have got a letter to write He needs a room to live in C) 不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定 式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为 形容词后省去了for one或for people 例如： He is hard to talk to The book is difficult to understand 但如果强调句中的受事者时，亦可用不定式被动句。 例如： The handwriting is very difficult to be read 这字太难认读了。 The box is to heavy to be lifted 这箱子太重举不起来。 D) 在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。 There is a lot of work to do (Somebody has to do the work) There is a lot of work to be done (The work has to be done) 请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的： There is nothing to do 意为无事可做，感到十分乏味。 There is nothing to be done 意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。 8.特殊词精讲 1 stop doing/to do stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事， stop doing停止做某事。例如： They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。 I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟了。 典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。 2. forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事， forget doing忘记做过某事。例如： The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作） He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作） 典型例题 - The light in the office is still on. - Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。 3. remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事， remember doing 记得做过某事。例如： Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗? 4. regret doing/to do regret to do对将要做的事遗憾， regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如： I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。 I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。 典型例题 -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done 答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。 5. cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事， cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。例如： That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。 6 .try doing/to do try to do努力，企图做某事， try doing试验，试着做某事。例如： You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。 7 .go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后，接着做另一件事， go on doing继续做原来做的事。例如： After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后，他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习 8 .be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为怕， be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的，意为生怕，恐怕。例如： She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着，不敢在草丛中再走一步。 She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 9 .be interested doing/to do interested to do对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事， interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。例如： I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解） Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? （一种想法） 10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想， mean doing意味着。例如： I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买 11 .begin（start） doing/to do begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth. 1） 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing。例如： How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴？ 2） begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do。例如： I was beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。 3） 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。例如： I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。 4） 事物作主语时。例如： The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了 12 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性，+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如： I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调我看见了这个事实） I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调我见他正干活这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 I felt the car move. (我感到车子动了。) I felt car moving. (我感到车子正在动。) I like to hear her sing. (正)singing.(误)(我喜欢听她唱歌。) Last night when I passed her room, I heard her Singing. (正)Sing. (误) (昨晚当我经过她的房间时，听见她在唱歌。) 典型例题 1）They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。 2）The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playingC. playD. to play 答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。 动词不定式专项练习 1. With a lot of different problems _ , the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 2.Professor Li is often seen _ something in his office. A. to write B. write C. wrote D. written 3.Do you still remember _ to your hometown ten years ago? A. taken B. to take C. to be taken D. being taken 4.She is not used _ in the city. A. to live B. to living C. to have lived D. live 5.Hurry up! He is sure _ us at the gate. A. waiting B. to wait C. to be waiting D. to be waiting for 6.Charlie Chaplin is considered _ a great contribution to the film industry. A. to make B. making C. to have made D. having made 7.They havent decided when _ for Shanghai. A. to be leaving B. to leave C. leaving D. leave 8.I feel like _ a long walk. Would you like _ with me ? A. taking; going B. to take; going C. taking; to go D. to take; to go 9.Dont forget _ the letter for me when you pass by the post office. A. post B. to post C. posted D. posting 10.In those days my family didnt have enough room _. A. to live B. living in C. to live in D. living 11.She told me _ about my lessons. A. neednt worry B. dont worry C. not to worry D. not worry 12. _the early train, youll have to get up early and rush in a taxi. A. Catching B. Caught C. To catch D. Catch 13.Whether it will do us harm remains_. A. seen B. seeing C. being seen D. to be seen 14.All work is pleasant_ _when the habit of working is formed. A. done B. doing C. to do D. to be done 15.People are talking about the new play _in two weeks. A. to be put on B. to put on C. being put on D. put on 16.I happened _with him when he was hit by a stone. A.I was talking B. talking C. to talk D. to be talking 17.We are not sure which restaurant _tonight. A. eating at B. for eating C. to eat at D. we eat You can close your umbrella. The rain seems _. A. stopping B. to stop C. to have stopped D. having stopped 18.There seemed nothing else to do but _a doctor. A. to send for B. to call for C. send for D. to call in 19.Rather than_ _on a crowded bus, he always prefers _a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding 20.The sentence needs _once more. A. explained B. explaining C. being explained D. to explain 21.Im sorry I forgot_ _him about it, so he didnt come. A. to tell B. telling C. to be told D. having told 22.She pretended _ me when I passed by . A . not to see B . not seeing C . to not see D . having not seen 23.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path . A . to have rested B . resting C . to rest D . rest 24.Last summer I took a course on _ . A . how to make dresses B . how dresses be made C . how to be made dresses D . how dresses to be made 25.This sentence needs _. . A. improvement B. improved C. improving D. improved 26. The light in the office is still on . Oh , I forgot _ . A . turning it off B . turn it off C . to turn it off D . having turned it off 27.John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment . A . to wash B . washing C . wash D . to be washing 28.Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening . A . to be taken B . to take C . being taken D . taking 29. I usually go there by train . Why not _ by boat for a change . A . to try going B . trying to go C . to try and go D . try going 30. _ more attention , the trees could have grown better . A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 31. Im sorry _ so long, I forgot to tell you in advance where I had put my key. A. to keep you wait B. to keep you waiting C. to keep you waited D. to have kept you waiting 32.Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer . A . to invent B . inventing C . to have invented D . having invented 33. I must apologize for _ ahead of time . Thats all right . A . letting you not know B . not letting you know C . letting you know not D . letting not you know 34.Rather than _ on a crowded bus , he always prefers _ a bicycle . A .